SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

FACULTY OF FORESTRY AND NATURE CONSERVATION

DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

BARCHELOR OF SCIENCE IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

TITLE: IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION TO THE WILDLIFE OF

LAKE MANYARA NATIONAL PARK

NAME OF STUDENT: CHAMBA, ISAAC YOHANA

WLM/D/2013/0043

NAME OF SUPERVISOR: DR. MGONJA J. T.

A RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR
OF SCIENCE IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE MOROGORO, TANZANIA.

FEBRUARY, 2016

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE...................................................................................................................3
1.0. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................3
1.1. Background information..................................................................................................3
1.2. Problem statement and justification.................................................................................6
1.2.1. Problem statement.........................................................................................................6
1.2.2. Problem justification.....................................................................................................8
1.3. Objectives.........................................................................................................................9
1.3.1. General objective..........................................................................................................9
1.3.2. Specific objective(s)......................................................................................................9
1.3.2.1. Research questions.....................................................................................................9
CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................................10
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................10
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................12
3.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................................................................12
3.1. Description of the study area.........................................................................................12
3.1.1 Climate.........................................................................................................................12
3.1.2 Soils..............................................................................................................................13
3.2. Research design and sampling procedures.....................................................................13
3.2.1. Research design...........................................................................................................13
3.2.2. Sampling procedures...................................................................................................14
3.2.2.1. Sampling unit...........................................................................................................14
3.2.2.2. Sample size..............................................................................................................14
3.3. Data collection procedures.............................................................................................14
3.3.1. Primary Data collection..............................................................................................14
I. Direct observation..............................................................................................................14
II. Personal interviews (Individual interviews).....................................................................15
III. Key informant interviews (Elite Interviews)..................................................................15
1

3.3.2. Secondary Data collection..........................................................................................16

3.4. Data analysis..................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER FOUR...............................................................................................................17
4.0. SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES AND BUDGET........................................................17
4.1. Schedule of activities.....................................................................................................17
4. 2. Budget...........................................................................................................................18
4.2.1. Source(s) of funds and Expenditure for each Item.....................................................18
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................19
APPENDICES.....................................................................................................................26

CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background information
There is an increasing assessment of the linkages between rapid population growth and the
quality of the environment (Madulu, 2004). Population growth and human activities
conducted within an area generate pressures to the natural and man-made environments
(Madulu, 2001). This statement is demonstrated by the increased decline in tropical forests,
global warming, and world pollution (UN, 1993). While the populations have reached the
7.349 billion mark in 2015, the world natural resource base has continued to be at a
diminishing state (PRB, 2015).

African countries are affected by a lot of environmental issues due to urbanization as most
of African countries are developing ones thus need different things for survival resulting
into environmental disturbance (Freire, 2013; Nsiah-gyabaah, 2003). Through an attempt of
keeping up with this developing world, and high desire to meet demands of their high
growing populations, most of African countries found exhausting many resources resulting
into environmental damages. African countries depend more in their natural resources as
the core of their economy. Due to continuous improper treatment of their natural resources,
Africa has found itself in the state of harming its environment, endangering the living
standard of its people, domesticated and wild animals as well as plants (WWF Global,
2013).

Environmental pollution started to be substantial after the industrial revolution in the 19th
century although has existed for centuries (Hanlon, 2015; Kasa, 2001). Occurrence of
3

pollution takes place when natural environment fails to assimilate an element without
causing damage to it. The elements involved are not produced by nature, and the process of
destroying them can take some few days to many years. In other words, pollution takes
place when nature does not know how to decompose an element that has been brought to it
in an unnatural way. Pollution has a lot of negative effects on natural elements that are
needed in high quantity for survival, such as water and air, hence it should be taken into
serious consideration (Lovett, 2009). Definitely, without these elements, or if they were
present on different quantities, animals and plants could not survive (Rinkesh, in press).

The rate of pollution has been seen to increase more in the 20th century this was due to the
result of high industrial revolution that evolved in 19 th century (EPA, 2009; Hayati &
Sayadi, 2012). The biosphere is therefore needed to be able to disperse, assimilate and
degrade human wastes in order to remain healthy as it is a closed ecological system with
finite resources and its equilibrium is maintained by grand-scale recycling. A natural
process such as photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen fixation and denitrification,
precipitation and evaporation, as well as diffusion recycles these organic and certain
inorganic materials. But when these waste materials become produced or introduced in
large quantities at a certain bio system may result into the overloading of this bio system
leading it into waste materials recycling failure (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6 th
ed., 2012).
Some environmental issues that affect Africa are; water pollution, air pollution, land
degradation, solid waste pollution, and deforestation (Payet & Obura, 2004; UNEP, 2008).
The environmental damage affects not only the populations health, but also the species that
live in the area, while also contributing to the world-wide issue of climate change. Similar
consequences are evident at regional and national levels, including Tanzania (Madulu,
4

2004). In Tanzania major environmental concerns have been classified into six categories,
namely, land degradation, deforestation, lack of accessible water supply and poor water
quality, deterioration of aquatic systems, loss of wildlife habitat and biodiversity, and
environmental pollution (URT, 1994).

Environmental pollution is the introduction of harmful pollutants into a certain environment

that make an environment unhealthy to live in. The widespread pollutants are usually
chemicals, garbage, and wastewater. Environmental pollution is happening in multifold
parts of Earth usually in the form of air, land (soil) and water pollution (Khan & Ghouri,
2011). Environmental pollution causes massive damage to the ecosystem that organisms
depend upon the health of this environment to live in. Air and water pollution can cause
death of countless organisms in a given ecosystem (Lovett, 2007; UNEP, 2010). Also,
environmental degradation due to unsustainable agriculture, overgrazing, deforestation,
urbanization and mining has resulted to soil erosion, reduced water availability and quality,
wildlife mortality and frequent dry up of Lakes and rivers (Greenstone & Hanna, 2012;
Nonga et al, 2010).

One of the greatest problems that Lake Manyara is facing today is that of environmental
pollution along it, increasing with every passing year and causing grave and irreparable
damage to its existence and to the survival of wildlife (VPO, 2009). While most known for
baboons and Laser Flamingos, the lake and its environs is also home to herbivores such as
hippos, impalas, elephants, wildebeests, buffalo, warthogs and giraffes (SEMP, 1988 as
cited by Sechambo, 2001).

1.2. Problem statement and justification

1.2.1. Problem statement
Environmental pollution along Lake Manyara has been a serious problem over years and it
has led to various negative impacts to wildlife of Lake Manyara National Park such as
deaths of Laser Flamingos (Mlingwa & Baker, 2006).

Several authors have highlighted wetland deterioration as one among results of

environmental pollution along Lake Manyara in which they suggested that among factors
that facilitate this environmental pollution are, disruption of these ecosystems by reservoir
construction, interfering with catchment areas, agricultural intensification, extensive
livestock husbandry, agro-chemical and other pollution, indiscriminate urban development,
deforestation, and mining practices (Dugan, 1990; Rohde & Hilhorst, 2001).

Through a partnership with the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), African Wildlife Foundation
(AWF) is working to protect forest, soil and water resources along Lake Manyara, through
its African Heartland program. To address concerns of habitat fragmentation and
environmental degradation within the Lake Manyara watershed, African Wildlife
Foundation (AWF) has partnered with local stakeholders and the USFS to conduct an
assessment of the watershed. African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) is leading the watershed
assessment to give a framework for guiding management of natural resources for the
benefit of biodiversity and human inhabitants of the watershed and the information
collected through this assessment were intended for land use planning and implementation,
education in and adjustment to agricultural and grazing methods, adoption and enforcement

of water laws where necessary and improvement in forestry practices. As a researcher I will
go beyond and assess impacts of environmental pollution along Lake Manyara to the
wildlife of Lake Manyara National Park (LMWA, 2003; Sechambo, 2001).
In order to prevent environmental pollution along Lake Manyara, the Park has been trying
to control the use of this Lake through establishment of laws and regulations that prohibit
people to conduct various economic activities that triggers environmental pollution along
the Lake Manyara but they encounter great challenges from local communities living in
Olasiti and Minjingu villages east of Lake Manyara due to high demand of local people
towards water for domestic uses and irrigation schemes and other water resources from the
Lake such as fishes, where people engage in fishing activities within the Lake (Ngana et al.,
2003).

If seriously measures will not be undertaken in order to combat this problem of

environmental pollution along Lake Manyara, it is obviously that the problem will increase
over and over from year to year as number of local people from various areas increases
daily as well as number of different anthropogenic activities conducted along the Lake
(Nonga et al., 2011). In general environmental pollution has many effects to wildlife such
as may cause diseases and death, destruction of breeding sites and habitats that may lead to
the translocation of animals from their natural environment towards other areas where they
are likely to be killed due to poor or no safety at all (Shemwetta & Kideghesho, 2000).
Although some researches have been done on this area most of which have been focused
towards the impacts of Environmental pollution along Lake Manyara to Laser Flamingo
(Phoenicopterus minor) only, leaving aside its impacts to other wildlife such as mammals,
insects and other water and non-water birds (Kihwele et al., 2014; Mlingwa & Baker,
2006), this leads to little information in libraries and online documents over the impacts
facing other wildlife apart from Laser Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) while there is very
7

high need of information concerning the impacts of environmental pollution along Lake
Manyara to other wildlife. Therefore this qualitative case study will examine impacts of
environmental pollution along Lake Manyara to wildlife of Lake Manyara National Park
other than Laser Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor).

1.2.2. Problem justification

Researches have been done along Lake Manyara and its adjacent villages over time to
assess anthropogenic activities such as agriculture which includes farming practices and
uses of agrochemicals as well as livestock keeping and mining activities which are
conducted by villagers, especially at villages within Lake Manyara basin namely
Barabarani, Migombani, Majengo (in Mto wa Mbu ward), Losirwa and Mayomayoka
(Matagi, 2004; Nonga et. al, 2011; Yanda & Madulu, 2003). Also there is the issue of
siltation in Lake Manyara as the lake is now heavily silted because of the different human
activities upstream including poor farming practices, livestock grazing, deforestation and
open cast mining, they accelerate silting of the Lake and blockage of water streams. Due to
this siltation scientists investigated massive deaths of the threatened lesser flamingos in the
park in 2004 and 2008 and gave toxication as one possible reason for those deaths
(TANAPA Newsletter, 2013). This research study aims at understanding in details the
impacts of environmental pollution along Lake Manyara on wildlife other than Laser
Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) of Lake Manyara National Park. Obtained data from this
research will be used as baseline data for further researches and ecological monitoring
expected to be carried out in the Park in the near future, and to add to the knowledge on
biodiversity conservation and management purposes, not only for Lake Manyara National
Park but also in other Wildlife Conservation Areas facing the same problems.

1.3. Objectives
1.3.1. General objective
1 To assess the impacts of environmental pollution along lake Manyara to the wildlife
of Lake Manyara National Park.

1.3.2. Specific objective(s)

1 To assess possible environmental pollution along Lake Manyara.
2 To assess causes of environmental pollution along Lake Manyara.
3 To assess the influence of environmental pollution to the habitat quality along Lake
4

Manyara.
To assess diseases caused by environmental pollution to the wildlife of Lake
Manyara National Park.

1.3.2.1. Research questions

1 What are the possible environmental pollutions along Lake Manyara?
2 What are causes of environmental pollution along Lake Manyara?
3 What is the influence of environmental pollution to the habitat quality along Lake
4

Manyara?
What are diseases caused by environmental pollution to the wildlife of Lake
Manyara National Park.?

CHAPTER TWO

2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW

The survival of Saline lakes in tropical Africa and Asia have been affected and reported to
be due to the impacts that result from environmental pollution that triggered by
anthropogenic activities such as overgrazing, mining scheme, increased level of
deforestation and diversion of inowing river waters for agriculture. In agriculture water
mainly used in irrigation schemes and cooling of machines used in farms such as tractors
and other uses. Also pollutants from industries such as petroleum, diesel and chemicals, and
urban wastes, all these have been increasing yearly (Bootsma & Hecky, 1993; Getahun,
2001; Hecky, 1993; Williams, 1998, 1999).

Various literatures (e.g. Kahurananga, 1992; Meindertsma and Kessler, 1997a&b;

Mwalyosi, 1990; Mwalyosi and Mohamed, 1992; Sandstrom, 1995) show an increase of
human activities in the areas bordering the national parks and forest reserves from well
protected areas with a diversity of wildlife species to a more degraded area. In particular,
use of surrounding lands for agriculture, settlements, and livestock grazing has increased.
The assessment of farming practices and uses of agrochemicals and environmental
pollution in Lake Manyara basin, where interviewed farmers reported to use agrochemicals
which include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and fertilizers (inorganic and organic
manure) for their crops (Nonga et al., 2011).

Large scale clearing of natural vegetation to give way to irrigated agriculture in wetlands
(both in the lowlands and the highlands) has also taken place, particularly around Mto wa
Mbu and numerous depressions on the Mbulumbulu Highlands respectively (Yanda &

10

Madulu, 2003). Considering that wetlands serve as sediment filters, groundwater reservoirs,
and are particularly notable for their high biodiversity, their destruction have naturally led
to the accelerated siltation of Lake Manyara, lowering of the quantity and quality of the
groundwater, and loss of biodiversity such as fish, Laser Flamingo and Cynodon grasses
(Mwalyosi et al., 1999; Shishira et al., 1999). In addition, intensification of crop production
as a whole has resulted into soil and water pollution through the application of
agrochemicals (Brawn, 1990; Meindertsma and Kessler, 1997b), so this research work is
going to assess more possible environmental pollution along the lake and in details its
impacts to the wildlife other than Laser Flamingos and fishes.

There has been observed population increase within villages bordering Lake Manyara that
had various serious environmental consequences including land scarcity, water shortage,
scarcity of pastures and environmental degradation (Yanda & Madulu, 2003). Also Ngana
et al. (2003) conducted a research on water resources management in Lake Manyara subbasin and water balance between supply and demand for present and future as it is an issue
of very high significance as the sub-basin hosts a number of national and global assets of
great socio-cultural, ecological and economic values, as it comprises a Biosphere Reserve
with boosting tourism from Lake Manyara National Park with a variety of wildlife
population, large livestock population and highly fertile land for agricultural production.

11

CHAPTER THREE

3.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Description of the study area.
Lake Manyara is a shallow lake in the Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch of the East
African Rift Valley in Manyara Region, Tanzania at coordinates: 3300S 35500E in
DMS (Degrees, Minutes, Seconds) with the maximum depth of 3.7 m, it is surrounded by
Lake Manyara National Park and it is fed up by waters from two primary inflows, Simba
River (from the north) and Makuyuni River (from the east) (Nonga et al., 2011). In early
1930s Ernest Hemingway said that Lake Manyara is the "loveliest [lake] in Africa", it is
also the home of a diverse set of landscapes and wildlife. The name Manyara comes from
the Maasai word emanyara, which is a euphorbia species of plant that is grown into a hedge
around a family homestead (Euphorbia tirucalli). The name "is a Masai description not for
the lake, but in general for a lake shore region".

3.1.1 Climate
The climate of the Lake Manyara catchment is primarily influenced by a seasonal alteration
of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) that has a strong effect in East Africa.
Highly seasonal and annually variable rainfalls total approximately 600 mm/yr. The rainy
season lasts from November to May with a short and a long rainy season. The dry season
ranges from June to October but can extend when the short rainy season fails. Mean annual
air temperature at the lake ranges between 15 C and 25 C (Deus & Gloaguen, 2013;
Rohde & Hilhorst, 2001).

12

3.1.2 Soils
The soils vary from alkaline to non-saline-alkaline in reaction. The soil textures of the area
are clay, clay-loam, loam, loamy/sand-loam and sandy-loam/sandy-clay-loam. Soils vary
from fertile highly erodible volcanic material, to a variety of moderate to low fertility
sedimentary and basement soil (Cohen et al., 1993).

Figure 1: A Map to show Lake Manyara and its Location

13

3.2. Research design and sampling procedures

3.2.1. Research design
The research design for this study will be a cross-sectional, where data will be collected at a
single point in time without repetitions. This design is chosen because it is more flexible
and less costly (Babie, 1990; Bailey, 1994).

3.2.2. Sampling procedures

3.2.2.1. Sampling unit
Specifically the study will be conducted within Lake Manyara National Park, Olasiti and
Minjingu villages surrounding the Lake Manyara. The sampling frame will be the villages
registry books containing a list of households that will be used as sampling units.

3.2.2.2. Sample size

In order to ensure equal chance of being included in the sample that will be interviewed in
Personal interviews and Key informant interviews for villagers and Park employees a
simple random sampling technique and purposive sampling will be adopted respectively.
Where at least 30 respondents from 15 households (at least one respondent from each
household) of each village registry book will be selected with the help of village
chairperson making a total sample size of at least 60 respondents and purposively 10 Park
employees from Lake Manyara National Park. A lottery method will be used to select the
households in order to avoid bias.

14

3.3. Data collection procedures

3.3.1. Primary Data collection
I. Direct observation
Direct observation involves the systematic noting and recording of activities, behaviours
and physical objects in the environment as an unobtrusive observer. In direct observation
the researcher will go directly to Lake Manyara to observe and record the possible
environmental pollution as a result of various activities conducted along the Lake and
habitat quality along Lake Manyara through photo capturing. Where various photos will be
taken by the researcher showing possible environmental pollution observed along the Lake.

15

II. Personal interviews (Individual interviews)

Personal interview method requires a person known as the researcher (interviewer) asking
questions generally in a face-to-face contact to the other person or persons (interviewee)
and collects the information. The researcher will use personal interviews to obtain data
from at least 30 villagers from Olasiti and Minjingu villages each, over the causes of
environmental pollution along Lake Manyara, where semi-structured interview questions
will focus on their agricultural activities paying more attention on what kind of crops do
they produce, when do they produce, how do they process their produces, what kind of
chemicals do they use to 1) control weeds, 2) control pests and insects, and where do they
dispose their waste products and fishing practices such as fishing gears used.

III. Key informant interviews (Elite Interviews)

A key informant is an individual, who as a result of his or her knowledge, previous
experience or social status in a community has access to information valuable for the
researcher such as insights about the functioning of society, their problems and needs or
effects of various socio-economical activities to the natural environment. The researcher
will use face-to-face interview as a technique (type) of key informant interviews to ask
questions and receive response from the respondent in order to obtain and record
information on the influence of environmental pollution to the habitat quality along the
Lake as well as diseases caused by environmental pollution to the wildlife of Lake Manyara
National Park. Whereby at least 10 Lake Manyara National Park employees will be selected
as key informants and interviewed in order to obtain required information such as the
influence of environmental pollution along the Lake to the, a) quality of habitat, b)
sustainability of habitat, as well as diseases caused by environmental pollution to the
wildlife of Lake Manyara National Park where questions such as, a) what are the diseases
that occur among wildlife due to environmental pollution?, b) What is the frequency of
16

occurrence of each disease?. Key informant interviews will be used instead of questionnaire
for data collection as this technique provides information from knowledgeable people,
opportunity to explore unanticipated ideas due to free-exchange of ideas and the method is
inexpensive and easy to conduct.

3.3.2. Secondary Data collection

The secondary data such as types of chemicals poured in the Lake, information on diseases
identified, climatic information and information on various activities and intensity will be
obtained from libraries, reports on various studies from the administrative and electronic
sources. All these will be used to describe environmental pollution, its causes and impacts
to wildlife of Lake Manyara National Park.

3.4. Data analysis

The data to be collected in this study are qualitative data. In the qualitative data analysis it
is important to note that the data collected will not be in the form of categorical numbers as
it would be in quantitative analysis. Rather, these data will most likely be in unstructured
thoughts and stream-of-consciousness comments from the various interviewees hence the
descriptions of qualitative data will be made based on their thematic contents (content
analysis).

17

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0. SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES AND BUDGET
4.1. Schedule of activities
The study will take duration of 8 months (from proposal writing to report submission) from
November, 2015 June, 2016 as detailed in Table No. 1 below:
2015
ACTIVITE
S

2016
NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

Proposal
writing
Proposal
presentation
and
submission
Data
collection
Data
analysis
Report
Writing
Report
submission
Table No. 1

18

MAR

APR

MAY

JUNE

4. 2. Budget
4.2.1. Source(s) of funds and Expenditure for each Item
The study will cost Tsh.180, 000 which will be provided by Higher Education Students
Loan Board (HESLB) as detailed in Table No. 2 below:
Item No.

Description.

Estimated cost (Tshs.)

1.

Transportation cost (Morogoro

Manyara NP) @ 25,000/=

2.

Meals and Accommodation cost

3.

Stationary cost (Typing, photocopying, 20,000/=

internet, Printing and Binding)

4.

Data collection and analysis

20,000/=

5.

Game drive

25,000/=

6.

Emergency cost

10,000/=

7.

Digital Camera

Personal

TOTAL COST

180,000/=

Table No. 2

19

Lake 50,000/=

55,000/=

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Manyara basin, Tanzania.
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Nsiah-gyabaah, K. (2003). Urbanization, environmental degradation and food security in

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27

APPENDICES
Appendix I: Checklist for Individual interviews (Personal interviews)

Dear participant,
I am conducting a survey to help us determine how to
improve the management of Lake Manyara through
sustainable utilization here in Tanzania. Participation in
this research is purely voluntary and you can opt to stop participating at any time. I do not
know of any risks or discomforts to you that may be caused by this study. The information
you provide will help in understanding in details the impacts of environmental pollution
along Lake Manyara on wildlife other than Laser Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) of
Lake Manyara National Park.
Please take a few minutes to answer these confidential questions about your experience on
Lake Manyara. Your individual answers will not be disclosed. They will be combined with
those of other respondents to guide me in the evaluation process.

Thank you in advance for your cooperation. Your opinions are very important for
management of Lake Manyara.
Personal Particulars of the Respondent
Respondent No_______________

Date__________________

Street/ Village Name__________________________

Respondents Name_____________________________

28

Ward_______________

Sex: (A) Male

( )

(B) Female ( )
Introduction
This interview checklist has been established in order to obtain information from villagers
on various causes of environmental pollution along the Lake Manyara as a result of various
human activities conducted in an area.
1. Are you a resident of this village? (Circle one)
(a) No

(b) Yes

2. If the answer to question 1 above is yes, since when? ______________________

3. Do you conduct any economic activities in an area? (Circle one)
(a) No
(b) Yes
4. If the answer to question 3 above is yes, what are the main economic activities do you

5.

6.

7.
8.
9.

conduct in an area? (Tick all practiced)

(A) Agriculture (Crop cultivation & Livestock keeping)
( )
(B) Business
( )
(C) Fishing
( )
(D) Mining
( )
(E) Others (specify) ___________________________________________
What farming system do you practice? (Tick practiced)
a) Contour farming
( )
b) Terrace farming
( )
c) Both
( )
What kind of crops do you produce in agricultural activities?
a) ____________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________
c) _____________________________________________________
When do you produce? ________________________________________
Do you use agrochemicals in your farms? (Circle one)
(a) No
(b) Yes
If yes, what kind of chemicals (agrochemicals) do you use to;
a) Control weeds ____________________________________________
b) Control pests and insects ____________________________________
c) Increase crop yields ________________________________________

10. How do you process agricultural produces?

a) ____________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________
29

11. Where do you dispose waste products from agricultural activities and domestic uses?
a) ____________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________
12. What fishing practices such as fishing methods and gears do you use?
a) ____________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________
13. What are socio-economic factors contributing to the utilization pressure of Lake
Manyara?
a) ____________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________
d) ____________________________________________________

Thank you for your assistance!

Appendix II: Checklist for Key informants

Dear participant,
I am conducting a survey to help us determine how to
improve the management of Lake Manyara through
sustainable utilization here in Tanzania. Participation in
this research is purely voluntary and you can opt to stop participating at any time. I do not
know of any risks or discomforts to you that may be caused by this study. The information
you provide will help in understanding in details the impacts of environmental pollution
along Lake Manyara on wildlife other than Laser Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) of
Lake Manyara National Park.

30

Please take a few minutes to answer these confidential questions about your experience on
Lake Manyara. Your individual answers will not be disclosed. They will be combined with
those of other respondents to guide me in the evaluation process.
Thank you in advance for your cooperation. Your opinions are very important for
management of Lake Manyara.
Personal Particulars of the Respondent
Respondent No______________

Date_______________

Organization Name__________________________
Title (Occupation) ___________________________
Respondents Name_____________________________

Sex: (A) Male

( )

(B) Female ( )

Introduction
This interview checklist has been established in order to obtain information from Park
employees on the influence of environmental pollution to the habitat quality along Lake
Manyara and diseases caused by environmental pollution to the wildlife of Lake Manyara
National Park.
1. For how long have you been here in Lake Manyara National Park? [Tick One]
(A) 1-2yrs
( )
(B) 3-5yrs
( )
(C) 6-10yrs
( )
(D) 11-15yrs
( )
(E) 15- More
( )
2. Are there any socio-economic activities conducted along Lake Manyara? (Circle one)
(a) No
(b) Yes
3. If the answer is yes in the question 2 above, what are the main socio-economic activities
conducted along Lake Manyara? (Tick all practiced)
31

(A) Agriculture (Crop cultivation & Livestock keeping)

( )
(B) Business
( )
(C) Fishing
( )
(D) Mining
( )
(E) Others (specify) ___________________________________________
4. Do these activities in question 3 above cause pollution along Lake Manyara? (Circle
one)
(a) No

(b) Yes

5. If the answer is yes in the question 4 above, how do those activities cause pollution
along the Lake?
a) ____________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________
6. What is the influence of environmental pollution along the Lake to the quality of
habitat?
a) ____________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________
7. How do environmental pollution along the Lake influence (affect) the sustainability of
habitat?
a) ____________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________
8. What are conservation measures and ecosystem management practices taken by Park
authorities to control or combat the impacts of environmental pollution along the Lake
Manyara?
a) ____________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________
9. Are there diseases caused by environmental pollution to the wildlife other than Laser
Flamingos? [Circle one]
(a) No

(b) Yes
32

10. If yes in question 9 above, what are those diseases and to which wildlife species do they
occur?

S/N

DISEASE

SPECIES AFFECTED

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

11. What is the frequency of occurrence of each disease?

1) _________________________________________
2) _________________________________________
3) _________________________________________
4) _________________________________________
5) _________________________________________
6) _________________________________________

Thank you for your assistance!

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
33

I, CHAMBA, Isaac Yohana, hereby declare this research project proposal is my own
original work.

NAME OF STUDENT .................................

Signature
Date

NAME OF SUPERVISOR ..
Signature...
Date.....

HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT..

Signature ..
Date
DEAN, FACULTY OF FORESTRY AND NATURE CONSERVATION
Signature .
Date .

34