Basicpartialdischarge 151203094937 Lva1 App6891

Tiara Vibrasindo Pratama
Basic Partial
Discharge
TIARA VIBRASINDO PRATAMA
15 17 SEPTEMBER 2015
Introduction
Mauritz Roni Gabe Manurung
Electrical Engineer
mauritz@tiaravib.com
081287461414/081260815213
We are The Reliability Group established 1995

PT. Tiara Vibrasindo Pratama :
- Predictive maintanance services
- Conditional Failure Monitoring Technology
- Training and Certification
PT. MTS Indonesia :
- Asset Management Consultant
Head office :
Jln. Penjernihan II No. 5A, Bendungan Hilir
Jakarta Pusat
Reliability Partner
Emerson's Machinery Health Management business is
the ideal choice for developing and enhancing mechanical
reliability because we specialize in machinery analysis.
Mobius offer computer-based training products (in three

languages), public and in-plant training courses, and distance
learning courses.
CTC are committed to being the world leader in the quality

of vibration analysis product and services that CTC provide
to CTC customers.
EPRI provides an integrated portfolio of engineering services,

business consulting, and information products to clients across the
entire power industry.
Reliability Partner
EA Technology has provided leading edge power asset management
solutions for over 40 years. Its customers operate across a spectrum of
industries, notably the electricity, rail and industrial sectors, both in the
UK and through a network of distributors across the world. In particular,
they are market-leaders in the areas of Partial Discharge (PD)
me.asurement and Condition Based Risk Management (CBRM)
methodologies.
Experiences - Competency
And many other company has joined
Topik Pembahasan
Day 1
General Maintenance
Partial Discharge
PD Rotating Machines
PD
Day 2
Stator
Mekanisme Kegagalan
Analysis
Day 3
Switchgear
Mekanisme Kegagalan
Analysis
Ingatkah terakhir kali ke

dokter?
Demam
Penggantian
Ginjal per 10
tahun
Cek Up
tahunan
Operasi Bypass
Jantung
Suntik Botox
Pemeriksaan
mendalam di
RS
Pemeliharaan tubuh dalam

perspektif engineering
Demam
Operasi bypass
jantung
Suntik botox
Penggantian
ginjal per 10
tahun
Cek up
filosofi
strategy
Krisis, mendadak
Breakdown
maintenance
Time-based
Preventive
maintenance
Condition based
Predictive
maintenance
Bagaimana pemeliharaan aset ?

Demam
Alarm temperatur air
Operasy Bypass Jantung
Perbaikan winding
Suntik Botox
Injeksi resin
Penggantian ginjal per 10

tahun
General Cek Up
Rewinding per 10 tahun
Pemeriksaan mendalam
rawat inap
Offline test
Online monitoring
General Maintenance
Ada 4 maintenance yang dilakukan :
Reactive Maintenance
Preventive Maintenance
Predictive Maintenance
Proactive Maintenance
Membiarkan mesin beroperasi sampai terjadi kerusakan. Tidak ada
tindakan sebelum terjadi kegagalan.
Disebut juga dengan Run To Failure Maintenance
The philosophy is
just let it break
Keuntungan:
Murah
Mesin tidak dirawat secara berlebihan
Kerugian:
Tidak ada persiapan terhadap terjadinya kerusakan
mesin (downtime) karena terjadinya mendadak.
Kerusakan akan menyebar ke komponen lain dan
bisa terjadi kerusakan fatal (catastrophic) sehingga
biaya perbaikan akan mahal.
Kerugian produksi besar.
Dikenal juga sebagai Calendar-based Maintenance, jenis
perawatan ini menggunakan teori yang menyebutkan
bahwa umur mesin terbatas dan kemungkinan terjadinya
kegagalan akan meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya
umur mesin.
Jadi kegiatan perawatan akan dilaksanakan sebelum
mesin membutuhkannya.
The philosophy is
fix it before it break
Terdapat masalah dalam memperkirakan
umur dari mesin sebelum mesin itu
mengalami kegagalan.
Keuntungan:
Perawatan dilakukan pada waktu yang sudah ditentukan dan
dipersiapkan.
Kegagalan mesin yang tidak terduga dapat dikurangi.
Oleh karena itu kerusakan fatal dapat dikurangi.
Terganggunya jalan produksi bisa dikurangi.
Ada pengaturan yang jelas terhadap penyimpanan komponen
cadangan dan biaya.
Kerugian:
Masin terlalu sering diperbaiki bahkan pada saat dimana mesin itu
sebenarnya tidak mengalami masalah sama sekali.
Tindakan perawatan seringkali menambah masalah daripada
menguranginya.
Masih terjadi unscheduled breakdowns.
Predictive maintenance, disebut juga dengan Condition Based
Maintenance adalah suatu proses yang membutuhkan
teknologi dan keahlian orang yang menggabungkan
semua data diagnostik dan performance yang ada,
maintenance histories, data operasi dan desain untuk
membuat keputusan kapan harus dilakukan tindakan
perawatan pada major / critical equipment.
The philosophy is
if it aint broken, dont fix it
Keuntungan:
Kerusakan mesin (downtime) yang tidak terduga dapat
dikurangi.
Komponen hanya dipesan saat dibutuhkan jadi
penumpukan stok komponen bisa lebih dikurangi.
Tindakan perawatan bisa lebih direncanakan.
Kerugian:
Biaya yang tinggi dalam mempersiapkan peralatan
instrumen dan tenaga ahli.
Tidak ada kepastian apakah umur mesin bisa lebih
panjang.
Diagnostic &
Process Data
Maintenance
Histories &
Records Data
Batch Testing &

Inspection Data
Periodic
Diagnostic
Data
PDM Program
Alerting
Diagnostics
Root Cause Failure
Performance metrics
Communications
Skills
Maintenance
Planning
Scheduling
Operator Log
Data
Design &
Historical Data
Engineering
Maintenance
Operations
Teknologi Predictive Maintenace

PDM Mesin
PDM Manusia
Infrared
Thermometer
Vibration
Ultrasound
Cek THT
Shaft Voltage
Cek Osteoporosis
Oil Analysis
Cek Darah
Partial Discharge
Partial Discharge
MCSA
Rotor Flux
Cek Paru-paru
DGA
10
Masih ingat ?
Signal PD
Detected
Effect PD
Detected
Kendalikan Takdir Aset Anda
PD Monitoring
Lapor kegagalan
mesin ke atasan
Menunggu dan
berdoa hasil OH
baik
Rewinding tiap 10
tahun
11
Mengapa PD sebagai parameter

PdM ?
Failure Mechanism dengan gejala PD
membutuhkan waktu yang lama untuk
merusak insulasi sepenuhnya
NAMUN
Beberapa problem bisa menyebabkan
kegagalan hanya dalam 2 menit apabila
tidak dimonitor
Dikenal juga sebagai Precision Maintenance dan Reliability
Based Maintenance. Metode perawatan ini lebih
menitikberatkan pada indentifikasi akar permasalahan dan
memperbaikinya untuk mengurangi kemungkinan mesin
akan rusak.
The philosophy is
fix it once and fix it right
12
Memaksimalkan umur operasi mesin dan meningkatkan
keandalan serta efisiensinya melalui :
Analisa
penyebab kegagalan (Root Cause Failure Analysis)
Instalasi
mesin dilakukan dengan kepresisian yang tinggi.
Pelatihan
personel.
3 hal yang harus ditelusuri:

Mengapa
Jenis
mesin selalu mengalami kegagalan berulang-ulang ?
tindakan apa yang harus dilakukan ?
Apakah
mesin beserta komponen-komponennya telah terpasang

dengan benar ?
Keuntungan:
Umur operasi mesin bisa lebih diperpanjang
Keandalan mesin meningkat
Kegagalan mesin dapat dikurangi
Biaya perawatan keseluruhan bisa dikurangi
Kerugian:
Investasi dengan biaya tinggi untuk peralatan instrumen dan
keahlian personel
Diperlukan keahlian khusus dari para personelnya.
Dibutuhkan investasi waktu untuk menerapkan metode ini.
13
Why Test for Partial Discharge?

How to prevent Motors and Generators failure in-service?
Need a predictive maintenance tool
1. 50% due to bearing/vibration problems Mechanical
SOLUTION: On-Line Vibration Analysis
2. 40% due to Stator Insulation Problems Electrical
SOLUTION: On-Line PD Testing
3. 10% due to rotor problems Electrical
SOLUTION: On-Line Flux or CSA Monitoring
Analysis of MV Switchgear Faults
Ea Technology, 2006
14
Rentang deteksi PD terhadap kerusakan

akibat mekanisme kegagalan
10 tahun untuk mesin > 18kV
5 tahun untuk mesin 13.8 kV
2 3 tahun untuk mesin 6 kV
beberapa bulan untuk mesin 4 kV
Partial Discharge
Partial Discharge (PD) is an electrical
discharge that does not completely bridge
the space between two conducting
electrodes. The discharge may be in a gas
filled void in a solid insulating material, in a
gas bubble in a liquid insulator, or around an
electrode in a gas. When partial discharge
occurs in a gas, it is usually known as corona.
15
Partial Discharge Activity
Gaseous medium
Electrical stress
Voids or gaps
Electron
e
e
e
e
Dielectric Strength
Material
Dielectric
Strength
Air
~3 kV/mm
Mineral Oil
~10- 15 kV/mm
Polyethylene
~20 kV/mm
EPR (Rubber)
~25 kV/mm
Vacuum
~20-40 kV/mm
Impregnated
Paper
~20-50 kV/mm
XLPE
~20 kV/mm
SF6 (3.5 bar)
~15 kV/mm
16
What Are Partial Discharges?
Small electrical sparks in airfilled cavities in or adjacent

to HV electrical insulation
They occur when the electric

stress exceeds the electrical
breakdown strength of the air
in the void
Breakdown strength of air
Eair=Vair/dair = 3 kV/mm
Breakdown strength of
insulation Einsulation 300
kV/mm
How Does PD Occur?
Capacitive voltage builds

across an air-filled void
PD occurs if Vair/dair >
3kV/mm ( i.e., electrical
stress exceeds electrical
breakdown point of gas)
Monitor PD by detecting
and measuring the resulting
current pulses
PD occurs if Vair / dair > 3 kV/mm
17
PD Pulse Characteristics
Extremely fast rise-time current pulse = short

pulse width
Rise-time at discharge origin ~ 1 to 5 ns

I
1 5 ns
PD in your Equipment
Rotating Equipment
Generator (Stator)
Motor (Stator)
Static Equipment
Switchgear (SF6,CT,PT,BusBar,CableBox,Connection,dLL)
Transformer (Oil,Bushing,Paper)
Overheadline (Bushing,Cable)
18
PD in Rotating Machines
Internal Discharge
Internal Voids
Internal Delamination
Slot Discharges
Discharge in the end winding
Surface Discharges
Phase to phase Discharges
Conductive Particles
Internal Discharge
Internal Voids
Cause:
Improper
manufacturing
Process:
Formation
PD
of voids
attacks insulation
Internal
Air
Voids
11,000 hp, 6.6kV Motor Coils
19
Internal Discharge
Insulation
Delamination
Cause:
Lose of mechanical strength

due to overheating
Overloading
Defective cooling
Process:
Insulation delamination
Conductor vibration
PD occurs in the voids
Slot Discharge
Ground fault
Cause:
Loose windings and

wedges
Magnetic forces
between bars & between
rotor and stator windings
White
Powder
Residue
Electrical Slot
Discharge
(Ladder effect
clearly visible)
Process:
Bars move relative to

core
Abrasion of semicon
coating layer
Partial discharges occur
in the slot
Produce ozone as a result
of O3 + N2 Nitric acid
Turbo Generator Failure due to

Loose Windings in the Slot
20
Discharge Endwinding
Surface Discharge
Cause:
Improper manufacturing
Over high electric stress
Over high temperature
Process
Grading loses ground contact

Floats to high voltage
Interface to ground sparks
Produces ozone
White band at slot exit
Endwinding discharges
(Grading/semicon coating fault)
Discharge Endwinding
Phase to Phase Discharge

Cause:
Poor
Design
Process
Phase
to phase PD
Produce
ozone as result of
O3+N2 Nitric acid

Erode
and puncture the

insulation
21
Turbo Endwindings
Electrical tracking
Cause:
Foreign material entering

machine such as:
Oil, Grease, Dust
Process:
Reduces surface resistance

Electrical tracking
Insulation erodes over time
Electrical tracking across

blocking,
evident when winding
cleaned
Insulation Damage
from Electrical Tracking
22
PD Static Equipment
Internal Discharges: occuring in void or cavities within

solid or liquid dielectrics
Surface Discharges: appearing at the boundary of the

different insulation materials
Continuous impact of discharges in solid dielectrics
forming discharge channels (treeing) in organic
materials
Corona discharge occuring in gaseous dielectrics in
the presence of inhomogeneous fields
PD Static Equipment
23
PD
occur
Acoustic
Electromagnetic
Radio
Light
Heat
Audio
Ultrasonic
Gases
Ozone
Nitrous
Oxides
Stator
Winding
Stator Core
Winding
Endwinding
EndWinding
Stator Core
24
Stator Core
Purpose
Made of
Winding
Purpose
Made of
25
Struktur Belitan
Multiturn coil, diamond
Roebel Bar/ Half Coil
Winding Manufacturing Process

1.
Bundle the insulated strands (Strand Insulation)
2.
Apply turn insulation
3.
Form bundle into coils
4.
Apply ground insulation tapes
5.
Impregnate or press cure
6.
Seal the winding (Surface Coating)
26
Insulasi Multiturn Coil
Insulasi Roebel Bar
27
Strand insulation
Purpose :
to insulate the individual strands

which make up a turn bundle. Turns
are made up of smaller strands to
lower the skin effect and stray
current losses from the axial
magnetic fields. Strands have a
larger surface area (skin) and can
carry more current than a solid
conductor.
Turn insulation
Purpose :
to prevent shorts between turns and to

provide sufficient dielectric strength to
prevent insulation failure under the
influence of high transient voltages
imposed on the stator windings during
starting, lightening strikes or IFD
operation.
28
Groundwall Insulation
Purpose :
prevent shorts between the copper

conductors and the grounded stator
core. The thickness of the groundwall
insulation is solely dependent upon
the voltage rating of the machine
and the volts/mm stress chosen by
the manufacturer.
Material
Dielectric
Strength
Air
~3 kV/mm
Mineral Oil
~10- 15 kV/mm
Polyethylene
~20 kV/mm
EPR (Rubber)
~25 kV/mm
Vacuum
~20-40 kV/mm
Impregnated
Paper
~20-50 kV/mm
XLPE
~20 kV/mm
SF6 (3.5 bar)
~15 kV/mm
Impregnate or press cure
Conventional VPI
Global VPI
29
Conventional VPI
Winding dimasukkan satu persatu
Winding dipanaskan terlebih

dahulu
Resin (Mika) ditransferkan kedalam

tank
Lalu di press sampai resin masuk

kembali ke tank vacuum (proses
impregnasi)
Keluarkan Winding dari tank lalu

dipanaskan menggunakan oven
Kemudian baru dimasukkan

kedalam stator slot lalu diberikan
wedge (penahan winding)
Global VPI
Winding diisolasi dengan mica paper

atau mica tapes terlebih dahulu
Lalu dimasukkan kedalam stator slot
kemudian diberikan wedge.
Endwinding diberikan penahan dan
juga di tali
Dimasukkan kedalam tank VPI yang
besar
Dipanaskan
VPI tank di tutup dam divacuum
Proses impregnasi dilakukan
Lalu Dikeluarkan setelah dilakukan
proses pressure
30
Surface Coating
Semiconductive (Conductive)
Coating
sejenis carbon
Mencegah surface discharge di

stator slot
Surface Coating
Stress Grading Coating
Silicon carbide
Non linear resistant
Overlap semi conductive

coating
Mencerai beraikan electrical

stress di endwinding
31
Surface Coating
Kira kira apa kesalahan produksi

yang bisa menimbulkan PD ?
32
Kira kira apa kesalahan produksi

yang bisa menimbulkan PD ?
Mekanisme Kegagalan
33
Types of PD in rotating machines
Internal Discharges
Internal Voids
Delamination between conductor and insulation
Electrical treeing
Slot Discharges
Discharges in the end-winding
Surface Discharges
Arcing and sparking
Arcing at broken conductors
Vibration sparking
Based on IEC/TS 60034-27
Internal Discharges
Internal Void
Cause :
Improper Manufacturing
Process :
Formation of voids
PD attacks insulation
Internal
Air Voids
34
Internal Discharges
Cause
Loose of mechanical strength due to

overheating
Overloading
Defective cooling
Insulation
Delamination
Process
Insulation delamination
Conductor vibration
Thermal Deterioration
PD occurs in the voids
Ground fault
Internal Discharges
Delamination between conductors and

insulation
Cause
Load cycling
Process
Formation of voids
PD attacks insulation between conductor
Internal
Air Voids
35
Internal Discharges
Electrical Treeing
Cause
Process
Ageing process
Internal Voids
Rough Structures of inner conductors
Internal Discharges
Insulation Impurities
Slot Discharges
White
Powder
Residue
Electrical Slot
Discharge
(Ladder effect
clearly visible)
Cause
Loose windings and wedges
Magnetic forces between bars
Magnetic forces between rotor and stator
Process
Bars move relative to core
Abrasion of semicon coating layer
Partial Discharges occurs in the slot
Produce ozone as a result of

O3 + N2 Nitric acid
Turbo Generator Failure due to

Loose Windings in the Slot
36
Discharges in the End-winding
Surface Discharges
Cause
No stress control coating is no applied
Contamination
Porosity
Thermal effect
Process
Stress Control coating ineffective
Surface exceeds the breakdown field of surrounding gas
Phase to ground Fault
Discharges in the End-winding
Cause
Inadequate Spacing
Process
Grading loses ground contact
Erode and puncture the insulation
Produce ozone as a results of :

O3+N2 Nitric acid
White powder
37
Cause
Contamination
Process
Strong local concentration of Partial

Discharge
Pin hole in insulation
Arcing and sparking
Cause
Mechanical Vibration
Broken conductors
Process
Vibration at winding bars
Arc from semi-conductive to core iron
Damage ground-wall insulation by erosion process
38
Noise and Disturbance

Based on IEC/TS 60034-27 :
Noise :
Noise is defined to be non-stator winding signals that clearly are not
pulse
Disturbances :
Electrical pulses relatively in short duration
May have many of characteristics of Stator winding PD (but in fact not)
Some are synchronized to the AC cycle (some are non-synchronized)
Sometimes synchronized disturbance pulses can be suppressed based
on their position with respect to the AC phase angle.
Examples of synchronized disturbances :

a) Partial discharges caused by e.g. electrostatic precipitators or bushing
discharges
b) Power tool operation such as from arc welding and commutator
sparking (may also be unsynchronized)
c) Transients caused by power electronics, for example converter fed
motors or excitation systems. This disturbance may also be unsynchronized
to the AC cycle
d) Poor electrical connections (leading to contact sparking) on the bus or
cable connecting the rotating machine to the power system
e) Poor electrical connections elsewhere in the plant that lead to contact
sparking
f) PD in other apparatus connected to the motor or generator terminals,
for example output bus, power cable, switchgear and/or transformers
g) Arcing or sparking sources within the motor or generator, such as stator
core lamination sparking
39
Examples of non-synchronized disturbances :

h) Power tool operation (arc welding and commutator sparking)
i) Transients caused by power electronics, for example converter fed
motors or static excitation systems
j) Slip ring sparking on the machine rotor
k) Overhead crane power rail sparking
Frequency domain separation
PD bisa muncul di frekuensi rendah ke frekuensi tinggi
Sehingga dilakukan separasi dengan lower cut-off frequency dan

upper cut-off frequency
Based on IEC/TS 60034-27 dibagi menjadi beberapa separasi :
High Frequency range (HF : 3MHz to 30MHz)
Very High Frequency (VHF : 30MHz to 300MHz)
Ultra High Frequency (UHF : 300MHz to 3GHz)
Low Frequency (LF : below 3 MHz)
40
Time domain separation
Disturbances PD can be separated with

time domain
Time domain separation have two types :
Pulse shape analysis
Time of pulse arrival
(Both types can only be used with a high

bandwidth detection system HF,VHF,UHF)
Klasifikasi
Sensor Mesin Sensor

sistem
PD aset
X + Delay
Noise dari
sistem
X + Delay
Noise dari
bus
X + < Delay
X + < Delay
41
Combination of Frequency and

Time domain separation
Time and frequency domain separation can be developed through a
pulse shape analysis to produce a so-called TF map that plots the
equivalent time length of the pulses versus their equivalent frequency
content.
Gating
In such cases, trigger circuits can be incorporated
that predict when the disturbance will occur
which then will open a gate to prevent the signal
from the PD sensor at the time of the disturbance
from being counted as stator PD.
Trigger circuit will produce gate.
-
When signal is from PD the trigger circuit gate

will close
When signal is from disturbance the trigger

circuit gate will open
42
Pattern recognition separation
Separation can be manual and automatic
On Manual Method :
Experience of the observer needed
Display in PD instrument will show the positive and negative pulses, the
position of pulses on the AC cycle, as well as the magnitude of the pulse. An
experienced observer can often recognize stator PD and or disturbance.
Pattern recognition separation

On Automated Method (computer-aided):
Pattern recognition is rapidly evolving field of investigation. A number of
pattern recognition methods have been applied to separate PD from
disturbances and indeed separate various failure processes from one
another. Some of the methods include:
Statistical analysis of the distribution of pulses with respect to AC phase

position, e.g. the mean, standard deviation, skew and kurtosis of the phase
angle for positive and negative pulses. Stator winding PD will likely have
different statistical moments than some types of disturbances.
Artificial intelligence driven pattern recognition analysis to replicate the

thought processes of an expert who manually distinguishes PD from
disturbances.
Time-frequency transforms, combined with cluster recognition methods and

fuzzy logic to separate and to identify pulses associated with different failure
processes and types of disturbances
43
PD Sensors
Dalam prinsipnya PD dapat dideteksi
dengan memancarkan atau
dipancarkan electromagnetic pulse
signals. Sehingga dipakai coupling
capacitor untuk mendeteksi signal PD
yang tiba pada sensor PD yang
diinstall. Akan tetapi signal yang
dipancarkan akan terattenuasi. oleh
sebab itu digunakan antenna yang
dipasangkan dekat dengan sumber
PD
PD Sensors
Separate capacitance :
Existing surge capacitor;
Additional coupling capacitor;
Capasitance of connecting cables
Coupling device :
RLC Networks
Current transformer including isolation transformers and Rogowski coils.

(RFCT)
PD Sensors near source PD :
Antennae specifically designed for PD measurements, such as stator slot

couples
Slot RTD leads already installed in stator winding
44
Phase Resolved Partial Discharge

(PRPD) Pattern
Based on IEC/TS 60034-27 PRPD

dibagi menjadi :
Principal Appearance patterns
Typical Appearance patterns
Principal appearance of phase

Resolved PD(PRPD) Patterns
Negative half-cycle/
Positive PD
Positive half-cycle/
Negative PD
45
Principal PPRD Patterns
Ketika pulsa PD, Positive PD lebih

tinggi dibandingkan dengan
Negative PD, sumber dari PD
kemungkinan melibatkan adanya
kerusakan di semiconductive coating
yang mengakibatkan adanya surface
PD di winding.
Ketika pulsa PD, Negative PD lebih

tinggi dibandingkan dengan Positive
PD, sumber dari PD kemungkinan
melibatkan adanya kerusakan di
semiconductive coating yang
mengakibatkan adanya surface PD di
winding.
46
Ketika pulsa PD, Positive PD dan

Negative PD tidak ada yang
mendominasi (nilai magnitude hampir
sama), sumber PD dapat dikatakan
dari surface discharge pada
endwinding atau internal discharge
dikarenakan delaminasi atau void
pada insulation
Note pada PD between phases, harus

muncul bersamaan sebagai satu
pasang. PD terdeteksi pada satu
phasa akan bergeser kekanan grafik
(mendekati zero crossing dari AC
cycle), kemudian phasa yang lain
akan terdeteksi bergeser kekiri grafik
(mendekati peak dari AC cycle)
47
Typical PRPD Patterns
Internal Voids
PRPD Patterns symmetry

between positive and negative
PD
Negative PDs occur between 00

and 900
Positive PDs occur between

1800 and 2700
Internal
Air Voids
Delamination between
conductor and insulation
PRPD Patterns asymmetric,

Negative PD will be higher than
Positive PD

and 900

1800 and 2700
48
Slot Partial Discharges

Positive PD will be higher than
Negative PD, combined with
triangular shape

and 900

1800 and 2700
Corona activity at the junction

of the slot coating and stress
control coating

Positive PD will be higher than
Negative PD, combined with
rounded shape

and 900

1800 and 2700
49
Surface Tracking Discharges
Seen like vertical cloud of PD
Some case PD occur in both

polarities
Gas Type Discharges
Seen like horizontal cloud of PD,

relatively constant amplitude
Present in both polarities of the

voltage
50
Switchgear
Apa saja tipe Isolasi yang
kemungkinan ada di dalam
switchgear ???
Dielectric Strength
Material
Dielectric
Strength
Air
~3 kV/mm
Mineral Oil
~10- 15 kV/mm
Polyethylene
~20 kV/mm
EPR (Rubber)
~25 kV/mm
Vacuum
~20-40 kV/mm
Impregnated
Paper
~20-50 kV/mm
XLPE
~20 kV/mm
SF6 (3.5 bar)
~15 kV/mm
51
Why Test
Safety
Loss of Supply
Asset Management
Analysis of MV Switchgear Faults
Ea Technology, 2006
52
Common Discharging Components

Component
% age of
Sources
Cable Box
36 %
Circuit Breaker
25%
Voltage
Transformer
20%
Busbar
10%
CT Chamber
9%
General figures based on large database of results primarily on 11kV switchgear
Types of Switchgear
3.3kV to 66kV
Indoor Metalclad extensible switchboards
Indoor and Outdoor Ring Main Units
53
PD Clasification
Internal Discharges: occuring in cavities within solid or

liquid dielectrics
Surface Discharges: appearing at the boundary of the

different insulation materials
Continuous impact of discharges in solid dielectrics
forming discharge channels (treeing) in organic
materials
Corona discharge occuring in gaseous dielectrics in
the presence of inhomogeneous fields
PD Classification
54
So Why ??
PD occur
Electromagnetic
Radio
Light
Acoustic
Heat
Audio
Gases
Ultrasonic
Ozone
Nitrous Oxides
Partial Discharge
Surface Discharge
Internal Discharge
55
Internal Discharge
(TEV Detection)
High Frequency
transient signals from
discharge sources
Travel over switchgear

surfaces
Detected using
capacitively coupled
probes on switchgear
metalwork
Apa TEV itu sebenarnya ??
Transient : lasting only for a short time; impermanent
Jadi TEV bisa dikatakan tegangan yang muncul dalam waktu

yang singkat menuju ground.
56
Internal Partial Discharge
Internal Partial Discharge
57
Internal Discharges (TEV)
Internal discharge activity

Trainsient
High
Earth Voltage (TEV) Detection
Frequency (~ 3 to 80 MHz)
TEV magnitude is function of
The amplitude of the discharges
The attenuation of the propagation path
Example Internal Discharge
11kV Cast Resin CTs
Long term erosion of insulation

leading to flashover and failure
58
Overhead Cable Termiantion
Cable termiantion screen termination
59
Surface Discharge
(Ultrasonic Detection)
In severe cases, sound may be

audible
Less severe deterioration may be

detected using ultrasonic detecting
instruments
Sound spectrum includes 40 Khz
Primarily spot check measurements

although extended monitoring is
possible
Surface Discharge Activity
Discharge across
surface of
insulation towards
earth or phase to
phase discharge
Often
characterised by
low amplitude but
very high
discharge rate
60

Detected by Ultrasonics
Surface Discharge on 11kV Cast

Resin Circuit Breaker Spouts
61

Detected by Ultrasonics
Contamination make a Surface PD
62
Moisture Ingress leading to surface

tracking
Oil degradation leading surface

erosion of insulation
63
Corrosion due to PD activity
1
2
Greening of fuse caps

Rusting of securing bolts
3.
Tracking along the glass reinforced
Plastic fuse bar
1.
2.
64
TEV Background Interference

Mobile
Phone
Mast
HV OHL
DC Light fitting
Variable speed
drive
Radio Mast
Battery
Charger
Possible Ultrasonic Background

Interference
65
Practical Non- Intrusive Detection

Methods
Internal discharge activity
Transient Earth Voltage
High Frequency (~ 3 to 80 MHz)
Surface discharge activity
Ultrasonic Emission ~ 40 kHz
TEV Detection when high amplitude surface discharge
PD Instruments
66
UltraTEV Detector
UltraTEV Detector
Ideal for first pass surveys of surface and internal PD activity
67
UltraTEV Detector
TRAFFIC LIGHT display indicates PD levels
UltraTEV Detector
ESSENTIAL personal safety device
68
UltraTEV Plus+
UltraTEV Plus+
Quickly locates & mesures surface and internal PD activity
69
UltraTEV Plus+
INSTANTLY reveals the condition of assets
UltraTEV Plus+
PLUG-IN OPTIONS for added versatility
70
TEV Functions
Two TEV display options
Display with rolling bar

graph indication and
traffic light alarm level
indication
Display with amplitude,

pulses per cycle and
severity values
Ultrasonic Measurements
Measurement of surface discharge

activity in range
7dBV to 68dBV
40kHz sounds heterodyned to

audioble output with high quality
headphones
External Ultrasonic sensor port
User adjustable alarm thresholds
Preset to UltraTEV Detector

levels
71
Ultrasonic Features
Separately adjustable
Gain and Volume
settings
Immediate Red/Green
indication based on
user adjustable alarm
threshold
PD Locator
Measures the amplitude of discharge in dBmV
Locates source of discharge through precedence detections using

both probes, resolution 2ns, 0.6m
Procedure
Measure background noise
Survey with one probe only
Source internal if reading on switchgear > 10dB above background

noise
Locate using 2 probes
72
UltraTEV Locator
UltraTEV Locator
SURVEYS & LOCATES PD activity in all substation assets including

cables
73
UltraTEV Locator
MEASURES & RECORDS PD activity in all substation assets including

cables
UltraTEV Locator
PLUG-IN OPTIONS for greater versatility
74
PD Location
Reporting and
Analysis of Results
75
Assessment of Partial Discharge

Activity in Switchboard
Partial Discharge Locator (PDL) survey
Ultrasonic survey of any air insulated components
Monitor for one week with Partial Discharge Monitor (PDM)
Analyse results against historical information
Interpretation of results
Investigate previous failures
Is there a common failure mode
Check previous results
Same switchboard
Similar switchboards
Compare against specific information
Compare against general information
76
Analysis Considerations
Maximum Level of Partial Discharge
Maximum Short Term Severity
Long Term Severity
Working Voltage
Equipment component
History of failures, if any
Circuit importance
Partial Discharge Severity

Calculations
77
Terimakasih .
78

Basicpartialdischarge 151203094937 Lva1 App6891

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Tiara Vibrasindo Pratama

Mauritz Roni Gabe Manurung

Tiara Vibrasindo Pratama

We are The Reliability Group established 1995

Mobius offer computer-based training products (in three

CTC are committed to being the world leader in the quality

EPRI provides an integrated portfolio of engineering services,

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And many other company has joined

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Ingatkah terakhir kali ke

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Pemeliharaan tubuh dalam

Bagaimana pemeliharaan aset ?

Alarm temperatur air

Operasy Bypass Jantung

Penggantian ginjal per 10

Rewinding per 10 tahun

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just let it break

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fix it before it break

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if it aint broken, dont fix it

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Batch Testing &

Teknologi Predictive Maintenace

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Kendalikan Takdir Aset Anda

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Mengapa PD sebagai parameter

fix it once and fix it right

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penyebab kegagalan (Root Cause Failure Analysis)

mesin dilakukan dengan kepresisian yang tinggi.

3 hal yang harus ditelusuri:

mesin selalu mengalami kegagalan berulang-ulang ?

tindakan apa yang harus dilakukan ?

mesin beserta komponen-komponennya telah terpasang

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Why Test for Partial Discharge?

SOLUTION: On-Line Vibration Analysis

2. 40% due to Stator Insulation Problems Electrical

SOLUTION: On-Line PD Testing

3. 10% due to rotor problems Electrical

SOLUTION: On-Line Flux or CSA Monitoring

Analysis of MV Switchgear Faults

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Rentang deteksi PD terhadap kerusakan

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Partial Discharge Activity

SF6 (3.5 bar)

Tiara Vibrasindo Pratama

What Are Partial Discharges?

Small electrical sparks in airfilled cavities in or adjacent

They occur when the electric

How Does PD Occur?

Capacitive voltage builds

PD occurs if Vair / dair > 3 kV/mm

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Extremely fast rise-time current pulse = short

Rise-time at discharge origin ~ 1 to 5 ns

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