Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
DUAL-STAGE
3,000
COMPRESSOR
TON CAPACITY
SMALLER
FOOTPRINT
The AquaEdge 19XR is bigger and better than ever, combining the best of chiller design in one
compact unit. This low-profile powerhouse features a dual-stage compressor for high-capacity cooling,
as well as a semi-hermetic motor, eliminating the release of heat into the mechanical room. The unit
also uses R134a refrigerant, allowing for a smaller footprint, which in turn makes for easier installation
and service. With a capacity of up to 3,000 tons, this versatile chiller has the power to cool even the
largest of spaces.
AquaEdge 19XR
Water-Cooled Chiller
Consider these Carrier components to get the most out of your system design:
ActivAIR 36IB
Induction Beam
Airstream 42 Series
Room Fan Coil
input #1 at www.csemag.com/information
Contact your Carrier expert or visit carrier.com/commercial.
Carrier Corporation 12/2015. A unit of United Technologies Corporation. Stock symbol UTX.
Integrated Facility
Management Control
Helping you
solve safety.
For Life.
input #2 at www.csemag.com/information
1-800-225-5250
russelectric.com
input #3 at www.csemag.com/information
JUNE 2016
COVER STORY
32 | Noise and vibration control
in building design
DEPARTMENTS
07 | Viewpoint
Hows business?
11 | Research
79 | Advertiser Index
14 | MEP Roundtable
80 | Future of
Engineering
High-performance medical
and educational building
design
Regulation of commercial,
industrial fan efficiency
FEATURE
40 | Applying combined
heat and power systems
Cogeneration systems, often
referred to as combined heat and
power (CHP) systems, generate
both electricity and thermal energy. As they become more common in the United States, engineers must understand the
nuances and design strategies for successful application.
RODNEY V. OATHOUT, PE, CEM, LEED AP
ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES
Use the icons to identify topics of interest.
AUTOMATION & CONTROLS
HVAC
COMMUNICATIONS
LIGHTING
ELECTRICAL
PLUMBING
CONSULTING-SPECIFYING ENGINEER (ISSN 0892-5046, Vol. 53, No. 5, GST #123397457) is published 11x per year, monthly except in February, by CFE Media, LLC, 1111 W. 22nd Street, Suite
#250, Oak Brook, IL 60523. Jim Langhenry, Group Publisher /Co-Founder; Steve Rourke CEO/COO/Co-Founder. CONSULTING-SPECIFYING ENGINEER copyright 2016 by CFE Media, LLC. All rights reserved. CONSULTINGSPECIFYING ENGINEER is a registered trademark of CFE Media, LLC used under license. Periodicals postage paid at Oak Brook, IL 60523 and additional mailing offices. Circulation records are maintained at CFE Media, LLC, 1111
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negligence, accident or any other cause whatsoever.
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Upcoming webcast
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CONSULTING SPECIFYING
2016
Pure Power
Pure Power is a quarterly publication for engineers and contractors involved in electrical control systems, emergency
building systems, fuses, circuit breakers, surge-suppression
devices, motor controls and drives, wiring and electrical distribution systems, power monitoring devices, UPS, and lighting
systems. Feature articles for June include:
Putting COPS into context
Designing medium-voltage electrical systems
Planning, designing resilient, efficient data centers
The nine major steps of designing generator fuel systems.
webcasts
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content
PRE-ENGINEERED SYSTEMS
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Editors Viewpoint
CONTENT
CONTENT SPECIALISTS/EDITORIAL
SPECIALISTS/EDITORIAL
AMARA
AMARA ROZGUS,
ROZGUS, Editor-in-Chief/Content
Editor-in-Chief/Content Manager
Manager
630-571-4070
630-571-4070 x2211,
x2211, ARozgus@CFEMedia.com
ARozgus@CFEMedia.com
EMILY
GUENTHER,
Associate
Content
Manager
AMANDA
PELLICCIONE,
Director
of Research
630-571-4070
x2220, EGuenther@CFEMedia.com
APelliccione@CFEMedia.com
AMANDA
PELLICCIONE,
DirectorDirector
of Research
MICHAEL
SMITH, Creative
APelliccione@CFEMedia.com
630-779-8910,
MSmith@CFEmedia.com
Amara Rozgus,
Editor-in-Chief
MICHAEL
SMITH,Production
Creative Director
ELISA
GEISHEIMER,
Coordinator
630-779-8910,
630-571-4070
x2213,MSmith@CFEmedia.com
EGeisheimer@CFEMedia.com
ELISA GEISHEIMER, Production Coordinator
630-571-4070 x2213, EGeisheimer@CFEMedia.com
President,
CCJM
ANIL AHUJA,
PE,Engineers,
LEED AP,Chicago
RCDD,
President,
CCJM Engineers,
Chicago
PETER
ALSPACH,
PE, LEED AP
BD+C,
Principal,
Engineer,
Seattle
PETER Mechanical
ALSPACH, PE,
LEED Arup,
AP BD+C,
Principal, Mechanical
Engineer,
Arup, Seattle
JERRY BAUERS,
PE,
National
Program
Executive,
JERRY
BAUERS,
PE,
Outcome Construction
ServicesExecutive,
LLC, Kansas City, Mo.
National Program
Outcome
Construction
Services
LLC,AP
Kansas
City, Mo.
MICHAEL
CHOW,
PE, LEED
BD+C,
Principal,
Metro CD
Engineering
LLC,AP
Columbus,
MICHAEL
CHOW,
PE, LEED
BD+C, Ohio
Principal, Metro CD
Engineering
LLC, Columbus, Ohio
TOM
DIVINE, PE,
Senior
Electrical
TOM
DIVINE,Engineer,
PE,
Smith
Seckman
Reid Engineer,
Inc., Houston
Senior
Electrical
Smith Seckman
ReidJR.,
Inc.,PE,
Houston
ROBERT
J. GARRA
CDT,
Vice President,
Electrical
ROBERT
J. GARRA
JR., Engineer,
PE, CDT,
CannonDesign,
Grand
Island,
N.Y.
Vice President, Electrical Engineer,
CannonDesign,
N.Y.C X A,
JASON
GERKE, PE, Grand
LEED Island,
AP BD+C,
Mechanical
Engineer,
GRAEF,
Milwaukee
JASON
GERKE,
PE, LEED
AP BD+C,
C X A,
Mechanical
Engineer,
GRAEF, PE,
Milwaukee
JOSHUA
D. GREENE,
Vice President,
JensenD.
Hughes,
Framingham,
Mass.
JOSHUA
GREENE,
PE,
Vice President,
JensenGRILL,
Hughes,
Framingham,
Mass.
RAYMOND
PE,
FSFPE,
Principal,
Arup,
Washington,
D.C.
RAYMOND
GRILL,
PE, FSFPE,
Principal,
Arup, PE,
Washington,
DANNA
JENSEN,
LEED APD.C.
BD+C,
Vice President,
ccrd,
WSP Co.,
Dallas
DANNA
JENSEN,
PE,a LEED
AP BD+C,
ViceWILLIAM
President,
ccrd, a WSP
Co., Dallas
KOFFEL,
PE, FSFPE,
President,
Koffel Associates
Inc.,FSFPE,
Columbia, Md.
WILLIAM
KOFFEL, PE,
President,
KoffelPE,
Associates
Inc.,AP
Columbia,
Md.
WILLIAM
KOSIK,
CEM, LEED
BD+C, BEMP,
Independent
Consultant,
Oak
Ill. BEMP,
WILLIAM
KOSIK, PE,
CEM, LEED
APPark,
BD+C,
Independent
Consultant,PE,
OakLEED
Park, AP,
Ill.
KENNETH
KUTSMEDA,
Engineering
Design
Principal, Jacobs,
Philadelphia
KENNETH
KUTSMEDA,
PE, LEED
AP,
Engineering
Design PE,
Principal,
Philadelphia
KEITH LANE,
RCDD,Jacobs,
LC, LEED
AP,
President,
Lane Coburn
& Associates,
KEITH LANE,
PE, RCDD,
LC, LEEDSeattle
AP,
President, LAUE,
Lane Coburn
& Associates,
JULIANNE
PE, LEED
AP BD+C,Seattle
BEMP,
Senior
MEP
Engineer,
Center
for
Sustainable
Energy,
JULIANNE LAUE, PE, LEED AP BD+C, BEMP,
Mortenson
Construction,
Minneapolis Energy,
Senior MEP
Engineer,
Center for Sustainable
Mortenson
Construction,
Minneapolis
KENNETH
L. LOVORN,
PE,
President, Lovorn
Engineering
Associates,
KENNETH
L. LOVORN,
PE, Pittsburgh
President, Lovorn DAVID
Engineering
Associates, Pittsburgh
LOWREY,
Chief Fire Marshal,
Boulder
(Colo.) Fire Rescue
DAVID
LOWREY,
Chief Fire
Marshal,MAR,
Boulder
MICHAEL
PE,(Colo.)
LEEDFire
AP, Rescue
Vice President,
Environmental
Design
MICHAEL
MAR,Systems
PE, LEED
AP, Inc., Chicago
Vice President, Environmental
Systems
Design Inc., Chicago
BRIAN MARTIN,
PE,
Electrical Engineer,
CH2M, Portland,
Ore.
BRIAN MARTIN,
PE,
ElectricalG.Engineer,
Portland,
DWAYNE
MILLER,CH2M,
PE, RCDD,
AEEOre.
CPQ,
Chief Executive
JBA Consulting
Engineers,
Las Vegas
DWAYNEOfficer,
G. MILLER,
PE, RCDD,
AEE CPQ,
Chief Executive
JBA Consulting
Engineers,
Las Vegas
RODNEYOfficer,
V. OATHOUT,
PE, CEM,
LEED AP,
Principal,
Regional Engineering
RODNEY
V. OATHOUT,
PE, CEM,Leader,
LEED AP,
DLR
Group,
Overland
Park,
Kan.
Principal, Regional Engineering Leader,
DLR
Group,
Overland
Park,
Kan.
SYED
PEERAN,
PE,
Ph.D.,
Senior SYED
Engineer,
CDM Smith
Inc., Boston
PEERAN,
PE, Ph.D.,
Senior Engineer,
CDM
Inc.,LEED
Boston
GREGORY
QUINN,
PE,Smith
NCEES,
AP,
Principal,QUINN,
Health Care
Market Leader,
GREGORY
PE, NCEES,
LEED AP,
Affiliated
Inc.,Market
Madison,
Wis.
Principal,Engineers
Health Care
Leader,
Affiliated
Inc.,
Wis.
BRIANEngineers
A. RENER,
PE,Madison,
LEED AP,
Associate,
Chicago
BRIAN A.SmithGroupJJR,
RENER, PE, LEED
AP,
Associate,
SmithGroupJJR,PE,
Chicago
RANDY
SCHRECENGOST,
CEM,
Austin
Operations
Group Manager
and
RANDY
SCHRECENGOST,
PE, CEM,
Senior
Mechanical
Austin
Operations
GroupEngineer,
Manager and
Stanley
Consultants,
Texas
Senior
MechanicalAustin,
Engineer,
Stanley Consultants,
Texas
GERALD
VERSLUYS, Austin,
PE, LEED
AP,
Health Care
Operations
GERALD
VERSLUYS,
PE,Manager,
LEED AP,
TLC Engineering
for Architecture,
Brentwood, Tenn.
Health Care
Operations Manager,
TLC Engineering
for Architecture,
Brentwood,
Tenn.
MIKE WALTERS,
PE, LEED
AP,
Wis.
Principal,
Fovea LLC,PE,
Madison,
MIKE WALTERS,
LEED AP,
Associates,
Campus Energy
Market
Leader,
JOHN
YOON,
PE, MEP
LEED
AP ID+C,Verona, Wis.
Lead Electrical
Engineer,
Engineers
Inc., Chicago
JOHN
YOON,McGuire
PE, LEED
AP ID+C,
Lead Electrical Engineer, McGuire Engineers Inc., Chicago
Hows business?
www.csemag.com
VENTILATION
SOLUTIONS
HIGH-PERFORMING
V E N T I L AT E
W I T H
HOSPITAL
Enhanced IAQ can
reduce hospitalacquired infection
rates and improve
patient recovery. 1
E N E R GY
S AV IN GS
u
Up to one-third of all
hospital-acquired
infections are
airborne.2 Ventilation
reduces this risk.
M. Ramaswamy, Farooq Al-Jahwari, Saif M. Masoud Al-Rajhi, IAQ in HospitalsBetter Health through Indoor Air Quality Awareness, Texas A&M University, 2010, https://oaktrust.library.tamu.
edu/bitstream/handlle/1969.1/94139/ESL-IC-10-10-88.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Dan Pollock, Surgical Suite: Creating the Optimal Environment, Trane, October 2009, https://www.trane.com/content/dam/Trane/Commercial/global/markets/healthcare/Surgical_Suite.pdf.
RenewAire.com
800.627.4499
FOR
EVERY
APPLICATION
E R V s
SCHOOL
CHECK OUT
RETURNS
WELLNESS
BENEFITS
u
Children in
classrooms with
higher ventilation
rates score better
in math and reading. 3
Standardized test
scores can
increase by 10%
when ventilation
rates are doubled.4
Frequently Asked Questions about Improved Academic Performance, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/frequently-asked-questions-about-improvedacademic-performance#IAQIAP_Maintenance.
Frequently Asked Questions about Improved Academic Performance, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/frequently-asked-questions-about-improvedacademic-performance#IAQIAP_Maintenance.
Lower C0 2 levels
to improve
cognitive function
Boost productivity
Reduce acute
and chronic
health problems
Reduce absenteeism
R ENE WA I R E E V E RY WHE RE
input #6 at www.csemag.com/information
FACILITIES
IN
AND
COME
ALL SHAPES
SIZES.
Its time to think about your boiler room in a different way. Were not talking about hydronic boilers, but
hydronic solutions. An integrated approach that gives you full control over your system, allowing you to pick and
choose the right components to maximize efficiency and minimize emissions. With full-condensing (up to 12,000
MBTU/hr) and non-condensing (up to 25,000 MBTU/hr) boiler options, we can customize a solution that fits your
needs. Call 800-250-5883 to locate a rep or visit us online at cleaverbrooks.com.
input #7 at www.csemag.com/information
LED fixture
specifications,
quality
Keeping up with
new/changing
technology
17%
21%
research
12%
15%
Costs,
budget
restrictions
18%
17%
Energy
conservation,
efficiency
Codes, regulations,
standards
$2.4 million:
72%
of engineers reported
that local authorities having jurisdiction or fire officials have the most
input and impact on fire and life
safety design. Source: ConsultingSpecifying Engineer 2016 Fire and
Life Safety Study
40%
More research
Consulting-Specifying Engineer covers several research topics each year.
All reports are available at
www.csemag.com/research.
www.csemag.com
espondents to the ConsultingSpecifying Engineer 2016 Electrical and Power Study identified
five high-level findings impacting the
electrical and power industries today:
1. Electrical, power revenue: The
average engineering firm specifies about $2.8 million annually for
electrical and power systems in new
and existing building projects; 15%
of these firms specify $500,001 to
$750,000 in these systems, up from
only 8% in 2015.
2. Systems specified: Seven in 10
engineers currently specify circuit
breakers and fuses, emergency and
standby power, transformers, electrical distribution, and cable/wire systems or equipment. Renewable energy
systems have gained some popularity,
having been specified by 35% of engineers in 2015 to 42% in 2016.
3. Specifications: Twenty-nine percent of respondents always write per-
78%
Service support
53%
Energy efficiency
43%
Manufacturer's reputation
43%
42%
Technical advantage
40%
Lifecycle cost
39%
Warranty
38%
Design support
37%
34%
11
Model EQB
quiet, please
2014 Greenheck
715.359.6171
greenheck.com
input #8 at www.csemag.com/information
Career Smart
BY RICHARD D. MILLER, PE, LEED AP BD+C, FASHRAE,
Construction-Engineering Consultant, Las Vegas
ou are a mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) consultant who just negotiated a
fixed-fee contract with a new architect
client and the number of conferences
to be attended was not addressed. The
architect schedules an initial sit-down
meeting to discuss the new construction project with the owner, general
contractor, and design team.
What possible benefit can be
achieved by having an in-person meeting? While it might seem like a waste of
time and money, this is a great opportunity to make one-on-one contact
with all the participants involved in the
project. Attending in-person conferences also allows you to network with
other professionals, which may lead to
additional work down the road.
During the kickoff meeting, the owner
will present the vision for the project and
the architect will present a preliminary
design to all of the attendees. Next, the
spotlight is on you to provide your input.
The architect will most likely ask you a
series of questions, including:
What kind of system are you putting into the building?
What is the tonnage?
Where is the incoming power coming from?
Is there enough available power
available to serve the building?
What about gas, water, sewer, and
storm systems?
chance to digest the scope of the project and can pose thought-provoking
questions for the design team.
Alternatively, shooting from the lip
at the meeting can have dire repercussions. The architect or owner may
come back and reference figures you
mentioned at the first meeting that
were just preliminary estimates. In
response, you mention that it was just
a preliminary estimate. Guess what
everybody conveniently forgot that
was a preliminary estimate and you
wind up being the bad guy. Unfair?
Yes, but true!
Here are three tips to have a financially viable and successful project:
Take note of the number of conference meetings included in your
fixed-fee contract.
Dont use technical jargon that is
best suited for your professional
staff.
Take the time required to assess the
projects capacity and alternative
design options.
Following these guidelines will
enable you to avert wasting your time
and the time of others and establish
an effective line of communication
between you and the team for the duration of the project.
Richard D. Miller is a constructionengineering consultant located in Las
Vegas. His expertise is in the design, construction and management of projects
within private and public sectors.
Consulting-Specifying Engineer JUNE 2016
13
MEP Roundtable
Joseph A. DAl, PE,
LEED AP, CEM
Division Manager
RMF Engineering
Charlottesville, Va.
TG Davallou, LEED AP
Partner
Alfa Tech Consulting Engineers
San Francisco
High-performance
medical and educational
building design
The design of high-performance medical and educational
projects are challenging and need to meet specific standards,
codes, and trends.
CSE: Whats the No. 1 trend you see
today in the design of high-performance
campus projects?
Anthony B. Preteroti
Associate Vice President
CannonDesign
Grand Island, N.Y.
Teresa Rainey,
PE, LEED Fellow
Director of High-Performance
Design
EYP Architecture & Engineering
Washington, D.C.
14
15
MEP Roundtable
Donohue: The project involved multiple buildings for a
medical-services campus. The buildings being constructed
were both inpatient and outpatient clinics and included a
long-term care facility. The new buildings communication
systems were to be network-based, using a dedicated darkfiber security network that is centrally controlled and monitored from a security operations center. The systems included
both physical security (video surveillance, physical access
control, intrusion, intercom communications, emergency
communication system, detection equipment) and life safety/
fire alarm systems.
CSE: Describe your experience working with the contractor, architect, owner, or other team members in creating BIM for such a project.
www.hammondpowersolutions.com
input #9 at www.csemag.com/information
16
05/03/2016 10:57:15 AM
MEP Roundtable
Today, each new project or client challenges our
engineering team in a unique way to exceed baseline and
prescriptive energy management. Whatever the incentive
is, energy efficiency is king. Joseph A. DAl
sharing and operational response,
based on the systems involved and the
expected responses required by the
master plan.
CSE: When working on monitoring and control systems in highperformance campus projects, what
factors do you consider?
Preteroti: Critical factors include
determining who is going to use,
operate, and maintain the system as
well as what their system knowledge
capabilities are. Other factors that
need to be considered include the
1588
SM
ms
Waveform capture
2000s
1990s
CyTime
Web-enabled
TM
Sequence of
Events Recorder
Precision timing
Today
Power monitoring at the speed of NOW !
Diagnose root cause, verify auto-controls operate as designed, identify
slow breakers before they increase arc flash hazard. Precision Time
Protocol (PTP), per IEEE 1588, enables 1-ms time-sync over Ethernet.
Download our 20-page white paper on PTP and youll 1588 too:
www.cyber-sciences.com/1ms
input #11 at www.csemag.com/information
Pottorffs XAV-545 Aluminum Grille and XSV-845 Steel Grille are designed to
FEMA 320 or FEMA 361 guidelines for shelters and safe rooms. They feature
inverted-V blades which lend themselves to excellent free area, low airow
resistance and superior water penetration resistance. Each model has been
engineered to withstand testing with impacts from 15lb 2" = 4"s traveling at 100
MPH per ICC 500. This makes the XAV-545 and XSV-845 compliant for wind borne
debris in all tornado or hurricane regions in the U.S.
XSV-845
XAV-545
5" ALUMINUM GRILLE
AMCA Certied:
Water Penetration
and Air Performance
Code references NFPA 99 relative to hyperbaric chambers and electrical systems while
NFPA 101: Life Safety Code references NFPA
99 relative to laboratories, anesthetizing locations, medical gas, essential electrical systems,
and hyperbaric facilities. Additionally, the CMS
standards (K-Tags) have similar references to
NFPA 99. This also holds true for Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 4-510-1 medical military
facilities.
Therefore, while a global application of NFPA
99 may be considered by some as good practice,
it may not necessarily be required. The 2015 edition of both NFPA 99 and NFPA 101 are referenced here, although this is applicable to the 2012
edition that was recently approved by CMS.
It is very common for a life safety consultant
to be called into a health care facility after the
completion of a regulatory survey to assist with
the response to or correction of cited code violations. Upon arrival, the consultant is immediately
told that the facility has programs and policies
in place to assure the compliance with the life
safety code. And while this may be true, the web
of existing construction versus new construction, mixed occupancies, and reference standards begins to show itself, and its found that
many of the reference standard requirements go
unidentified or unenforced.
Fundamentally, NFPA 99-2015 is based on a
concept of risk management within an incredibly variable and complex health care facility. The
requirements espoused through NFPA 99 are
applied based on the risk category of the occupancy. The categories (1 through 4) are assigned
to a facility based on the risk to a patient. Category 1 is applied to activities, systems, or equipment whose failure is likely to cause major injury
or death of patients, staff, or visitors (NFPA 99
Learning
objectives
List each code and standard
that relates to fire protection
in health care facilities.
Make use of NFPA 99 to
design fire, explosion-prevention, and life safety systems.
Compare requirements for
life safety systems in specialized facilities.
21
y?
an
c
up
cc
s
er
de
co
ch
hi
A
Accrediting
o
organization
Federal
Lo
Local
v
ai
W
on
iti
ed
ch
hi
s?
Whats applicable in a
regulatory overview
22
Medical gases
State
Be lockable
Storage requirements
(all cylinders must be restrained)
3,000 ft
Noncombustible/limited-combustible secured
enclosure with separation from combustibles
300 ft
No enclosure required
Table 1: This summarizes the requirements of storage facilities containing nonflammable gases, based on the volume of gas present.
Hyperbaric chambers
23
Engineering
is personal.
So is the way you
use information.
CFE Media delivers a world
of knowledge to you.
Personally.
unacceptable.
all have required compartmentation
smoke zonessuch that each floor is able
to have horizontal patient movement to
a protected zone. But these codes do not
specifically call out the defend-in-place
strategy. Section 15.7 of NFPA 99 (fire
detection, alarm, and communication)
as well as 15.8 (automatic sprinklers and
other extinguishing equipment) reference the concept of defend in place to
identify a rarely applied or enforced
design methodology for fire alarm notification zones and sprinkler system zones
to be designed and installed in accordance with the boundaries of the building smoke zones (15.7.4.3.1, 15.8.1.3).
NFPA 99 does not mandate this design
methodology as a requirement.
The appendix for both of these sections
highlights that the alarm notification and
sprinkler zones do not have to match the
smoke zones, provided the facility fire
plan addresses the differences between
the notification zones, sprinkler zones,
and smoke zones. If these zones are not
coordinated, it is important to know
where and how all of these zones intersect
and where they diverge. If a water-flow
alarm indicates a sprinkler activation in a
sector of a building, the emergency operators need to know what smoke zones are
Visit www.plantengineering.com
24
www.csemag.com
25-YEAR
TANK WARRANTY
IS STANDARD
25-YEAR
TANK WARRANTY
IS STANDARD
25-YEAR
TTANK WARRANTY
IS STANDARD
Steel conduit provides superior protection compared to other wiring methods. In the event
of a fire, steel conduit is noncombustible and wont burn or melt. When fire-tested at 2,000F
it remained intact for up to four hours. Steel conduit offers physical protection during
firefighting activities and protects firefighters from possible entanglement in loose cables.
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Learning
objectives
In first reading through the changes highlighted in the NFPA 99 handbook, the authors
have made a concerted effort to bring some
consistency across the two major electrical
health care codes: NFPA 99 and NFPA 70:
www.csemag.com
27
Figure 2: NFPA 99-2015 now depicts specific requirements on how to use a groundfault circuit interrupter (GFCI) device when used in an operating room.
28
NFPA 99 section
Requirement
6.3.2.2.2.3
6.3.2.2.4.2
6.3.2.2.6.1
6.3.2.2.6.2(F)
Existing pediatric locations must have listed tamperresistant devices or employ a tamper-resistant cover.
6.3.2.2.8.7
6.3.3.1.1.4
6.3.4
6.4.1.1.18.7
6.4.2.2.6.2(C)
6.4.2.2.6.3
6.4.4
6.5.4
Table 1: NFPA 99-2015 Chapter 6 helps to identify common issues you are likely to
encounter in an existing facility and covers how you are expected to address them.
29
Fuel
Cle
an
ter
wa
Heat
Air
ac power
EES types
30
WE TURN
YOU ON.
(OR OFF)
Learning objectives
Classify the various systems that may cause
noise or vibration in a building.
Explain how to measure noise as it relates
to building occupants.
Apply noise or vibration mitigation as needed.
Diffuser noise
Reciprocating, centrifugal,
screw chillers
Throb
8
Rumble
31.5
63
Whistle
and
whirr
Roar
125
250
500
1000
Hiss
2000
4000
8000
32
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33
34
ductwork between the fans and the supply diffusers and return registers. In a
couple of locations, duct silencers were required due to the short distances to
the first supply or return openings. Rerouting ductwork in some cases allowed
for the use of duct lining without a silencer, which is generally the preferred
solution for both financial and static pressure budgets.
The radiated noise from the terminal units proved more challenging. The
interior designers had in mind a slightly curved, more modern floating
ceiling, meaning there were large areas on ceiling tile with gaps that were
open to the structure aboveand to the terminal units.
The team worked with the mechanical engineers to search for quieter
terminal units, which was a challenge in itself because the way terminal
units are rated acoustically for radiated noise assumes the use of a closed
mineral-tile acoustical-ceiling plenum. In this case, an open-edge ceiling
with fiberglass tiles that do not isolate noise as well as the denser mineral
fiber tiles was used.
Engineers obtained the octave-band sound power data for various terminal
units and developed detailed predictions of the office-area noise based on
the ceiling conditions and the use of multiple terminal units over the space.
The final solution for the radiated noise problem was a combination of
selecting quieter terminal units and working with the interior designer to
configure an enclosed ceiling assembly that still appeared to be floating as
originally intended.
As a part of the ceiling design, the designer had to research and analyze
ceiling-tile options for the large 4x8-ft tiles that were desired. The consultants
found a supplier who could provide 2-in.-thick fiberglass ceiling tiles that
provided the sound absorption needed to reduce reverberation the large office
area. The fiberglass tiles included a sound-isolation membrane backing,
which provided the sound-transmission loss required to isolate the radiated
noise of the terminal units.
The results
The acoustical design was a long process that required deep coordination
with the mechanical engineer, structural engineer, and interior designer. That
www.csemag.com
www.csemag.com
80
NC-35
70
NC-40
60
50
40
30
20
31
63
125
250
500
1,000
2,000
4,000
8,000
16,000
35
some project types should include acoustical design as a matter of course. Typical facilities, such as office buildings,
hospitality developments, educational
facilities, conference centers, medical
facilities, and houses of worship, would
normally include an acoustical scope of
work. Museums, theaters, recording studios, secure government facilities, and
other specialty facilities also require special acoustical consideration.
The acoustical scope of work includes
a range of fundamental tasks that apply
to almost every project. This can generally be categorized into three basic
acoustic goals:
n Noise and vibration control: The
reduction of noise and vibration in
the building caused by either internal or external sources
Room types
Residences, apartments,
condominiums
Hotels/motels
Office buildings
Schools
Living areas
30
35
30
Meeting/banquet rooms
30
30
Conference rooms
30
Teleconference rooms
25
Open-plan offices
40
25-30
Space examples
Recording studios, audio- and videoconferencing rooms, sleeping
spaces
Auditoriums, meeting spaces, huddle rooms, training rooms,
nonsleeping residential living spaces
Open offices, private offices, reception areas, dining areas, public
spaces, corridors
Storage, mechanical/machine rooms, electrical rooms, garages,
restrooms.
Table 2: By categorizing spaces into different acoustical sensitivity levels, the engineer can determine how much noise or vibration control is required. Courtesy: JBA
Consulting Engineers
36
Buffer space
Corridors
Storage rooms
Data/telecom rooms
Prefunction areas
Noisy space
Mechanical rooms, rooftop units,
electrical rooms, generators, elevators,
copy rooms, gyms, nightclubs, restrooms
Table 3: Buffer spaceseither horizontal or verticalmay be used to separate quiet, sensitive spaces from noisy spaces.
Courtesy: JBA Consulting Engineers
Source examples
Path to building
occupants
Common
treatment options
Mechanical
Fans
Motors
Pumps
Chillers
Cooling towers
Condensing units
Terminal units
Ducts (air noise, duct
flexion, diffusers, and
registers)
Airborne
Structure-borne
Duct-borne
Electrical
Generators
Transformers
Airborne
Structure-borne
Space-adjacency selection
Vibration isolation
Equipment relocation
Flexible connections
Architectural isolation
Plumbing
Toilets
Drains
Supply piping
Pumps
Airborne
Structure-borne
Space-adjacency selection
Vibration isolation
Flexible connections
Architectural isolation
Occupant activities
Gyms
Copiers
Elevators
Nightclubs
Footfall
Audio systems
Airborne
Structure-borne
Space-adjacency selection
Vibration isolation
Enclosures
Architectural isolation
Transportation
Planes
Trains
Automobiles
Trucks
Motorcycles
Industrial equipment
Airborne
Structure-borne
Space-adjacency selection
Vibration isolation
Architectural isolation
Space-adjacency selection
Vibration isolation
Equipment relocation
Enclosures
Flexible connections
Acoustical duct liner
Silencers
Duct configurations
Architectural isolation
Table 4: Common treatments are listed for different types of noise sources. Note that
careful space-adjacency selection is an approach that benefits isolation from all of
these noise sources. Courtesy: JBA Consulting Engineers
37
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Applying combined
heat and power systems
Cogeneration systems, often referred to as combined heat and power (CHP) systems, generate both electricity and thermal energy. As they
become more common in the United States, engineers must understand the nuances and design
strategies for successful application.
BY RODNEY V. OATHOUT, PE, CEM, LEED AP, DLR Group, Overland Park, Kan.
40
ability to consume all of the thermal energy generated by the CHP. Energy efficiency
for CHP systems is generated in two ways:
production of two energy sources with one
fuel and the added efficiency associated
with producing electricity onsite to avoid
transmission losses.
www.csemag.com
Learning
objectives
Explain combined heat and
power (CHP) and how it can
be applied in commercial
buildings.
Develop a strategy for
applying CHP equipment in
the built environment.
Evaluate and calculate the
energy efficiency of the CHP
system.
Figure 1: The new Marriott AC Hotel in downtown San Jose, Calif., is a 7-story, 210-room lifestyle-branded hotel, situated within
walking distance from the famed HP Pavilion. The hotel will include various hospitality amenities on the first level, such as a
lobby, front desk, lounge, breakfast area and buffet, kitchen, fitness room, pool, and courtyard patio garden with a fire pit. The
hotel is designed to meet U.S. Green Building Council LEED Gold criteria through a variety of energy-saving technologies,
such as light harvesting, architectural louver sunshades, battery-based electric demand control system, onsite combined heat
and power (CHP) system, and variable refrigerant flow cooling and heating with smart controls in every room.
All graphics courtesy: DLR Group
www.csemag.com
41
To domestic
hot water
system
Other
CHP modules
CHP modules
Thermal storage tank
CHP circulation
pump
Figure 2: This simplified diagram shows how CHP equipment can be integrated into a
domestic hot-water heating system.
42
How to apply
CHP equipment
he following is a summary of an
approach recommended to apply combined heat and power (CHP) technology to
a commercial facility. Step-by-step guide
for applying CHP equipment:
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the need for any additional hot-water storage. The final size of the thermal storage
tank will eventually be affected by heatexchanger performance, number of CHP
modules, and facility requirements.
Figure 3 shows the calculated thermal
storage-tank temperature with one, two,
and three CHP modules operating at 100%
performance using a 3,000-gallon tank
size. The optimized hot-water temperature for the CHP equipment is 130F, and
assumed approach temperature of the heat
exchanger is 4F. Therefore, the realistic
setpoint temperature of the thermal storage tank is 135F. Figure 3 predicts tank
values greater than 135F. Using those
assumptions, the CHP would modulate its
output as a response to achieving setpoint
temperature in the thermal storage tank.
The first point of the analysis is determining a reasonable combination of CHP
units, thermal storage tanks, and heat
exchangers that result in a stable operating condition. Once the stable combinations are determined, the lifecycle cost
analysis can be performed to select the
best course for the project. The equipment
combination identified with the optimal
cost of ownership can be compared with a
traditional domestic hot-water system to
determine the ROI.
Table 1 shows the power production for
the CHP module performance shown in
Figure 3. The values in Table 1 are theoretical electrical production values that
allow the thermal storage tank to naturally fluctuate.
Figure 4 shows how the thermal storage tank temperature varies based on hotel
occupancy. Figure 4 shows the calculated
thermal storage tank temperature with
0
100
Design strategy
0
200
50
10
15
20
25
Time of day
Figure 3: This figure highlights the expected thermal storage tank temperature at fullload operation of one, two, and three micro-CHP modules.
44
Number of
CHP modules
Power production
(kWh/day)
56,940
113,880
170,820
Table 1: This table shows the electricity production from one, two, and three
micro-CHP modules assuming the modules are operating at maximum capacity.
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power systems
tional water-heating equipment affects
the analysis and ROI.
Cogeneration systems that include
equipment like CHP modules can be a
viable part of a high-performance building
design. This equipment can supplement
(or even provide all of) the domestic hotwater requirements of the facility. They
also can be used to satisfy the heatingwater component of a building. Facilities
with significant and continuous hot-water
or heating consumption are good candidates for applying cogeneration systems.
The efficiency for producing hot water is
comparable with traditional hot-watergenerating equipment, such as condensing boilers. The tangible benefit of a CHP
system is the electricity generated simultaneously with the hot water. The ROI for
the system is maximized when the CHP
modules and accessories are optimized
for prolonged electricity generation that
can be completely consumed onsite at the
highest efficiency level.
No incentives
With incentives
and WH savings
$0.165/kWh
$0.165/kWh
$0.165/kWh
$0.80/therm
$0.80/therm
$0.80/therm
$0
$26,500
$26,500
$90,000
$90,000
$90,000
$0
$0
($20,000)
Estimated incentives/
tax credit
$1,200
$1,200
$1,200
$2,000
$2,000
$2,000
Value of electricity
produced
$11,500
$11,500
$11,500
$8,300
$8,300
$8,300
10.8 years
7.7 years
5.3 years
Table 2: This summarizes the return on investment for a micro-CHP system with two
modules based on a series of fuel costs, construction costs, maintenance costs, and
incentives. WH savings is the anticipated savings in construction cost caused by
reducing the conventional water heating equipment by the amount produced by the
CHP equipment.
efficiency, and human engagement in highperformance building design. He is a member of the Consulting-Specifying Engineer
editorial advisory board.
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input #22 at www.csemag.com/information
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10/8/2013 3:23:27 PM
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Key concepts
Internet of Things (IoT)
devices, forecast to grow
to 50 billion units by 2020,
are a potential goldmine to
hackers.
DE-1
Industrial IoT (IIoT), to ensure refrigerated containers all maintain the correct
temperature.
Speaking at a recent conference, Maersk
UK chief intelligence officer (CIO) Andy
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monitor goods in real-time via Internet
protocol (IP)-enabled sensors, whereas
it previously took engineers two days to
check and report on these conditions.
The readings from these sensors are
continually fed into Maersks monitoring
systems via satellite, and any problems
at sea can be identified immediately.
Munro urged CIOs and other IoT decision makers to be proactive in auditing
Brian Honan
Combine this with the fact the Internet does not have any form of service
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devices in the hands of unsophisticated
users, and that the Internet is accessible
worldwide, and you have the perfect
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79
Future of Engineering
BY WADE W. SMITH, PE,
Wade W. Smith Consulting LLC, Chetek, Wis.
Regulation of commercial,
industrial fan efficiency
The new proposed Department of Energy standard will drive changes
on how engineers design air systems for peak fan efficiency.
90% peak efficiency will generally operate at a much lower efficiency; how low
depends on where the fan is selected.
Consequently, fan manufacturers rejected the FEG and FMEG peak-based metrics and recommended what DOE now
calls the fan energy index (FEI). The
proposed DOE standard will establish a
maximum power input that will vary by
a formula tied to the design-point flow
and pressure. (See DOEs website for
details.)
FEI is the ratio of the DOE standards
maximum allowable watts into the fan
motor over the actual fan electrical power
at the design point. An FEI of 1.0 or greater meets the proposed DOE standard. An
FEI of 1.1 will use 10% less energy than
the DOE standard. FEI informs the public
immediately of the percentage savings
relative to a fixed benchmark of DOE
regulationat design conditions. Plotting
a fans compliant operating range, where
the FEI is greater than 1.0, inspires several
observations that impact design practice:
Every fan has a compliant range.
The proposed DOE standard will not
arbitrarily force any fan off the market.
Instead, the proposed standard will limit
fan sales to a compliant efficiency range.
Every fan also has a noncompliant
range. This means manufacturers are
rewarded for improving the efficiency of
every fan that is sold to expand the fans
compliant range.
A noncompliant selection is resolved
with a larger-diameter fan, or smaller
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PUSH YOUR
EXPECTATIONS
Low Harmonics
IEEE519-1992 Compliant
Power Factor
0.98 or higher
Greater Efciency
Power Regeneration
Compact Size
65% Reduction
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