50999219SZA7 - Antenna & Wave Propagation - Solution Manual PDF

1
Uniform Plane Waves

Solutions of Examples for Practice
Example 1.5.6
Solution : The standard equation for electric field intensity is given by,
E = E 0 cos ( wt bz) a x
Comparing given electric field intensity with above expression, we get,
E 0 = 100, w = 10 10 8 = 10 9 rad/s
a) In free space medium, the velocity of wave equals the velocity of light i.e.
v = c = 3 10 8 m s
2p 2p
2p
2p
= 1.8849 m
=
=
\
l =
=
b w w 10 9
v c
3 10 8
b) The frequency is given by,

w 10 9
f =
=
= 0.1591 10 9 Hz = 0.1591 GHz
2p 2p
c) From the given expression, by inspecting negative sign in 10 10 8 t bz i.e. ( wt bz)

term we can conclude that the resulting wave travels in + a z direction.
d) The phase constant b is given by,
2p w
10 9
= 3.3333 rad/m
b =
= =
l v 3 10 8
Example 1.5.7
Solution : H = 0.2652 cos 4 107 t bz a x = H 0 cos ( wt bz) a x

By observing phase term ( wt bz), it is clear that the wave propagates in + a z direction.
As E H must be also in + a z direction, E should have direction a y ; so that
ay ax = az .
Now the amplitude of E is related to the magnitude H0 through h 0 i.e. intrinsic impedance
of free space. So we can write,
E 0 = h 0 H 0 = (120p)( 0.2652) = 99.978 @ 100
(1 - 1)
TM
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge
Antenna & Wave Propagation
1-2
Uniform Plane Waves
Hence the expression of E can be written as,
E = E 0 cos ( wt bz) a y = 100 cos 4 107 t bz a y V m

Comparing expression of H given with the standard expressions we get,
w = 4 107 rad s
\
b =
w
v
where v = c = 3 10 8 m / s
for free space
4 107
= 0.1333 rad m
3 10 8
Hence the wavelength is given by,
2p
2p
=
= 15 p m = 47.1238 m
l =
b 0.1333
b =
Example 1.5.8
Solution :
H = 0.1cos 6.28 10 8 t + bx a z A m = H 0 cos ( wt + bx) a z A m

By comparing expressions of H, we can write,
H 0 = 0.1 A m and
w = 6.28 10 8 rad s
i) For free space,

b =
w w 6.28 10 8
= =
= 2.0933 rad m
v c
3 10 9
ii) For free space, the velocity of propagation is v = c = 3 10 8 m s i.e. the velocity of light.
iii) l =
2p
2p
=
= 3.0015 @ 3 m
b 2.0933
iv) By observing phase term ( wt + bx) it is clear that the wave propagates in a x direction.
As E H must also be in a x direction and the direction of H is + a z , the direction of E
must be a y (so that a y a z = a x ).
For free space, the intrinsic impedance is h 0 = 120p W.
So the expression of E is given by,
E = E 0 cos ( wt + bx) a y = [(H 0 )(h 0 )]cos( wt + bx) a y
)( a y ) = 37.7 cos (6.28 10 8 t + bx)a y V m
= 37.699 cos 6.28 10 8 t + bx
Example 1.5.9
Solution :
The standard expression for E is

( wt bz)
E = E 0 ej
ax
TM
1-3
Uniform Plane Waves
By comparison, E 0 = 45p = 141.3716 V m and w = 2 10 8 rad s. For free space, an intrinsic

impedance is h = h 0 = 120p W
The amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields are related through the expression given
as ,
E0
E
E
45p
i.e. H 0 = 0 = 0 =
h =
= 0.375 A / m
H0
h h 0 120p
For free space, the phase shift is given by,
w 2 10 8
b =
=
= 0.6667 rad m
v 3 10 8
(Q v = c = 3 10 8 for free space)
Example 1.5.10
Solution : It is given that H field has amplitude 10 A/m and phase constant of 60 rad/m.
Also the wave travels in a z direction, then the phase shift term would be ( wt + bz).
Hence the expression for H can be written as,
H = H 0 cos ( wt + bz) a y = 10cos ( wt + 60 z ) a y A / m

Now E H must also be in a z direction and H is in a y direction, so E must be in + a x
direction so that a x a y = a z . Now the expression for E is given by,
E = E 0 cos ( wt + 60z) a x V m where E 0 = H 0 h 0 = (10)(120p)
\
= 3.7699 10 3 cos(wt + 60 z) a x V m = 3.77cos( wt + 60z ) kV / m
Now,
l =
2p 2p p
=
=
= 0.1047 m
b 60 30
Now,
l =
c
f
But
w = 2pf = 2p 2.8653 10 9 = 18 10 9 rad / s
f=
or
c 3 10 8
=
= 2.8653 10 9 Hz = 2.8653 GHz
l 0.1047
Hence the expressions for E and H can be given as,

E
and
)
10cos (18 10 9 t + 60z)( a y ) A / m
= 3.77cos 18 10 9 t + 60z a x kV / m
H =
Example 1.6.10
Solution : The magnitude of electric field intensity is 250 V/m while that of magnetic
field intensity is 550 10 3 A / m. Hence we can write,
h = Intrinsic impedance of medium =
E0
250
=
= 454.5454 W
H 0 550 10 3
TM
1-4
Uniform Plane Waves
For perfect dielectric or lossless medium, the expression for intrinsic impedance is given
by,
m 0m r
m0 mr
mr
m
h =
=
=
= h0
= 454.5454
e
e0 er
e0 er
er
\
mr
er
454.5454 454.5454
=
= 1.20572
h0
(120p)
(1)
Now for perfect dielectric, the velocity of propagation is given by,

1
=
me
v =
m r er =
(m 0 m r )(e 0 e r )
c
1.5 10 8
3 10 8
1
m 0 e0
1
c
=
= 1.5 10 8
m r er
m r er
=2
1.5 10 8
(2)
Multiplying equations (1) and (2), we get,

m r = 2(1.20572) = 2.4114
Substituting value of m r in equation (2), we get,
( 2.4114) e r = 2
\
er =
4
= 1.6587
2.4114
For perfect dielectric, the phase constant is given by,

b = w me = w
(m 0 m r )(e 0 e r ) = 107
(4p 10 7 2.4114)(8.854 10 12 1.6587)
\
b = 0.0667 rad/m
The wavelength is given by,
2p
2p
l =
=
= 94.2m
b 0.0667
Example 1.6.11
Solution : As s = 0 and e r = 16, the medium is perfect dielectric or lossless.
Now the wave is propagating in +x direction i.e. in a x direction so the electric field E
must be in a y direction, while H field must be in a z direction so that a y a z = a x .
As the wave propagates in + x direction, the phase shift can be written as ( wt bx), where
w = 2pf = 2 p 2 10 9 = 12.5664 10 9 rad/s
For perfect dielectric,
b = w me = w (m 0 )(16e 0 ) = 4w m 0 e 0 =
TM
4w
c
Qc=
1
m 0 e0
b =
1-5
4 12.5664 10 9
3 10
Uniform Plane Waves
) = 167.552 rad m
The intrinsic impedance of lossless medium is given by,

h =
m0
m
1 m 0 h 0 120p
=
=
=
=
= 30 p W = 94.2477 W
e
16e 0 4 e 0
4
4
Time domain expressions of E and H :

E = E 0 cos ( wt bx) a y V m = E 0 cos 12.5664 10 9 t 167.552x a y V m
H=
E0
E0
cos( wt bx) a z A m =
cos 12.5664 10 9 t 167.552x a z A m
h
94.2477
Phasor expressions of E and H :

E = E 0 e j( wt bx) a y = E 0 e
H =
j 12.5664 10 9 t 167.552x
) ay V m
E 0 j( wt -bx)
E0
j 12.5664 10 9 t 167.552x )
e
e (
az A m
az =
h
94.2477
Example 1.6.12
Solution : A plane wave is in +z direction. Hence E and H must be in a x and a y
direction respectively.
For lossless medium ( s = 0), the intrinsic impedance is given by,
h =
m rm 0
m
=
e
er e0
(
) = 24p = 75.3982 W @ 75.4 W
12
( 25)(8.854 10 )
(1) 4p 10 7
From given data, E 0 = 10 V / m. So by definition,

H0 =
E0
10
=
= 0.1326 A m
h 75.4
Also w = 2pf = 2 p 200 10 6 = 1.2566 10 9 rad/s

Hence for lossless medium,
b = w me = w m 0 (e 0 e r ) = w 25m 0 e 0 = 1.2566 10 9 (5) 4p 10 7 8.854 10 12

= 20.9433 rad/m
Hence time domain expression for E is given by,
E = E 0 cos ( wt - bz) a x = 10cos 1.2566 10 9 t 20.9433z a x V m
So the time domain expression for H is given by,

H = H 0 cos( wt bz) a y = 0.1326 cos 1.2566 10 9 t 20.9433z a y A m
TM
1-6
Uniform Plane Waves
Example 1.7.6
Solution : For lossy medium, the propagation constant is given by,
g = a + jb = jwm ( s + jwe) =
( j2 p 15.9 10 6 4 p 10 7 )( 25 + j2 p 15.9 10 6 8.85 10 12 45 )
j (125.5414)(25 + j0.0398) = (125.541490 )( 250.09 )
3138.53590.09 = 56.022645.045 = 39.5828 + j 39.645
\Attenuation constant = a = 39.5828 Np/m

Phase constant = b = 39.645 rad/m
The velocity of propagation is given by,
v=
w 2pf 2 p 15.9 10 6
=
=
= 2.52 10 6 m s
b
b
39.645
The intrinsic impedance of a medium is given by,

jwm
j(125.5414)
125.541490
=
=
= 2.241 44.96 W
h=
s + jwe
250.090
(25 + j0.0398)
Example 1.7.7
Solution : For lossy dielectric material propagation constant is given by,
g = a + jb = jwm(s + j we) = j( 2pf )(m 0 )( s + j( 2pf )(47 e 0 ))
=
=
(
)[2.17 + j (2 p 2.45 10 9 )(47 8.854 10 12 )]
j (19.3444 10 3 )[2.17 + j6.4095] = 19.3444 10 3 90 (6.7635 71.28)
j 2p 2.45 10 9 4p 10 7
= 361.71280.64 m 1
But g = a + j b = 361.712 80.64 = 58.8278 + j356.896
Thus attenuation constant = a = 58.8278 Np/m
Phase constant = b = 356.896 rad/m
2p
2p
= 0.0176 m
l=
=
b 356.896
w 2pf 2 p 2.45 10 9
v= =
=
= 0.4312 10 8 m s
b
b
0.0176
The intrinsic impedance of a medium is given by,
h =
\
jwm
=
(s + jwe)
j19.3444 10 3
19.3444 10 3 90
= 53.489.36 W
=
6.7635 71.28
(2.17 + j6.4059)
( 52.7679 + j8.6978) W
TM
1-7
Uniform Plane Waves
Example 1.8.5
Solution : The conductivity of copper can be obtained as,
1
1
s =
=
= 58.823 10 6 S m = 58.823 M S m
Resistivity 1.7 10 6 10 2
At 10 GHz, let us check the nature of conductor using
s
s
58.823 10 6
=
=
= 0.1057 10 9 >> 1
we
( 2pf )(e 0 e r ) 2 p 10 10 9 8.854 10 12
Above value clearly indicates that the copper is good conductor at 10 GHz. Hence the
depth of penetration is given by,
2
2
2
=
=
9
wm s
p
m
m
s
2
f
( )( 0 r )
2 p 10 10 4p 10 7 58.823 10 6
d =
d = 0.6562 10 6 m = 0.6562 mm
\
Example 1.8.6
Solution : Let us check nature of ocean water at the lowest and highest frequencies.
At 1 kHz :
s
s
4
=
=
we ( 2pf )(e 0 e r ) ( 2 p 1000) 80 8.854 10 12
s
4
=
3
we
2 p 1000 10
80 8.854 10 12
At 1000 kHz :
)(
= 0.8987 10 6 >>> 1
= 898.75 >> 1
Hence for all given frequencies ocean water acts as good dielectric. So for good conductor,
the attenuation constant is given by,
wms
2p f 4p 10 7 4
(1)
=
= 3.9738 10 3 f
2
2
Now we want to calculate distance d from the surface of ocean at which amplitude is
2 m V m. So we can write,
E0 = E 0 e a d
a
\
\
\
2 10 6 = (1)e ad
ad
= ln 2 10 6 = 13.1223
d =
13.1223
13.1223
3.3022 10 3
=
=
a
f
3.9738 10 3 f
TM
(2)
1-8
Uniform Plane Waves
Now let us calculate values of a and d using equations (1) and (2), we get,
Frequency (f)
a = 3.9738 10 3 f
(kHz)
(Np/m)
d=
3.3022 103
f
(m)
0.1256
104.42
10
0.3974
33.02
100
1.2566
10.4424
1000
3.9738
3.3022
Example 1.8.7
Solution : For good conductor,
g =
=
wm s45 = ( 2pf )(m 0 m r )( s)45
(2 p 125 10 6 )(4p 10 7 1)(58 10 6 ) 45 = 2.3925 10 5 45 m 1
= 1.69175 10 5 + j1.69175 10 5 = a + jb
Hence a = 1.69175 10 5 Np m and b = 1.69175 10 5 rad m
The intrinsic impedance of a conductor is given by,
h =
wm
( 2pf )(m 0 m r )
45
45 =
s
s
(2 p 125 10 6 )(4p 10 7 1)45

58 10 6
= 4.125 10 3 45 W
w 2 p 125 10 6
v =
=
= 4.6425 103 m s
b
1.69175 105
Example 1.8.8
Solution : By definition,
d =
\
\
\
10 10
( 0.01) 2 =
2
wms
For silver m r = 1
2
( 2pf ) 4 p 10
1
( pf ) 4p 10 7
)(3 10 )
6
)(3 10 6 )
f = 844.34 Hz
TM
Q d = 10 mm = 10 10 3 m
1-9
Uniform Plane Waves
Example 1.8.9
Solution : From the value of conductivity it is clear that the material is good conductor.
So for good conductor, according to data,
a = b = 3.71 105
Now depth of penetration is given by,
1 1
2
2
= =
=
d =
a b
wms
( 2pf )(m 0 m r ) s
For copper, m r = 1
1
=
\
3.71 105
( 2pf ) 4p 10
2
7
)(58.6 10 6 )
Solving for f, we get,

f = 601.1185 10 6 Hz = 601.1185 MHz
Example 1.8.10
Solution : The skin depth in conductor is given by,
Hence
d =
1
2
=
=
a
wm s
a =
1
1
=
d 74.33 10
(2p 1.2 10 )(4p 10 7 1)(38.2 10 6 )

6
= 74.33 mm
= 13.45 103 Np m
For conductor a = b = 13.45 10 3 . Hence the propagation constant is given by,

g = a + jb = 13.45 103 + j13.45 103 = 19.021 103 45 m 1
w 2 p 1.2 10 6
v =
=
= 560.582 m s
b
13.45 10 3
Example 1.9.8
Solution : The field vectors can be represented as,
E = 150 sin ( wt - bz) a x V/m
Now H is mutually perpendicular to E and H m =
H =
Em
we can write,
h0
150
sin ( wt - bz) a y A/m
h0
Converting both the sinusoidal functions to cosinusoidal functions,

p
and
E = 150 cos wt - bz - a x
2
H =
150
p
cos wt - bz - a y
2
h0
TM
1 - 10
Uniform Plane Waves
Writing in phasor form,

E = 150 e j ( -bz - p / 2 ) a x
H =
and
150 j ( -bz - p / 2 )
e
ay
h0
Thus the complex conjugate of H is given by,

H
150 j b z +
e
h0
p
2
ay
Hence average power density is given by,

1
Re E H *
Pavg =
2
1
150 j ( -bz - wt )
(150)
a x e+ j ( wt + bz ) a y
e
2
h
0
1 (150) 2
(a ) = 29.841 a z watt/m 2
2 120 p z
Now the total power crossing area is given by,

P =
(Pavg ) ( area )
[(15 10 ) (30 10 )]
-3
= ( 29.84)
-3
= 13.428 m watt
Key Point The flow of power is normal to the area. The area is in z = 0 plane, so the
direction normal to this plane is a z .

Example 1.9.9
Solution : i) For air as a medium, the velocity of proagation is
8
v = c = 3 10 m/s
Then the wavelength is given by,
c
3 10 8
=
= 30 m
l =
f 10 10 6
Hence phase constant b is given by,
2p 2 p
=
= 0.2094 rad/m
b =
l
30
ii) For air, the intrinsic impedance is given by
h = h 0 = 120 p = 377 W
The electric field E and the magnetic field H are in phase quadrature. As E is in
x-direction, H must be in y-direction so that the wave travels in z-direction.
6
E
cos (w t b z) a y A/m
=
H =
\
377
h0
iii) The average Poynting vector is given by
1
Pavg =
Re [E H * ]
2
TM
1 - 11
We can represent E in phasor form as,

E = 6 e j ( wt -bz) a x
Similarly we can represent H in phasor form as
6 j ( wt -bz )
H =
e
ay
377
The complex conjugate of H can be written as
6 - j ( wt -bz )
H* =
e
ay
377
Hence average Poynting vector is given by
1
6 - j( wt -bz )
Pavg =
ay
6 e j( wt -bz ) a x
e
2
377
1 36
(a a y )
2 377 x
= 0.0477 a z watt/m
Example 1.9.10
Solution : a) For lossless medium,
s = 0, m r = 2, e r = 3,
\
f = 5 10 6 Hz
a = 0 and
b = w me = w
=
(m 0 m r )(e 0 e r )
(2 p 5 10 6 ) (4 p 10 -7 )( 2) (8.854 10 -12 )( 3)
b = 0.2566 rad/m
Hence velocity of propagation is given by

v =
\
w 2 p f 2 p 5 10 6
=
=
b
b
0.2566
v = 122.43 10 6 m/s
b) Wavelength l =
2p
2p
= 24.486 m
=
b
0.2566
c) The intrinsic impedance of the medium is given by

h =
\
m
=
e
m 0m r
=
e0 er
4 p 10 -7 2
8.854 10 -12 3
h = 307.602 W
TM
Uniform Plane Waves
1 - 12
Uniform Plane Waves
d) According to Poynting theorem, average power is given by

Pavg =
1 E 2m
2 h
(2h) Pavg
E 2m =
Em =
E m = 30.377 V/m
(2h) (Pavg )
= ( 2 307.602)(1.5)
Hence r.m.s. value of electric field is given by

E rms =
Em
2
30.377
= 21.4797 V/m
2
Example 1.9.11
Solution : For lossless medium,
mr = 1
e r = 12 ,
... given
a) Velocity of the wave is given by

v =
1
=
me
(m 0 m r )(e 0 e r )
1
v =
v = 86.5435 10 8 m/s
(4 p 10 -7 1)(8.854 10 -12 12)
b) The intrinsic impedance of the lossless medium is given by

h =
m
=
e
m0 mr
= h0
e0 er
mr
er
... h 0 =
m0
= 377 W
e0
1
12
h = ( 377 )
h = 108.83 W
c) The peak Poynting vector is given by

E
| P| = |E| H = (E 0 )(H 0 ) = (E 0 ) 0
h
\
| P| =
E 20 (15) 2
=
= 2.067 W / m 2
h 108.83
Example 1.9.12
Solution : For the given medium s = 0, assuming medium to be a lossless medium.
TM
1 - 13
Uniform Plane Waves
a) The phase velocity of the wave is given by

1
1
v =
=
me
(m 0 m r )(e 0 e r )
Substituting the values of m 0 , m r , e 0 and e r ,
v =
(4 p 10
-7
)(8.854 10
-12
= 1.0599 10 8 m/s
b) The intrinsic impedance of the medium is given by,

h =
m0 mr
= h0
e0 er
m
=
e
mr
er
... h 0 =
2
4
h = ( 377 )
h = 266.58 W
c) The magnitude of the average Poynting vector is given by

Pavg
\
5 =
1 E 2m
2 h
1 E 2m
2 266.58
E 2m = 2665.8
E m = 51.6313 V/m
Thus the r.m.s. value of the electric field is given by,

E r.m.s =
Em
2
51.6313
= 36.5 V/m
2
d) The r.m.s value of the magnetic field is given by,

H r.m.s =
E r.m.s
36.5
= 136.91 mA/m
=
266.58
h
Example 1.9.13
Solution : For a lossless medium,
m r = 1.5, m r = 6 and f = 800 MHz
a) The velocity of wave is given by,
1
1
v =
=
me
(m 0 m r )(e 0 e r )
TM
m0
= 377 W
e0
1 - 14
Uniform Plane Waves
v =
v = 99.9318 10 6 m s 1 10 8 m/s
(4 p 10 -7 1.5)(8.854 10 -12 6)
b) The wavelength is given by,

l =
\
l =
2p v
=
b
f
1 10 8
800 10 6
= 0.125 m
c) The intrinsic impedance is given by,

h =
\
m
=
e
m0 mr
= h0
e0 er
mr
mr
... h 0 =
m0
= 377 W
e0
1.5
= 23.5625 W
6
h = 377
d) The magnitude of the average Poynting vector is given by,

Pavg
\
8 10 -3 =
1 E 2m
2 h
... E m = peak value of the electric field
1 E 2m
2 23.5625
E 2m = 0.377
E m = 0.614 V/m
The r.m.s value of the electric field is given by,

E r.m.s =
Em
2
0.614
= 0.4341 V/m
2
e) The r.m.s value of the magnetic field H is given by,

H r.m.s. =
E r.m.s 0.4341
= 18.423 mA/m
=
23.5625
h
Example 1.9.14
Solution : Given :
At z = 0,
s = 4 S/m, e = 80 e 0 , m = m 0
E = cos 5 10 4 p t a x V / m
Thus
w =
(5 10 4 ) p
TM
1 - 15
Uniform Plane Waves
5 10 4 p
w
= 25 kHz
f =
=
2p
2p
To check if the sea water is a good conductor at this frequency, check condition for
conductor i.e.
s >> we
Now
we =
(5 10 4 ) p(80 e 0 )
= 5 10 4 p 80 8.854 10 -12
= 0.111 10 -3
Thus
s (= 4) >> we
Hence sea water is a good conductor at the frequency f = 25 kHz.
Thus the intrinsic impedance of the medium which is a good conductor at f = 25 kHz is
given by
h =
\
j wm
=
s
5 10 4 p 4 p 10 -7
45
4
h = 0.2221 45
The expression for attenuation and phase constant is given by,

a = b = p f m s = p 25 10 3 4 p 10 -7 4 = 0.6283
\ Attenuation constant a = 0.6283 Np/m
Phase constant b = 0.6283 rad/m
The expression for instantaneous electric field is given by,
E = E 0 e - a z cos ( w t - b z) a x = 1 e - 0.6283 z cos 5 10 4 p t - 0.6283 z a x
... (1)
Similarly the instantaneous magnetic field is given by
- 0.6283 z cos 5 10 4 p t - 0.6283 z

E 1e
ay
=
H =
h
0.2221 45
H = 4.5024 e - 0.6283 z cos 5 10 4 p t - 0.6283 z - p / 4 a y A/m
The instantaneous Poynting vector is given by

P = E H
= 4.5024 e - 1.2566 z cos 5 10 4 p t - 0.6283 z cos 5 10 4 p t - 0.62832 - a z

4
TM
... (2)
1 - 16
Uniform Plane Waves
p
p
5
cos 4 + cos 10 p t - 1.256 z - 4
1
According to the rule, cos A cos B = [cos ( A + B) + cos ( A - B)]
2
=
4.5024 - 1.2566 z
e
2
p
p
= 2.2512 e - 1.256 z cos + cos 10 5 p t - 1.256 z - Watt/m2

4
4
The time average power flow per unit area normal to z-direction is given by,
Pavg = Total average power flow = 2.2512 e - 1.256 z cos
\
Pavg = 1.5918 e - 1.256 z Watt/m
p
4
Example 1.11.8
Solution : a) The standard equation for the incident electric field in x-direction is given by
Ei = E 0 e - j b z a x V/m
Comparing given Ei with standard equation, we get
b = 1 rad/m
Then the wavelength is given by
l =
2p 2p
=
= 2 p = 6.2831 m
b
1
Now the given Ei is in free space. In free space v = c = 3 10 8 m/s

\
v = c = fl
c
3 10 8
= 47.75 MHz
=
l
6.2831
b) For free space, h = h 0 = 120 p = 377 W .
f =
A uniform plane wave is propagating in z-direction. E field is in x-direction. Thus to get

uniform plane wave in z-direction, H field must be in y-direction. The amplitudes of E and
H are relation by
E0
E
E
or H 0 = 0 = 0
h0 =
H0
h 0 377
\
H0 =
(2.6525 10 -3 ) E 0
A/m
Thus the magnetic field of the incident wave is given by
Hi = H 0 e - j z a y = 2.6525 10 -3 E 0 e - j z a y A/m
TM
1 - 17
Uniform Plane Waves

x
c) The interface is between free space and

dielectric (m r = 1, e r = 4) as shown in the
Fig. 1.1.
Dielectric
(mr = 1, er = 4)
Free space
h2 = h0 = 377 W
For dielectric,
h2
h2
=
=
m
=
e
m rm 0
er e0
1 4 p 10 -7
4 8.854 10 -12
z=0
188.36 W
Fig. 1.1
The transmission coefficient is given by,

t =
2h 2
Et
=
Ei
h1 + h 2
But
Ei = E0
Et = E0
2 (188.36)
= 0.6663 E 0
( 377 + 188.36)
As the incident wave has the electric field in x-direction, the electric field in the
transmitted wave will be also in x-direction. Then the field in the transmitted wave is
given by
Et = E t e - j b z a x V/m
But
E t = (0.6663) E 0 V/m and b = 1 rad/m
Et = (0.663 E 0 ) e - j z a x V/m
The transmitted wave is in medium 2. For medium 2, h 2 = 188.36 W. As the incident wave
has the magnetic field in y-direction, the transmitted wave will also have the magnetic
field in y-direction. The amplitudes of transmitted electric and magnetic fields are related
by h 2 as
Et
h2 =
Ht
\
Ht =
0.6663 E 0
Et
=
= 3.5373 10 -3 E 0 A/m
h2
188.36
Thus equation for magnetic field is given by

Ht = H t e - j b z a y A/m
But
H t = 3.5373 10 -3 E 0 A/m and b = 1 rad/m
Ht =
(3.5373 10 -3 E 0 ) e - j z
a y A/m
TM
1 - 18
Uniform Plane Waves
Example 1.11.9
Solution : There are two interface; first is between free space and dielectric and second is
between dielectric and free space at A and B respectively.
For dielectric, s = 0. The intrinsic impedance is given by
h2 =
m
=
e
m 0m r
=
e0 er
4 p 10 -7 1
= 84.24 W
8.854 10 -12 20
For first interface at A, E i = 100 V/m. Let E tA be the part of incident wave transmitted in
the dielectric at first interface. Let E tB be the part of the incident wave (in dielectric),
transmitted in free space at second interface.
At first interface, the transmission coefficient is given by,
E tA
2h 2
t1 =
=
Ei
h1 + h 2
2 ( 84.24)
= 100
= 36.5276 V/m
377 + 84.24
As we know, for perfect dielectric (lossless dielectric), a = 0. As the attenuation constant is
zero, the transmitted wave at first interface will not suffer any attenuation. This wave is
now the incident wave at second interface (i.e. between dielectric and free space at B). For
second interface, h 1 = 84.24 W and h 2 = 377 W (as second region is free space). Thus
transmission coefficient at the second interface is given by
E tB
2h 2
=
t2 =
E tA
h1 + h 2
2h 2
h1 + h 2
E tA = E i
E tB = E i B
2 ( 377 )
E tB = 36.5276
84.24 + 377
E tB = 59.7125 V/m
2 h2
2 h2
= E tA
h1 + h 2
h1 + h 2
Example 1.11.10
Solution : As medium 1 is free space,
h1 = 120 p = 377 W
For medium 2, s = 0 indicates it is lossless
dielectric. For lossless dielectric, intrinsic
impedance is given by
m 0m r
m
=
h2 =
e
e0 er
\
h2 =
4 p 10 -7 9
8.854 10 -12 4
= 565.1 W
TM
Medium 2
Material with
er = 4, mr = 9
Medium 1
Free space
and s = 0
Fig. 1.2
1 - 19
Uniform Plane Waves
The transmission coefficient is given by

t =
2 h2
2 (565.1)
= 1.1996
=
h1 + h 2 377 + 565.1
The reflection coefficient is given by

G =
h 2 - h1
565.1 - 377
= 0.1996
=
h 2 + h1 565.1 + 377
Example 1.12.5
Solution : Medium 1 is glass, for which e r1 = 9 ; while medium 2 is air, for which e r2 = 1.
The critical angle is given by,
e2
q c = sin -1
= sin -1
e1
e r2
e r1
1
9
q c = sin -1
q c = sin -1 (0.3333) = 19.47
Example 1.12.6
Solution : For medium 1 i.e. air : e 1 = e 0 e r1 = e 0
For medium 2 i.e. glass : e r = e 0 e r2 = 9 e 0
Hence Brewster angle is given by,
e2
9 e0
q B = tan - 1
= tan - 1
= 71.565
e1
e0
... (Assume e r = 9 for glass)
Now light is incident at Brewster's angle. Hence angle of incidence is q i = 71.565.

\ By Snell's law,
cm e
h
1 1
sin q t = 1 sin q i =
sin q i Now m 1 = m 2 = m 0 .
h2
cm e
2 2
\
\
e0
sin q t =
9 e0
qt
sin q i = 1 sin (71.565 )
1
= sin - 1 (sin 71.565 ) = 18.434
3
Example 1.12.7
Solution : For region 1,
e r1 = 8.5, m r1 = 1 and s 1 = 0 means perfect dielectric
m
=
e
m 0m r
=
e0 er
h1 =
h1 = 129.22 W
4 p 10 -7 1
8.854 10 -12 8.5
TM
1 - 20
Uniform Plane Waves
For region 2 (free space),

h 2 = 120 p = 377W
a) For normal incidence :
The reflection coefficient is given by,
G =
E r h 2 -h1 377 - 129.22

=
=
E i h 2 + h1 377 + 129.22
G =
Er
= 0.4894
Ei
t =
2h 2
2 ( 377 )
Et
=
=
E i h 2 + h1 377 + 129.22
t =
Et
= 1.4894
Ei
b) For oblique incidence :

By Snell's law of refraction,
sin q t
sin q i
\
\
e1
=
e2
sin q t = sin (10)
e r1 e 0
=
e r2 e 0
8.5
1
8.5
q t = sin -1 (0.506) = 30.42
With perpendicular polarization, at boundary,

h cos q i - h 1 cos q t
Er
= 2
h 2 cos q i + h 1 cos q t
Ei
=
377 ( cos 10) - 129.22 ( cos 30.42)

377 ( cos 10) + 129.22 ( cos 30.42)
= 0.5383
Et
Ei
2h 2 cos q i
h 2 cos q i + h1 cos q t
2 ( 377 )( cos 10)

377 ( cos 10) + 129.22 ( cos 30.42)
= 1.5383
qqq
TM
Wave Propagation

Example 2.4.4
Solution: Given : G T = G R = 25 dB, d = 30 km, Prad = 10 W = PT
f = 10 GHz = 10 10 3 MHz
where,
\
Path loss = 32.45 + 20 log d + 20 log f

10
10
(in dB)
d in km and f in MHz.
Path loss = 32.45 + 20 log 10 (30) + 20 log 10 (10 10 3 )
(in dB)
\
We know that,
Path loss = 141.9924 dB

(in dB)
142 dB
PR
= G T + G R - Path loss = 25 + 25 - 142
P
(dB)
T dB
(dB) (dB)
PR
= 92 dB
P
T dB
\
P
10 log 10 R = 92
PT
P
log 10 R = 9.2
PT
Taking antilogs on both the sides, we get
PR
= 6.3095 10 - 10
PT
PR = Power received = 6.3095 10 - 10 10 = 6.3095 nW
Example 2.4.5
Solution :
3 10 8
= 30 m
10 10 6
G T = G R = 1.65 dB
l=
(2 - -1)An up thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS
TM
2-2
Wave Propagation
Basic transmission loss,

4pd 2
L b = 10 log 10
= 20 [log 10 4 + log 10 p + log 10 d - log 10 l]
l
= 20 [log 10 4 + log 10 p + log 10 30 - log 10 30] = 21.98 dB
Hence actual transmission loss,
L a = L b - G T - G R = 21.98 - 1.65 - 1.65 = 18.68 dB
Example 2.7.2
Solution : Given : s = 5 10 - 3 , f = 1 10 6 Hz, e r = 10
Wave tilt in degree is given by,
s
1
s
1
Wave-tilt =
tan - 1 = tan - 1
(2pf) ( e o e r )
2
we 2
=
1
5 10 - 3
tan - 1
- 12 )
6
2
(2 p 1 10 ) (10 8.854 10
= 41.82
Example 2.8.4
Solution : Let, ht = Altitude of one aircraft = 3000 m
hr = Altitude of other aircraft = 5000 m
The maximum possible distance along surface of earth is given by,
d = 2r
ht + hr
2 6. 37 10 6
3000 + 5000
= 447.8879 103 = 447.8879 km

Example 2.8.5
Solution : Given :
Height of receiving antenna = hr = 24 m
Maximum distance of transmission = LOS = 38 km
The Line Of Sight (LOS) or maximum distance of transmission is given by,
LOS = 4.12 [ h t + h r ] where h r and h t in meter
\
(in km)
38 = 4.12 [ h t + 24]
38
=
- 24
4.12
ht
h t = 18.6997 m @ 18.7 m
TM
2-3
Wave Propagation
Example 2.8.6
Solution : h t = 50 m, h r = 25 m, f = 150 MHz, P = 100 W
i) LOS distance = 4 12 [ 50 + 25] = 49.7327 km
ii) The strength of received signal is given by,
88 P h r h t
ER =
ld 2
l =
But
\
ER =
c
3 10 8
=
= 2m
f 150 10 6
88 100 (50) (25)
(2) (49 7327 10 3 ) 2
= 0.2227 mV m
Example 2.15.10
Solution : At the receiver, if signal strength is negligible means no wave is received at
certain frequency. In other words the wave with that frequency penetrates the ionospheric
layer and can not return back to the earth. That means that frequency is nothing but
maximum usable frequency fMUF. Hence we can write,
D
fMUF = fcr 1 +
2h
1000
fMUF = 11 10 6 1 +
2 400
fMUF = 17.608 MHz
Example 2.15.11
11
Solution : Given : fi = 20 , Nmax = 10 /m

By formula,
fcr =
81 N max = 9 N max = 9 10 11 = 2.846 MHz
By formula,
fMUF = (sec fi ) fcr = (sec 20) (2 . 846 10 6 )
fMUF = 3.0286 MHz
Example 2.15.12
Solution : Given : For E-layer,
During mid-day time, fcr = 4.5 MHz = 4.5 10 6 Hz
1
During sun-set time, fcr
= 1.5 MHz = 1.5 10 6 Hz
TM
2-4
Wave Propagation
By formula,
fcr =
81 N max
where fcr in MHz and Nmax in electrons/m3
During mid-day time,
fcr =
81 N max
i.e.
1
4.5 10 6
= 9 N max
i.e. 1.5 10
= 9 N max
= 9 N max
(2)
Similarly during sun-set time,

=
fcr
81 N max
2
6
(1)
= 9 N max
(3)
Adding equations (2) and (3), we get,

(4.5 + 1.5) 10 6 = 9 N max + 9 N max
1
i.e. 6 10 6 = 9[ N max +
(4)
N max ]
Subtracting equation (3) from equation (2), we get,

(4.5 - 1.5) 10 6 = 9 N max 9 N max
1
i.e. 3 10 6 = 9[ N max -
(5)
N max ]
Adding equations (4) and (5), we get,

(6+ 3) 10 6 = 9 N max
i.e.
+ 9 N max
9 10 6 = 18 N max
9 10 6
= 0.25 10 12 /m3
\
N max =
18
1
Similarly subtracting equation (5) from equation (4), we get

(6 - 3) 10 6 = + 2 9 N max
2
i.e.
3 10 6 = 18 N max
3 10 6
= 0.02778 10 12 /m3
=
18
2
Hence the change in the electron density of the E-layer between mid-day and sun-set time
is given by,
N max = N max - N max
N max
0.25 10 12
- 0.02778 10 12
3
= 0.2222 10 12 /m
TM
2-5
Wave Propagation
Example 2.15.13
Solution : Given :
n = 0.5, N = 400 electrons/cm3 = 400 10 -6 electrons/m3
The refractive index is given by,
81N
n =
1f2
\
0.5 =
f2 =
1-
81 400 10 -6
f2
Squaring both the sides, we get,
(81 400 10 -6 )
(0.5) 2 = 1
f2
81 400 10 -6
0.75
f = 0.2078 MHz
\
Note that when N is expressed per m3 then f is always expressed in megahertz (MHz).
Example 2.15.14
Solution : Given :
D = Distance of propagation between two stations = 1500 km
h = Height of ionosphere = 250 km
MUF = 37.95 MHz
For thin ionosphere and the earth assumed to be flat, the relationship between MUF and
the critical frequency, fcr, is given by,
D 2
MUF = fcr 1 +
2h
\
1500 2
37.95 10 6 = fcr 1 +
2 250
fcr = 12 MHz
Example 2.15.15
Solution : Given :
D = Propagation distance = 2500 km
h = Height of ionosphere = 200 km
fcr = Critical frequency = 5 MHz
TM
2-6
Wave Propagation
By formula, the maximum usable frequency (MUF) is given by,

D 2
MUF = fcr 1 +
2h
\
2500 2
MUF = 5 10 6 1 +
2 200
MUF = 31.6474 MHz
Example 2.15.16
Solution : Given : h = 300 km, n = 0.8, f = 15 MHz
fMUF = 15 MHz.
The refractive index is given by,
n =
1-
0.8 =
1-
81 N max
f2
81 N max
(15 10 6 ) 2
N max = 1 10 12 m 3
Hence critical frequency is given by,
fcr =
81 N max =
81 1 10 12 = 9 10 6 = 9 MHz
Now for curved earth, the skip distance is given by,
D 2skip
D skip = 2 h +
8R
f
2
MUF
fcr - 1 where R = 6370 km
D 2skip
= 2 300 +
8 (6370)
15 10 6
6
9 10
-1
D skip
D skip = 2 [300 + 1.9623 10 - 5 D 2skip ] (1.3333)
D skip = 800 + 5.2328 10 - 5 D 2skip
Rearranging terms and dividing by factor 5.2328 10 - 5 , we get,

D 2skip - 19.11 10 3 D skip + 15.2882 10 6 = 0
Solving for D skip , we get,
D skip =
+ 19.11 10 3 ( - 19.11 10 3 ) 2 - 4 (1) (15.2882 10 6 )

2
TM
2-7
Wave Propagation
19.11 10 3 17.4367 10 3
2
D skip =
i.e.
D skip = 18.2733 10 3 km
or
D skip = 0.8366 10 3 km
Selecting maximum value,

\
D skip = 18.2733 103 km
qqq
TM
Antenna Fundamentals
Example 3.9.23
Solution : By definition, the maximum effective aperture is given by,
PL
Maximum power delivered to load
=
A em =
Average power density
|Pavg|
But according to Poynting theorem,
1 |E|2
|Pavg| =
2 h
And the maximum power delivered to the load is given by,
|E|2 dL2
PL =
8 R rad
\
|E|2 dL2
A em =
8 R rad
dL =
2h
dL2 h
=
2
4 R rad
|E|
4 A em R rad
=
h
4.(0.13 l2 ) (73)
= 0.3173 m
120 p
Example 3.9.24
Solution :
l=
c
3 10 8
= 0.6 m
=
f 500 10 6
Now the effective area of an antenna is given by

l2
l2
GD max =
D
A em =
4p
4p
Now for half wave dipole GD max = D = 1.644
(0.6) 2
\
A em =
1.644 = 0.047 m 2
4p
Example 3.9.25
Solution :
Let
q E = 35, q H = 40
(3 - 1)
TM
3-2
Then the directivity of antenna can be expressed (with HPBW expressed in degrees) as,
41257
41257
D =
=
= 29.4692
(35) (40)
qE qH
By definition, the maximum effective aperture is given by,
l2
l2
A em =
D=
( 29.4692) = 0.3451 l2 m 2
4p
4 p
Example 3.9.26
Solution : l = 2.5 m, G Dmax = D = 90
By definition,
A em =
( 2.5) 2
l2
D=
90 = 44.7623 m 2
4p
4 p
Example 3.9.27
Solution : Assuming maximum values of power gain and directivity we can write,
G P max = 30, G d max = 42, R loss = 25 W
By definition, the antenna efficiency is given by,
G Pmax
R rad
=
hr =
G dmax
R rad + R loss
\
hr =
... (1)
G Pmax
30
=
= 0.71428
G dmax
42
Now again using equation (1) and substituting values of h r and R loss , we get,
R rad
0.71428 =
R rad + 25
\
\
0.71428 R rad + 17.857 = R rad

0.28572 R rad = 17.857
R rad
= 62.4982 W
Example 3.9.28:
Solution : f = 5 GHz = 5 10 9 Hz, d = diameter = 3 m, PLoss = 0
As losses are assumed to be zero, we can write, the antenna efficiency as unit and hence,
G Pmax
= 1
hr =
G Dmax
\
G Pmax = G Dmax = D
But according to concept of maximum effective aperture,
4p
D =
A em
l2
Hence
l =
c
3 10 8
=
= 0.06 m
f
5 10 9
TM
3-3
d 2
3 2
A em = pr 2 = p = p = 7.0685 m 2
2
2
\
G Pmax =
4p
( 0.06) 2
(7.0685) = 24673.72
Example 3.9.29
Solution : Rrad = 75 W, Rloss = 9 W, GP = 20
By definition, efficiency of antenna is given by,
Prad
R rad
75
75
= 0.8929
hr =
=
=
=
75 + 9 84
Prad + Ploss
R rad + R loss
\
% h r = 89.29 %
Now the power gain and directivity are related to each other through relation by,
GP = h r G D
\
GD =
GP
20
= 22.3989
=
h r 0.8929
Expressing directivity in dB as,

GD (in dB) = 10 log10 [GD] = 10 log10(22.3989) = 13.5022 dB
Example 3.9.30
Solution : For a half wave dipole, Rrad = 73 W
Hence antenna efficiency is given by,
R rad
73
73
= 0.9125
=
hr =
=
R rad + R loss
73 + 7
80
The antenna efficiency is given by,
GP
Power gain
hr =
=
GD
Directive gain
But
GD = 1.64
\ Hence power gain is given by,
GP = h r G D = 0.9125 (1.64) = 1.4965
or GP (in dB) = 10 log10 GP = 10 log (1.4965) = 1.7507 dB
Example 3.9.31
Solution : The effective length of a half wave dipole is given by,
L eff =
But
b =
1
Im
l/ 2
- l/ 2
L
I m sin b - |z| dz
2
2p
l
and L =
l
2
TM
L
2
L eff =
-
L
2
L eff =
-
L
2
L
2
3-4
2p l
sin
- z dz
l 4
p 2pz
sin dz
l
2
L
2
L eff =
-
L
2
cos
2 pz
dz
l
l
L eff
4
2 pz 1
= sin
l 2p
l - l
... L =
l
L l
i.e. =
2
2 4
L eff =
l
m = 0.3183 l m
p
Example 3.9.32
Solution : Antenna radiation efficiency is given by,
R rad
72
=
= 0.9
hr =
R rad + R loss
72 + 8
The power gain is given by,
G P max (in dB) = 12 dB
G
12
G P max = Antilog 10 P max = antilog 10 = 15.8489
10
10
Now the power gain can be expressed as,

G P max = h r G d max
i.e.
G d max =
G P max 15.8489
= 17.6099
=
0.9
hr
Hence the directivity in dB is given by

G d max (in dB) = 10 log 10 (17.6099) = 12.4575 dB
Example 3.10.4
Solution : Given : d = 30 mile, GT = GR = 45 dB, f = 3 GHz = 3 10 9 Hz, PR = 1 mW
First convert distance d expressed in miles to meter using following conversion,
1 mile = 1609.35 meter
TM
3-5
d = (30) (1609.35) = 48280.5 m

\
c
3 10 8
=
= 0.1 m
l =
f
3 10 9
Now
G (or G R ) in dB
GT = GR = Antilog10 T
10
45
GT = GR = Antilog10 = 31.622 10 3
10
By Friiss transmission formula,
l 2
PR = PT (G R G T )
4pd
\
2
0.1
1 10 -3 = PT (31.622 10 3 31.622 10 3 )
4 p 48280.5
1 10 -3 4 p 48280.5 2
1

1
0.1
(31.622 10 3 ) 2
PT =
PT = 36.8115 W
Example 3.10.5
Solution : Power received at 0.5 distance d is given by,
l
PR = PT (G T G R )
4p d
G in dB
G T = Antilog 10 T
= Antilog 10
10
25 = 316.2277
10
G in dB
G R = Antilog 10 R
= Antilog 10
10
20 = 100
10
l =
3 10 8
c
= 0.3 m
=
f
1 10 9
0.3
PR = 150 [(316.2277) (100)]
3
4 p 0.5 10
= 10.8137 mW
Example 3.10.6
Solution : By Friss's formula, the power delivered to the receiver is given by,
A A
PR = PT et er
d 2 l2
But
d = 10 km = 10 10 3 m ,
l =
c
3 10 8
=
= 0.15 m
f
2 10 9
TM
3-6
A et = 2 m 2 ,
\
PR = (150)
A er = 1.5 m 2
(2)(1.5)
(10 10 3 ) 2 (0.15) 2
= 200 mW
Example 3.10.7
Solution :
d = 0.5 km = 0.5 10 3 m, f = 1 GHz = 1 10 9 Hz

PR = 10.8 mW = 10.8 10 3 W
G T (in dB) = 25 dB
G R (in dB) = 20 dB
Let us first calculate gain of both the antennas
G
G T (in dB) = 10 log 10 T where G Ref = 1 for isotropic antenna
G Ref
G
25 = 10 log 10 T
1
\
G T = 316.2277
G
G R (in dB) = 10 log 10 R
G Ref
G
20 = 10 log 10 R
1
\
G R = 100
By Friis's transmission formula,
l 2
PR = PT (G T G R )
4pd
But l =
c
3 10 8
=
= 0.3 m
f
1 10 9
0.3
10.8 10 3 = PT [(316.2277) (100)]
3
4 p 0.5 10
PT = 149.81 W 150 W
qqq
TM
Wire Antennas
Example 4.7.7
Solution : Given : f = 30 MHz
We know that the velocity of light is given by,
c = fl
c 3 10 8
= 10 m
=
f 30 10 6
Hence the length of half wave dipole at 30 MHz is given by
l
10
=
=5m
2
2
l =
Example 4.7.8
Solution : leff = Effective length = 113.3 m, l = Wavelength = 18.8 km = 18.8 10 3 m
Irms = 725 A, r = 175 km = 175 10 3 m
i) The electric field at a distance r is given by,
120 p l eff I r.m.s
120 p (113. 3) (725)
=
E =
lr
(18.8 10 3 ) (175 10 3 )
= 9.4124 mV/m
ii) The electric and magnetic field are related to each other as given below,
E
h0 =
H
\
H =
E 9.4124 10
=
120 p
h0
-3
= 24.9672 mA/m
iii) The power radiated by an antenna is given by,

Prad = I 2r.m.s Rrad
160 p 2
dL
l
160 p 2
l eff
= 160 p 2
l
But
Rrad =
Prad = [ 725 ]2 [ 0.055 ] = 29.0917 kW

(4 - 1)
TM
113. 3
= 0.055 W
18.8 10 3
4-2
Wire Antennas
Example 4.7.9
Solution : Given : Maximum current = I m = 20 A
Distance at which field strength is to be obtained = r = 2 km = 2 10 3 m
Angle at which axis is oriented = q = 30
The magnitude of the electric field is given by,
p
p
cos cos q
cos cos 30
2
2
60 I m
60 20
Eq =
r
sin q
sin 30
2 10 3
cos(90 0.866)
cos 77.94 = 0.2507 V/m
E q = 0.6
= 0.6
0.5
0.5
Example 4.9.11
Solution : For a circular loop, radiation resistance is given by,
C
R rad = 197
l
C = 2 p a = 2 p 0.3183 = 2 m
where
l =
c
3 10 8
= 300 m
=
f
1 10 6
2 4
-6W =
R rad = 197
0.3891 mW
= 0.3891 10
300
Hence
Example 4.9.12
d
0.04 l
Solution : Area of loop = A=p a 2 = p = p
2

2
But if A <
= 0.001256 l2
A
l2
i.e.
= 0.01, the loop is supposed to be a small loop.
100
l2
A
= 0.001256 < 0.01, thus loop is considered to be small loop.

l2
For small loop, radiation resistance is given by,
For given loop,
A
R rad = 31200 N 2
l2
2
\
\
0.001256 l2
2
36 = 31200
N
2
l
(0.001256) 2 N 2 =
36
31200
TM
4-3
(0.001256) 2 N 2 = 0.001154
N 2 = 731.5205
Wire Antennas
N = 27.04 27
\
Thus to have radiation resistance of 36 W , the number of turns required is 27 turns.
Example 4.9.13
d 1.5 l
= 0.75 l
=
2
2
Solution :
a = Radius =
Now
2p a
p d p (1.5 l)
C
1
=
=
= 1.5 p >
=
l
l
l
l
3
Hence for such large loop antenna, radiation resistance is given by,
a
0.75 l
Rrad = 3720 = 3720
= 2790 W
l

l
Similarly the directivity of such large loop antenna is given by,
C
D = 0.682 = 0.682 (1.5 p) = 3.21385
l
Example 4.9.14
Solution : Given : Er.m.s. = 20 mV/m = 20 10
V/m
N = 20, f = 2 MHz = 2 10 Hz, A = 1.5 m

The r.m.s. voltage induced in loop antenna is given by,
2 p AN cos f
Vr.m.s. =
E r.m.s
l
where
\
f = Angle between plane of loop and direction of incident wave = 0
Vr.m.s. =
2p ( 2 20 10 - 3 ) (1.5) (20) cos 0 2p( 2 20 10 - 3 ) (1.5) (20)

=
= 35.543 mV
(c / f)
3 10 8
2 10 6
Example 4.9.15
Solution :
a = 0.5 m, f = 0.9 MHz = 0.9 10 Hz
c
3 10 8
=
= 333.3333 m
f
0.9 10 6
2 p 0. 5
C
C 2 pa
1
=
= 0.00942 <
=
Let us calculate value of . So
l
333.3333
l
l
3
Hence as
l =
C 1
< , the directivity of loop antenna is directly given by,
l
3
3
= 1.5
D =
2
TM
4-4
Wire Antennas
Example 4.9.16
Solution :
d = Diameter = 1.5 l
a = Radius =
d 1.5 l
= 0.75 l
=
2
2
2p a
p d p (1.5 l)
C
1
=
=
=
= 1.5 p >
l
l
l
l
3
Hence for such large loop antenna, radiation resistance is given by,
a
0.75 l
Rrad = 3720 = 3720
= 2790 W
l

l
Now
Similarly the directivity of such large loop antenna is given by,

C
D = 0.682 = 0.682 (1.5 p) = 3.21385
l
qqq
TM
Antenna Arrays

Example 5.8.7
Solution : i) Maxima : If f = p, we get the maxima.
2
Also, another condition for maxima is given by,
d
p cos f = 0, p
l
But d = l, thus the condition becomes,
\
p cos f = 0, p
i.e.
cos f = 0
or
p
2
or
f =
cos f = 1
f= 0
or
... if p 0
f= p
Thus the positions of maxima are

f = 0, +
p
p
, - , p
2
2
ii) Minima : The null condition is obtained if,

p
3p
d
p
cos f = ,
l
2
2
But d = l.
\
p cos f =
3p
p
,
2
2
1
3
or
2
2
Thus the positions of minima are,
\
f = 60 or 120
cos f =
Example 5.8.8
Solution : Given : n = Number of elements = 4, l = Wavelength = 0.1 m,
d = Spacing between any two elements = 50 cm = 0.5 m, I = Current = 0.25 A
(5 - 1)
TM
5-2
Antenna Arrays
1) Power radiated is given by,

Prad = n(I2 Rrad)
Rrad = Radiation resistance of antenna i.e. half wave diople = 73 W
where
Prad = 4(0.25)2(73) = 18.25 W

\
2) The length of the array in meter is given by,
L = nd = 4(0.5) = 2 m
Hence the bandwidth between first nulls is given by,
2 l 2 0.1
BWFN =
=
= 0.1 rad or 5.73
L
2
Hence half power beamwidth is given by,
BWFN 0.1
=
= 0.05 rad or 2.865
HPBW =
2
2
Example 5.8.9
Solution : Given : G Dmax = 7 dB, n = Number of elements = 10
By definition,
G Dmax = 10 log 10 [G Dmax ]
\
7 = 10 log 10 [G Dmax ]
\
G Dmax = 5.0118
By formula, the directivity for the broadside array is given by,
L
nd
G Dmax = 2 = 2
l
l
\
10 d
5.0118 = 2
d = 0.25 l
\
Hence to achieve directivity of 7 dB with a broadside array of 10 isotropic radiator, the
minimum distance between the elements must be 0.25 l.
Example 5.8.10
Solution : Given : n = 4, d = l
2
As there is a progressive phase shift, the array given is end fire array
1) Major lobe :
Y = dr cos f d = 0
Hence with
d =
dr, f = 0 , 180
2) The magnitude of major lobe :

The magnitude of major lobe is given by,
|major lobe| = n = 4
TM
5-3
Antenna Arrays
3) Nulls :
The direction of nulls are given by,
fmin
For m = 1, fmin 1
ml
= cos 1 1
where m = 1, 2, 3,
nd
(1) l
1
1
= cos 1 1 = cos 1 = 60
= cos 1 1
4( l / 2)
2
2
For m = 2, fmin 2
( 2) l
= cos 1 1
= cos 1 [1 1] = cos 1 ( 0) = 90
4( l / 2)
For m = 3, fmin 3
( 3) l
3
= cos 1 1 = cos 1 ( 0.5) = 120
= cos 1 1
4( l / 2)
2
4) Subsidary maxima (side lobes) :

The directions of side lobes are given by,
f = cos 1 1
(2m+ 1) l
(2m+ 1) l
(2m+ 1)
= cos 1 1
= cos 1 1
2nd
4
2(4)( l / 2)
For m = 1, f1 = cos 1 1
(2+ 1)
3
1
= cos 1 1 = cos 1
4
4
4
For m = 2, f2 = cos 1 1
(4+ 1)
5
1
= cos 1 1 = cos 1
4
4
4
= 104.47
For m = 3, f 3 = cos 1 1
(6+ 1)
7
3
= cos 1 1 = cos 1
4
4
4
= 138.59
f = 90 = fmin2
HPBW =
fmin1
fmin3 = 120
Hence the radiation pattern is,
BWFN =
= 75.52
f2 = 104.47 f1 = 75.52
114.6
nd
l
114.6
= 57.3
4(l 2)
l
f = 180
f = 0
BWFN
2
104.47
57.3
=
= 28.65
2
75.52
fmin1 = 60
fmin3 = 120
f = 270 or 90 = fmin2
Fig. 5.1
TM
5-4
Antenna Arrays
Example 5.9.8
Solution : For the two element array with l / 4 separated radiators fed with currents of
equal magnitude but phase difference of 90, we can write,
ET
p
l/ 4
p/ 2
... a = 90 = rad
= 2 cos p
cos f l
2
2
E0
\
ET
E0
p
p
= 2 cos cos f -
4
4
... (1)
Maxima : The maximum radiation is possible if

p
p
cos cos f - = 1
4
4
i.e.
i.e.
p cos f - p = 0, p, .....
4
4
cos f = 1 or cos f = 5
or
cos f = 3
But cos f >/ 1, selecting appropriate value of cos f, we get,

cos f = 1
\
f = 0 ... Only location of maximum radiation.
Minima : The minimum radiation is possible if

p
p
cos cos f - = 0
4
4
i.e.
i.e.
i.e.
p cos f - p = p , 3 p , ...
2
2
4
4
3p
p
p
, - , ...
cos f =
4
4
4
cos f = 3, 1, ....
cos f = 1
... Neglecting other values as cos f >/ 1.
f = 180 = p c ... Only location of null radiation.
Now to plot the radiation pattern completely, additional points are required. Thus
E
calculate T for different values of f .
E0
TM
5-5
Antenna Arrays
The radiation pattern for the given antenna array is as shown in the Fig. 5.2.
f
ET
E0
30
1.9889
60
1.8447
90
1.4142
120
0.7653
180
f = 120
f = 90
f = 60
1.4142
f = 180
f = 0
1.4142
f = 270
Fig. 5.2 Radiation pattern
Example 5.9.9
Solution : As the phase difference d = 90 is mentioned, the linear array of 10 isotropic
point sources is end fire type array.
n = Number of elements in array = 10
d = Spacing between adjacent elements = l 2
Then the total length of array is given by,
l 9l
L = (n - 1) d = (10 - 1) =
2
2
i) For end fire array, the half power beam width (HPBW) is given by,
HPBW = 57.3
Putting m = 1 and L =
(2 m)
degree
L
l

9
l, we get,
2
2(1)
4
= 38.2
= 57.3
9
9

2l

l
ii) The beam solid angle is given by,
4p
, where D = Directivity of an array
W =
D
Hence the directivity D of an end fire array is given by,
HPBW = 57.3
TM
5-6
Antenna Arrays
9 l
L
D = 4 = 4 2 = 18
l
l

Hence the beam solid angle is given by,

4p 4p
= 0.6981 Sr.
W =
=
D
18
Example 5.9.10
Solution : Given : n = Number of elements = 8, d = Distance of separation = l m
4
1) For broadside array
The directivity is given by,
G Dmax
Hence
nd
= 2
=
l
8 l
4= 4
2
l
G Dmax = 10 log 10 [G Dmax ] = 10 log 10 ( 4) = 6.021 dB
2) For end fire array

The directivity is given by,
G Dmax
Hence
G Dmax
(in dB)
8 l
nd
4
= 4
= 4 l = 8
l
= 10 log 10 [G Dmax ] = 10 log 10 ( 8) = 9.031 dB
Example 5.9.11
Solution :
Given : G Dmax = 15
1) For broadside array

L
i)
G Dmax = 2
l
\
\
L
15 = 2
l
L = 7.5 l meter.
ii) By definition, BWFN is given by,

BWFN =
114.6
114.6
= 15.28
degree =
L

7.5 l
l
l

TM
5-7
Antenna Arrays
2) For end fire array

i)
L
G Dmax = 4
l
L
15 = 4
l
L = 3.75 l meter.
\
ii) By definition, BWFN is given by,
2
2
BWFN = 114.6
= 83.69
degree = 114.6
( L l)
3.75 l
l
Example 5.9.12
Solution : The field pattern for an
end fire array of 4 isotropic point
sources
with
spacing
between
adjacent elements as l / 2 is as shown
in the Fig. 5.3.
f = 90
2f
180
The directivity of an end fire array is

given by,
4 l
2
n d
G D max = 4
=4 l
l
= 8
Hence by definition,
BWFM
2
HPBW =
= 57.3
= 57.3
2
n d
l
270
f = 0
l
d=
2
d d d
Fig. 5.3
2
= 57.3
l
4
2
l
Example 5.14.5
Solution : Step 1 : Side lobe level below main lobe (in dB) by 40 dB.
\
40 = 20 log r
Hence
r = 100
Step 2 : For array of 8 elements, we can write n = 8.
Hence Tchebyscheff polynomial of degree (n 1) = 8 1 = 7 is T7 (x).
T7 (x0) = r = 100 = 64 x70 112 x50 + 56 x 03 7x0
\
The value of x0 can be obtained as,
1
1
m
m
1
2
2
x0 =
r + r 1 + r r 1
where m = n 1 = 7
2

TM
5-8
Antenna Arrays
Hence putting r = 100 and m = 7,

1
1
1
2 1 7 + 100 100 2 1 7 = 1.3
x0 =
100
100
+

Step 3 : Consider 8 elements as shown in the Fig. 5.4.

a3
a2
l/2
a0
a0
a1
l/2
l/2
l/2
a1
a3
a2
l/2
l/2
l/2
Fig. 5.4
Hence resultant can be obtained as,
E8 = a 0 z + a 1 4z 3 3z + a 2 16z5 20z 3 + 5z + a 3 64z7 112z5 + 56z 3 7z

Step 4 : Now T7 (x) = E8 and z =
7
So 64x 112x + 56 x 7x = a 0
x
x0
x 3
x
x
3
+ a 1 4
x 0
x 0
x0
3
x 5
x
x
+ a 2 16
20
+5
x
x 0
x0
0
5
3
x 7
x
x
x
+ a 3 64
112
56
7
+
x
x 0
x0
x0
0
Equating equal power terms on both the sides, we can write,

7
x
7
7
7
i) 64x = 64 a 3
a3 = (x0) = (1.3) = 6.274
x
0
5
5
+112 x50 + a 3
x
x
ii) 112 x = 16a 2
112a 3 x a 2 =
16
x0
0
5
) = 112[(1.3)5 + 6.274]
16
= 69.908
3
3
3
56x 03 56a 3 + 20a 2
x
x
x
iii) 56 x = 4 a 1
20 a 2 x + 56 a 3 x a 1 =
4
x0
0
0
3
a1 =
56 (1.3) 3 - 56 ( 6.274) + 20 ( 69.908)

= 292.462
4
x
x
x
iv) 7x = a 0
3a x + 5a 2 x
x
0
0
0
x
7a 3 x
0
TM
5-9
Antenna Arrays
a 0 = -7x 0 + 7a 3 - 5a 2 + 3a = 7(1.3) + 7( 6.274) - 5( 69.908) + 3( 292.462)

a0 = 562.664
\
Hence relative amplitudes are given as,
a3
a
a 1 292.462
6.274
69.908
=
= 46.615
=1 , 2 =
= 11.142 ,
=
a3
6.274
a3
6.274
a3
6.274
a0
562.664
=
= 89.682
a3
6.274
Hence array of 8-elements can be represented as below.
l/2
a3
6.274
1
l/2
a2
l/2
a1
l/2
a0
l/2
a0
l/2
a1
l/2
a2
69.908 292.462 562.664 562.664 292.462 69.908

11.142 46.615
89.682
89.682 46.615
11.142
a3
6.274
1
Current
amplitudes
Relative
amplitudes
Fig. 5.5
qqq
TM
Antennas and Applications

Example 6.10.4
Solution : M = 20, C = 10 cm = 10 10 -2 m,
S = 0.3 l,
f = 3 GHz.
i) The wavelength is given by,

c
3 10 8
=
= 0.1 m
l =
f
3 10 9
ii) The directivity is given by,
15 N S C 2 15 20 0.3 0.1 10 10 -2
=
=
= 900
GD
max
l3
(0.1) 3
iii) Half power beam width is given by,
HPBW =
52
C
l3
52
=
N S 10 10 -2
(0.1) 3
= 21.23
20 0.3 0.1
Example 6.10.5
Solution : Consider axial mode of radiation for helical antenna.
Given : N = Number of turns = 16, S = Spacing = l / 4, C = Circumference = l
i) Beamwidth between half power points is given by,
HPBW =
52
C
52
l3
=
l
NS
l3
52
=
16 ( l / 4)
l
l2
= 26
4
ii) Axial ratio is given by,

1
1
=1+
= 1.03125
AR = 1 +
2N
2 (16)
iii) Directive gain is given by,
D =
15NSC 2
l3
l
15 16 (l) 2
4
=
60
l3
(6 - 1)
TM
6-2
iv) Power pattern is as shown below.
Example 6.11.4
Solution : Aperture given = 81 l2
Directivity,
D =
4p A e
l2
4p 81l2
l2
= 1017.8 = 30.07 dB
Example 6.11.5
Solution : i) The required horn length is given by,
a 2E
L =
8d
In E-plane,
d =
l
,
10
aE = 8l
(8 l) 2
= 80 lm
l
8
10
l
is given by,
Flare angle in E-plane, with d =
10
a
8l
q E = 2 tan - 1 E = 2 tan - 1
= 5.72
2L
2 (80 l)
L =
l
is given by,
4
L
80 l
1
1
- 1 80
q H = 2 cos
L+ d = 2 cos
= 2 cos 80.25 = 9.047

l
80 l + 4
Hence H-plane aperture is given by,
q
9.047
2
a H = 2 L tan H = 2 80 l tan
= 12.65 l m
2
2
Thus half angles in E and H plane are given by,
56
56
HPBW (E-plane) =
= 7
=
a El
8
Flare angle in H-plane, with d =
HPBW (H-plane) =
67
67
=
= 5.296
a Hl
12.65
For a pyramidal horn, the directivity is given by,

TM
6-3
D ~- 10 log (7.5 a EX a HX ) = 10 log (7.5 8 12.65) = 28.8 dB

Example 6.17.10
Solution :
d = Diameter of paraboloid reflector = 6 ft
But
1 ft = 0.3048 m
d = 6 (0.3048) = 1.8288 m
f = Frequency = 6 GHz = 6 10 9 Hz
The beamwidth between first nulls for a circular paraboloid reflector is given by,
3 10 8
c
140 140
9
6
10
140 l
f
=
= 3.8276 = 349'
BWFN =
=
d
d
1.8288
Let us assume that the paraboloid is feed using a dipole for which k = 0.65. Hence capture
area is related with actual mouth area (which is circular in this case) through a relation
given by,
p d2
A0 = kA = 0.65
4
Hence the power gain of paraboloid is given by,
p (1.8288) 2
p d 2
4
p
0
.
65
4 p 0.65
4
4

GP =
= 8582.336
=
2
2
l
3 10 8
6 10 9
Hence the power gain can be expressed in dB as,

G P = 10 log10 (GP) = 10 log10 (8582.336) = 39.3361 dB
( in dB )
Example 6.17.11
Solution : Given : GP (in dB) = 50 dB
f = Frequency = 10 GHz = 10 10 Hz
% h = Efficiency = 70 %
This h indicates that the capture area is 70 % of the actual mouth area (or 0.7 times actual
mouth area). That means it indicates the value of constant k.
i) Now, Gain
GP
( in dB )
= 10 log10 GP
50 = 10 log10 GP
\
GP = 100000
TM
6-4
But the power gain is given by
GP =
\
\
\
100000 =
4 pA 0
l2
p d2
d2
4 p 0.7
(4 p) ( 0.7 ) p
4
4 p ( kA )
4
=
=
=
2
2
l2
3 10 8
c
f

10 10 9
p 2 ( 0.7 ) d 2
9 10 -4
d2 = 13.02701
d =
13.02701 = 3.6093 m
ii) The beamwidth between first nulls is given by,

3 10 8
140
10 10 9
140l
BWFN =
=
d
3.6093
= 1.1636
iii) Half power beamwidth HPBW is given by,

3 10 8
58
10 10 9
58l
HPBW =
=
d
3.6093
= 0.482
qqq
TM

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1

Uniform Plane Waves

b) The frequency is given by,

c) From the given expression, by inspecting negative sign in 10 10 8 t bz i.e. ( wt bz)

Solution : H = 0.2652 cos 4 107 t bz a x = H 0 cos ( wt bz) a x

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Antenna & Wave Propagation

Uniform Plane Waves

Hence the expression of E can be written as,

E = E 0 cos ( wt bz) a y = 100 cos 4 107 t bz a y V m

for free space

H = 0.1cos 6.28 10 8 t + bx a z A m = H 0 cos ( wt + bx) a z A m

i) For free space,

)( a y ) = 37.7 cos (6.28 10 8 t + bx)a y V m

= 37.699 cos 6.28 10 8 t + bx

The standard expression for E is

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By comparison, E 0 = 45p = 141.3716 V m and w = 2 10 8 rad s. For free space, an intrinsic

(Q v = c = 3 10 8 for free space)

H = H 0 cos ( wt + bz) a y = 10cos ( wt + 60 z ) a y A / m

= 3.7699 10 3 cos(wt + 60 z) a x V m = 3.77cos( wt + 60z ) kV / m

w = 2pf = 2p 2.8653 10 9 = 18 10 9 rad / s

Hence the expressions for E and H can be given as,

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Now for perfect dielectric, the velocity of propagation is given by,

Multiplying equations (1) and (2), we get,

For perfect dielectric, the phase constant is given by,

(4p 10 7 2.4114)(8.854 10 12 1.6587)

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The intrinsic impedance of lossless medium is given by,

Time domain expressions of E and H :

Phasor expressions of E and H :

From given data, E 0 = 10 V / m. So by definition,

Also w = 2pf = 2 p 200 10 6 = 1.2566 10 9 rad/s

b = w me = w m 0 (e 0 e r ) = w 25m 0 e 0 = 1.2566 10 9 (5) 4p 10 7 8.854 10 12

So the time domain expression for H is given by,

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( j2 p 15.9 10 6 4 p 10 7 )( 25 + j2 p 15.9 10 6 8.85 10 12 45 )

j (125.5414)(25 + j0.0398) = (125.541490 )( 250.09 )

3138.53590.09 = 56.022645.045 = 39.5828 + j 39.645

\Attenuation constant = a = 39.5828 Np/m

The intrinsic impedance of a medium is given by,

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wm s45 = ( 2pf )(m 0 m r )( s)45

(2 p 125 10 6 )(4p 10 7 1)(58 10 6 ) 45 = 2.3925 10 5 45 m 1

(2 p 125 10 6 )(4p 10 7 1)45

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