Dua jasad dikatakan berada dalam keadaan kesimbangan

terma bila
amount of heat transferred between the two bodies are the
same.
jumlah haba yang dipindah antara dua jasad adalah sama
no net flow of heat between the two bodies
tiada pemindahan bersih haba antara dua jasad tersebut
final temperature of the two bodies are the same
suhu akhir antara dua jasad tersebut adalah sama

LESSON 1 Thermal equilibrium / Kesimbangan terma

The difference between Temperature And Heat
Perbezaan antara suhu dan haba
Temperature / Suhu
Heat / Haba
Is the degree of hotness
Is a form of energy
of a body
Sejenis tenaga
Darjah kepanasan jasad.
Is a base quantity
Is a derived quantity
Merupakan kuantiti asas
Merupakan kuantiti terbitan
Depends upon the kinetic Depend upon temperature, mass
energy of the molecules
and type of material ( spesific heat
Bergantung kepada
capacity or specific latent heat)
tenaga kinetik molekul
Bergantung kepada suhu, jisim
dan jenis bahan (muatan haba
tentu)
The S.I. unit is Kelvin
The S.I. unit is Joule(J)
Unit S.I adalah Kelvin
Unit S.I adalah Joule
Measured by
Measured by Joulemeter
thermometer
Di ukur menggunakan Joulemeter.
Di ukur menggunakan
termometer

Working principle of iquid in glass thermometer

Cara kerja thermometer cecair dalam kaca

When a thermometer is in thermal contact with a hot body,

there is net flow of heat from the hot body to the thermometer.
When thermal equilibrium is reached the net rate of heat
transferred between the body and thermometer is zero. The
temperature of the thermometer is same as heat temperature
of the hot water.
Bila thermometer bersentuh secara terma dengan jasad
panas, terdapat pemindahan bersih haba dari jasad panas ke
thermometer. Bila kesimbangan terma tercapai pemindahan
bersih haba antara jasad tersebut dan thermometer adalah
sifar. Suhu thermometer dan suhu jasad adalah sama.

Tempertaure in the scale of Kelvin(K)

Suhu dalam skala Kelvin
The temperature of a substance in Kelvin, also known as
absolute temperature.
Suhu dalam skala Kelvin juga dinamakan sebagai suhu
mutlak.
o C = ( + 273 ) K

Basic principle of liquid in a glass thermometer.

Prinsip asas termometer cecair di dalam bebuli

Thermal Contact / Sentuhan terma

Two important principles to construct a thermometer are:

Dua prinsip asas penting dalam membina sebuah termometer
1.Thermometric property i.e. a physical quantity which varies
with temperature. For liquid in a glass thermometer the
volume of liquid changes with temperature.
Sifat termometri iaitu kuantiti fizikal yang berubah dengan
suhu. Untuk termometer cecair dalam bebuli isipadu cecair
berubah dengan suhu.

*more heat will flow from hot body to cold body compare to
heat flow from cold body to hot body.
lebih banyak haba dipindah dari jasad panas ke jasad sejuk
berbanding pemindahan haba dari jasad sejuk ke jasad panas.
*there is net flow of heat from hot to cold body.
terdapat pemindahan bersih haba dari jasad panas ke jasad
sejuk
*temperature of hot body decrease temperature of cold body
increase until both achieve same temperature.
Suhu jasad panas menurun dan suhu jasad sejuk meningkat
sehingga kedua-dua jasad mencapai suhu yang sama.

2 Calibration of thermometer i.e the process of marking-up a

scale on a thermometer.
Kalibrasi termometer iaitu proses menanda skala pada
termometer.
To produce a scale for a thermometer, two fixed points of
thermometer must first be selected.
Untuk menanda skala pada termometer, dua suhu tetap
mesti dipilih.
a) Lower fixed point (0oC) is the melting temperature of
pure ice at standard atmospheric pressure.
Takat tetap bawah(0oC)- iaitu takat lebur ais tulin pada
tekanan atomsfera piawai.
b) Upper fixed point (100 o C) is the temperature of steam
a standard atmospheric pressure.

Thermal equilibrium / Kesimbangan Terma

Two bodies in thermal contact are said to be in thermal

equilibrium when

Takat tetap atas(100oC)- iaitu suhu stim pada tekanan

atomsfera piawai.
The formula is used to calibrate a thermometer
Formula untuk kalibrasi termometer

1
using a thinner-walled glass bulb
2
reducing the diameter of the capillary tube
3
smaller bulb
Kepekaan themometer boleh ditingkatkan dengan
1
menggunakan kaca bebuli yang lebih nipis
2
mengurangkan diameter tuib kapilari
3
bebuli yang lebih kecil
Mercury is used in the thermometer because
1
has a higher boiling point
2
does not stick to the glass
3
is opaque and therefore it is easier to read.
4
expands and contracts uniformly
Merkuri digunakan sebagai cecair dalam thermometer kerana
1
takat didih tinggi
2
tidak melekat pada kaca
3
legap dan senang dibaca
4
mengembang dan menguncup dengan seragam

= temperature of a substance / suhu bahan

o= ice point / takat ais
100= steam point / takat stim
xo = the length of the mercury column at ice point
panjang turus merkuri pada takat ais
x100 = the length of the mercury column at steam point
panjang turus merkuri pada takat stim
x = the length of the mercury column when the thermometer
is placed in a substance
panjang turus merkuri bila thermometer diletak dalam
bahan

LESSON 2 UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY, c

Specific Heat Capacity / Muatan haba tentu,c

heat required to change the temperature of 1 kg of

substance by 1C.

haba yang diperlukan untuk menukar suhu 1 kg bahan

sebanyak 1C.

S.I. unit is / unit S.I adalah Jkg-1C-1

Example
Material Specific heat capacity / Muatan haba tentu
A
100 Jkg-1C-1
To increase temperature of 1 kg of A by 1 C 100
joule heat is needed
Untuk meningkatkan suhu 1 kg A sebanyak 1 C 100
joule haba diperlukan
B
500 Jkg-1C-1
To increase temperature of 1 kg of B by 1C 500
joule heat is needed
Untuk meningkatkan suhu 1 kg B sebanyak 1 C 500
joule haba diperlukan

High specific heat capacity meaning object difficult to

become hot/cold

Muatan haba tentu yang tinggi bermakna susah untuk

objek menjadi panas atau sejuk.

Low specific heat capacity meaning object easy to

become hot/cold.

Muatan haba tentu yang rendah bermakna senang

untuk objek menjadi panas atau sejuk.

Example 1
The lengths of the mercury column in a thermometer at the ice
point and the steam point are 12 cm and 20 cm respectively.
When the thermometer is placed in a liquid, the length of the
mercury column is 15 cm. What is the temperature of the
liquid?
Panjang turus merkuri dalam termometer pada takat ais dan
takat stim adalah 12cm dan 20cm masing-masing. Bila
termometer diletakkan dalam cecair, panjang turus merkuri
adalah 15cm. Berapakah suhu cecair tersebut?

Example 2
The lengths of the mercury thread in a thermometer are 4.0 cm
and 24.0 cm respectively at 0C and 100C. What is the
length of the thread when the thermometer is placed in a
substance at 65oC?
Panjang turus merkuri dalam termometer adalah 4.0cm dan
24.0cm masing-masing pada suhu 0C dan 100C. Berapakah
panjang turus merkuri bila thermometer diletakkan dalam
bahan yang bersuhu 65C?

The relationship between m,c, and Q

Hubungan antara m,c, and Q

Mercury Thermometer / Termometer merkuri

Q = mc
Where / dimana,
Q = heat to change temperature of substance
haba untuk menukar suhu bahan

The sensitivity of the thermometer can be increased by

2

m = mass of the substance / jisim bahan

c = specific heat capacity of the substance
muatan haba tentu bahan
= the temperature change / perubahan suhu
Example 3
Calculate the amount of heat that must be transferred to a 2kg
metal to raise the temperature from 30oC to 70oC . (specific
capacity of the metal = 500 J kg -1 o C-1 ).
Hitung jumlah haba yang perlu dipindahkan pada bungkah
logam berjisim 2kg untuk meningkatkan suhunya dari 30C ke
70C.

Pt = mc (2-1)
c =
Pt
.
m (2-1)
*Assumption made that there is no heat loss to surroundings
*Andaian yang dibuat adalah tiada haba hilang ke persekitaran
Precautions / Langkah Berjaga-jaga
(1) Insulates the aluminium cylinder with felt cloth or wool to
decrease the loss of heat to the surroundings.
Tebatkan silinder Aluminum dengan kain felt atau kain bulu
untuk mengurangkan kehilangan haba ke persekitaran.
(2) Some oil is poured into the hole before the thermometer is
inserted for better heat conduction.
Sedikit minyak di tuang kedalam lubang sebelum
thermometer di masukan supaya kekondukisan terma lebih
baik

Example 4
8.4 x 10 5 J of heat energy raises the temperature of 4 kg of
water from 40C to 90C. What is the specific heat capacity of
the water?
8.4 x 10 5 J tenaga haba meningkatkan suhu 4kg air dari 40C
ke 90C. Berapakah muatan haba tentu air?

Discussions / Perbincangan
The value of the specific heat capacity of aluminium ,c
determined in the experiment is larger than the actual value.
This is because the experimental value of the temperature
rise , less than the expected temperature rise due to some
heat loss to the surroundings.The smaller the temperature ,
the greater the specific heat capacity because c = Pt
m
Nilai muatan haba tentu dari eksperimen adalah lebih besar
dari nilai sebenar. Ini adalah kerana kenaikan suhu yang dikira
dalam eksprimen adalah lebih kecil dari nilai yang sepatutnya
kerana terdapatnya kehilangan haba ke persekitaran. Lebih
kecil kenaikan suhu lebih besar nilai muatan haba tentu.

Example 5
0.2 kg of water at 100C is mixed 0.25 kg of water at 10C.
What is the final temperature reached by the mixture?
0.2 kg air pada suhu 100C dicampur dengan 0.25 kg air pada
suhu 10C. Berapakah suhu akhir yang dicapai oleh campuran
tersebut?

Example 6
A 2 kW, 240 V electric heater is used to raise the temperature
of 3 kg of water. If power is supplied for 8 minutes, what is the
increase in temperature of the water? (The specific heat
capacity of water is 4200 J kg -1 C-1)
Sebuah pemanas rendam 2 kW, 240 V digunakan untuk
meningkatkan suhu 3kg air. Jika haba dibekalkan selama 8
minit, berapakah kenaikan suhu air tersebut?(Muatan haba
tentu air ialah 4200 J kg -1 C-1)

To determine the specific heat capacity of aluminium

Menentukan muatan haba tentu aluminium

Power of the heater / Kuasa pemanas rendam = P

Mass of the aluminium cylinder / jisim silinder aluminium = m
The initial temperature of the aluminium = 1
Suhu awal aluminum =1
The electric heater is switched on and the stopwatch is started
simultaneously. After heating for a time, t, the heater is
switched off. The maximum reading on the thermometer is
recorded = 2
Pemanas rendam dan jam randik dihidupkan serentak.
Selepas dihidupkan untuk masa t, pemanas rendam
dimatikan.Suhu akhir maksimum, 2 dicatatkan.
Heat supplied by the heater = Pt
Haba dibekalkan oleh pemanas = Pt
From / dari,
Q=mc

Applications of specific heat capacity.

Aplikasi muatan haba tentu
1) Cooking instruments / Alat memasak

Cooking instruments are made from substances with low

specific heat capacities so that it get heated up quickly when
3

there is only small heat absorption. The handle of the cooking

instruments are made by the substances with high specific
heat capacities so that it does not become hot easily.
Alat memasak dibuat dari bahan yang mempunyai muatan
haba tentu yang rendah supaya ia cepat menjadi panas walau
pun menyerap haba yang sedikit. Pemegang alat memasak
dibuat dari bahan yang mempunyai muatan haba tentu yang
tinggi supaya ia tidak mudah menjadi panas.

LESSON 3 Understanding latent heat / Haba Pendam

Pada waktu malam, darat menyejuk lebih cepat berbanding
laut. Udara di atas laut lebih panas dan berketumpatan
rendah. Udara diatas laut akan naik ke atas dan menghasilkan
kawasan tekanan rendah. Ini menyebabkan angin akan
bertiup dari darat ke laut.
* heat energy required to change the state of a substance
(phase change) without change in temperature
* haba yang diperlukan untuk menukar keadaan jirim bahan
tanpa perubahan suhu.
* Latent heat of fusion is heat required to change solid to liquid.
* Haba pendam pelakuran ialah haba yang diperlukan untuk
menukar keadaan jirim dari pepejal ke cecair
* Latent heat of vaporisation is heat required to change liquid
to gas.
* Haba pendam pengewapan ialah haba yang diperlukan
untuk menukar keadaan jirim dari cecair ke gas.

2) Radiator

In a car engine cooling system, water is circulated through

pipes around the engine block to absorb energy from the hot
engine and so to keep it cool. From the cylinder block, the
water passes into radiator where it is cooled by air drawn in
by radiator fan. The cool water is re-circulated through the
engine to absorb the heat and this cycle is repeated
continuously while the engine is running.
Dalam sistem penyejuk enjin kenderaan, air dipamkan dari
tangki radiator melalui paip berdekatan dengan blok enjin
untuk menyerap haba dari enjin dan menyejukan enjin. Dari
blok enjin air dipamkan balik ke dalam tangki radiator dimana
ia akan disejukkan oleh udara yang disedut oleh kipas
radiator. Air yang sejuk kemudian di pamkan balik melalui
enjin untuk menyerap haba dan kitaran ini diulang berulang
kali bila enjin kenderaan dihidupkan.

Heating curve / Graf pemanasan

Melting point / takat lebur = 80o C

Boiling point / takat didih = 218o C
AB= Solid / pepejal, BC = solid & liquid / pepejal & cecair
CD = liquid / cecair DE = liquid + gas / cecair & gas
EF = gas / gas

3) Sea breeze and Land breeze

At AB,CD dan EF / Pada AB, CD dan EF :

Temperature rises because the heat supplied increases the
kinetic energy of naphthalene.
Suhu meningkat sebab haba yang dibekalkan meningkatkan
tenaga kinetic naftalena.

In daytime the sun warms the land to higher temperature than

the sea. It is because land has a lower specific heat capacity
than sea-water. The air above the land is hotter and has low
density. The air above the land rises up, creating area of low
pressure. This causes wind to blow from sea to land, hence a
sea-breeze is obtained.
Pada waktu siang, matahari memanaskan darat ke suhu yang
lebih tinggi berbanding laut. Ini adalah kerana darat
mempunyai muatan haba tentu yang lebih kecil berbanding air
laut. Udara di atas darat lebih panas dan berketumpatan
rendah. Udara diatas darat akan naik ke atas dan
menghasilkan kawasan tekanan rendah. Ini menyebabkan
angin akan bertiup dari laut ke darat.
At night the land cool down faster than sea. The air above the
sea is hotter and has low density. The air above the sea rises
up creating area of low pressure. This causes wind to blow
from land to sea, hence a land-breeze is produce.

At BC,DE / Pada BC dan DE :

The latent heat is absorbed to provide the energy to overcome
the bonding forces between the molecules. The energy
absorbed does not increase the kinetic energy of the
molecules, so the temperature remains constant.
Suhu tidak meningkat kerana haba yang dibekalkan
digunakan untuk mengatasi ikatan antara molekul dan bukan
untuk meningkatkan tenaga kinetik molekul naftalena.
Cooling curve / Graf penyejukan

AB= Gas / gas BC = Gas & Liquid / gas & cecair

CD = Liquid / cecair DE = Liquid & Solid / cecair & gas
EF = Solid & pepejal

Example 8
Calculate the energy needed to increase temperature of 2kg
ice at 0 o C to water at 20o C.(The specific heat capacity
of water = 4.2 x 103 J kg-1 o C-1 ,The specific latent heat
of fusion of ice = 3.34 x 105 J kg-1)
Hitung haba yang diperlukan untuk meningkatkan suhu 2kg
ais pada 0 o C ke air pada 20o C (muatan haba tentu air =4.2 x
103 J kg-1 o C-1 , haba haba pendam tentu pelakuran ais =
3.34 x 105 J kg-1)

At AB,CD dan EF / Pada AB, CD dan EF:

Heat is released to the surroundings and the kinetic energy of
the molecules decreases, resulting in a fall in the temperature
Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran dan tenaga kinetik molekul
berkurang menyebabkan suhu menurun
At BC,DE / Pada BC,DE:
The latent heat is released to the surroundings as the
molecules become more closely pack, so the temperature
remains constant.
Haba pendam dibebaskan ke persekitaran dan pembentukan
ikatan berlaku menyebabkan suhu kekal malar.

To determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice

The specific latent heat of fusion, L

Haba pendam tentu pelakuran, L
*quantity heat of energy required to change 1 kg of a
substance from the solid state to the liquid state, without a
change in temperature.
* haba yang diperlukan untuk menukar keadaan 1 kg jirim dari
pepejal ke cecair tanpa perubahan suhu

Power of the heater / Kuasa pemanas rendam = P

Mass of empty beaker A / jisim bikar kosong A = m1
Mass of empty beaker B / jisim bikar kosong A = m2
Time of heating / masa pemanasan = t
Mass of beaker A + water / jisim bikar A + air = m3
Mass of beaker B + water / jisim bikar B + air = m4
Mass of ice melted by the electric immersion heater,
Jisim ais yang melebur disebabkan oleh pemanas rendam
m = (m3 - m1) - (m4 - m2)
On the assumption that there is no heat loss to surroundings
Menggunakan andaian tiada haba hilang ke persekitaran
Pt = mL
L = Pt
m
Precautions
The immersion heater must be fully immersed in the ice cubes
to avoid or reduce heat loss.
Pemanas rendam perlu di terbenam sepenuhnya dalam ais
untuk mengurangkan haba yang hilang ke persekitaran.

The specific latent heat of Vaporisation, L

Haba pendam tentu pengewapan, L
*quantity heat of energy required to change 1 kg of a
substance from the liquid state to the gaseous state, without a
change in temperature.
* haba yang diperlukan untuk menukar keadaan 1 kg jirim dari
cecair ke gas tanpa perubahan suhu
*The S.I. unit of L is Jkg-1 / Unit S.I untuk L ialah Jkg-1
The relationship between m,l and Q

Q = ml
Where / dimana,
Q = the heat energy to change state of matter
haba yang diperlukan untuk menukar keadaan jirim
m = the mass of the substance / jisim bahan
l = the specific latent heat of the substance
haba pendam tentu bahan

Discussions
The value of the specific latent heat of fusion of ice determined
in the experiment is larger than the standard value. This is
because the experimental value of the mass of ice melted is
less than the expected value due to some heat loss to the
surroundings. The smaller the mass m, the greater the specific
latent heat of fusion of ice.
Nilai haba pendam tentu pelakuran ais yang ditentukan
melalui eksprimen adalah lebih besar dari nilai sebenar kerana
jisim ais yang melebur dalam eksprimen adalah lebih kecil dari
nilai sebenar. Ini adalah kerana terdapatnya haba yang hilang
ke persekitaran. Lebih kecil jisim ais yang melebur lebih besar
haba pendam tentu pelakuran ais.
L = Pt

Example 7
Calculate the quantity of heat required to melt 2.0 kg ice at 0 o
C.(The specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 x 105 J kg-1)
Hitung kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk mencairkan 2kg ais
pada suhu 0 o C (Haba pendam tentu pelakuran ais =
3.34 x 105 J kg-1)

LESSON 4 GAS LAW / Hukum Gas

Example 9
A 800 W electric heater is used to boil water. What is the time
required to reduce the mass of water by 4 kg after the water
has reached its boiling point? [Specific latent heat of
vaporization of water = 2.26 x 106 J kg -1]
Sebuah pemanas rendam 800W digunakan untuk
mendidihkan air. Berapakah masa yang diperlukan untuk
mengurangkan jisim air sebanyak 4kg selepas air mencapai
takat didih? [Haba pendam tentu pengewapan air = 2.26 x 106
J kg -1]

pengewapan dibebaskan oleh stim yang mengalami

kondensasi .

Boyles Law / Hukum Boyle

Pressure of gas inversely proportional to volume is mass and
temperature is kept constant.
Tekanan gas berkadar songsang dengan isipadunya jika jisim
dan suhu dikekalkan malar.
pv = constant /
malar
p1v1 = p2v2

Example 10
0.5 kg of a solid is heated by a 100 W heater. The graph
shows how the temperature substance varies with time.
Sebuah bahan pepejal berjisim 0.5kg dipanaskan oleh
pemanas rendam 100W. Graf menunjukkan bagaimana suhu
bahan tersebut berubah dengan masa.

When the volume of a gas is decreased, the number of

molecules per unit volume increases.
Bila isipadu gas berkurang, bilangan molekul per unit isipadu
bertambah.
The molecules collide more frequently with the walls of the
container.
Molekul gas berlanggar lebih kerap dengan dinding bekas.
This increase in the rate of collision between the gas
molecules and the container, results in an increase in the
pressure exerted by the gas.
Ini meningkatkan kadar pelanggaran antara molekul gas
dengan dinding bekas, yang meningkatkan tekanan gas.

Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of the solid.

Hitung haba pendam tentu pelakuran bahan tersebut.

Example 11
A mixture of air and petrol vapor is drawn into the cylinder of a
car engine when the cylinder volume is 120 cm3. Its pressure is
then 2 Pa. The valve closes and mixture is compressed until its
volume is 15 cm3. What is its pressure now?
Campuran udara dan wap petrol dilalukan ke dalam silinder,
enjin sebuah kereta bila isipadu silinder ialah 120 cm3.
Tekanannya pada masa itu adalah 2Pa. Injap ditutup dan
campuran tersebut dimampatkan sehingga isipadunya menjadi
15cm3. Berapakah tekanannya sekarang?

Applications of Latent Heat in Everyday Life

Aplikasi haba pendam
(1) Sweating cools our bodies. The sweat evaporates and
the body heat is removed as the latent heat of
vaporization, thus our body temperature is decreased.
Peluh menyejukkan badan kita. Bila peluh tersejat, haba
dari badan dibebaskan sebagai haba pendam
pengewapan menyebabkan suhu badan menurun.
(2) Drinks can be cooled by adding in several cubes of ice.
When the ice is melting, the latent heat of fusion is
absorbed from the drinks. The temperature of the drinks is
lowered.
Minuman boleh disejukkan dengan menambahkan
beberapa ketulan ais. Bila ais melebur, haba pendam
pelakuran diserap dari minuman. Suhu minuman
menurun.
(3) Food can be cooked by using steam. Food received a
large amount of energy when the latent heat of
vaporization of steam released from condensing steam.
Makanan dapat dimasak menggunakan stim. Makanan
menerima haba yang banyak bila haba pendam

Example 12
An air bubble has a volume 2.0 cm3 at a depth 40m in the sea.
What is the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the
surface of the seawater? [Assume the atmospheric pressure is
equivalent to 10 m of water]
Sebuah gelembung udara mempunyai isipadu 2.0 cm3 pada
kedalaman 40 m di laut. Berapakah isipadu gelembung udara
bila ia sampai kepermukaan laut. [Anggap tekanan atmosfera
bersamaan dengan 10m air].

Pressure Law / Hukum Tekanan

Pressure of gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature
if volume and mass is constant.
Tekanan gas berkadar langsung dengan suhu mutlak jika
isipadu dan jisim gas adalah malar.

V = constant / malar
T
V1 = V2
T1 T2
When a gas is heated, the average kinetic energy of the
molecules increases. Temperature of gas increase.
Bila gas dipanaskan, tenaga kinetik purata molekul
bertambah.
Suhu gas bertambah.
The rate of collision between the molecules and the walls will
increase if the volume is constant.
Kadar pelanggaran antara molekul gas dan dinding bekas
bertambah jika isipadu adalah malar.
It the gas is allowed to expand, the faster molecules now
move in a bigger space.
Jika gas dibenarkan untuk mengembang, molekul gas yang
lebih laju akan bergerak dalam ruang yang lebih besar.
Therefore, the rate of collision between the molecules and
the walls remain constant and thus the pressure is constant.
Ini menyebabkan kadar pelanggaran antara molekul gas dan
dinding bekas adalah malar dan tekanan adalah malar.

P = constant / malar
T
P1 = P2
T1 T2

When a gas is heated, the average kinetic energy increases.

The temperature of the gas increases.
Bila gas dipanaskan, tenaga kinetik purata molekul gas
bertambah.
The faster moving molecules strike the walls of the container
more frequently.
Molekul gas berlanggar dengan dinding bekas dengan lebih
kerap.
Thus, the pressure of the gas increases.
Tekanan gas bertambah.

Example 14
A sample of gas has a volume 100 cm3 at 20o C. To what
temperature would you have to heat if you wanted to double
the volume to 200 cm3.
Suatu sampel gas mempunyai isipadu 100 cm3 at 20C. Ke
suhu berapakah gas tersebut perlu dipanaskan jika anda ingin
mengandakan isipadunya ke 200 cm3?

Example 13
A cylinder of oxygen at 27o C has a gas pressure at 3 x 106 Pa.
What is the temperature of the oxygen if the cylinder is cooled
and the new pressure of the gas is 2.73 x 106 Pa?
Silinder oksigen pada suhu 27o C mempunyai tekanan 3 x 106
Pa. Berapakah suhu oksigen jika silinder disejukkan dan
tekanannya menjadi 2.73 x 106 Pa?

Charless Law / Hukum Charles

Volume of gas directly proportional to absolute temperature if
mass and pressure is constant.
Isipadu gas berkadar langsung dengan suhu mutlak jika jisim
dan tekanan adalah malar.

..
2. Diagram 8.1 shows a 500W electric heater being used to
heat a beaker of water on a compression balance.

QUESTIONS
1

(a) State the energy change involved when using the

heater to heat the water.

The blocks P and Q in Figure 1 have the same mass.

They are immersed in boiling water for a long time. P and
Q are then transferred into beakers X and Y respectively
as shown in Figure 2.

.......................................................................[ 1 mark ]
(b) The mass of water is 0.5 kg and the specific heat
capacity of water is 4200 J kg- C-. The initial
temperature of the water is 30 C. Calculate the energy
absorbed by the water to reach its boiling point.

[ 2 marks ]
(c) When the water is boiling, the reading of the
compression balance decreases by 0.0125 kg in 60 s.
Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporization of
the water.

Figure 1
Figure 2
The mass of water in both beakers X and Y is 0.25 kg
and the initial temperature of the water in each beaker is
the same.
Specific heat capacity of P is 900 J kg-1 o C-1
Specific heat capacity of Q is 390 J kg-1 o C-1
Specific heat capacity of water is 4 200 J kg-1 o C-1
(a) (i)

[ 2 marks ]
(d) Q, R and S are three different hot plates. These hot
plates are used to heat roti canai. Table 8 shows the
characteristics of each plate.

State the initial temperature of the blocks.

..

(ii)

Why is the final temperature of the water in

beaker X higher than that in beaker Y?
..

(b)

(i) Calculate the rise in temperature of water in

beaker Y if block Q release 8 400 J of heat
energy.

The initial temperature of each plate is 30 C. The

plates are ready to use when their temperature
reaches 200C. Calculate the time taken to reach
200C for each plate.
(i) Plate Q

ii)

(ii) Plate R

State one assumption which you have made

in b(i).

(iii) Plate S

.................................................................... [1]
4. Diagram 5.1 and 5.2 show instrument K being used to
measure pressure for a fixed mass of gas in an air tight
container.
Rajah 5.1 dan 5.2 menunjukkan alat K digunakan untuk
mengukur tekanan gas berjisim tetap didalalm bekas
kedap udara.

[5 marks]
(e) (i) Based on the answer in 8(d), which plate is the most
suitable for heating roti canai?
......................................................................[ 1 mark ]
(ii) State one reason for the answer in 8(e)(i)
.................................................................[ 1 mark ]
3. Fig. 4.1 shows apparatus that could be used to measure the
specific latent heat of ice.

(a) Name the instrument K. / Namakan alat K.

.. [1 mark]
(b) Based on the observation of Diagram 5.1 and 5.2,
Berdasarkan pada pemerhatian pada Rajah 5.1 dan 5.2
(i) compare the volume of the gas
bandingkan isipadu gas

Fig 4.1
(a) Underline the correct answer. The heat absorbed during
melting is known as latent heat of (vaporization, fusion)
[1]

.. [1 mark]
(ii) compare the pressure of the gas
bandingkan tekanan gas

(b) Explain why the temperature remain constant during the

melting process even though heat is supplied by
heater?

.. [1 mark]
(iii) State the assumption made while performing the
experiment.
Nyatakan satu andaian yang dibuat semasa melakukan
eksprimen ini

.
..[1]
(b) In an experiment, 120 g of ice at 0 C is to be melted.
The specific latent heat of ice is 340 J/g. Assume that
all the energy from the heater will be used to melt the
ice. Calculate the expected time for which the 60 W
heater is switched on.

.. [1 mark]
(c) Using your answers in (b)(i) and (b)(ii), sketch the graph of
pressure against volume of the gas.
Menggunakan jawapan anda pada b(i) dan b(ii), lakarkan
graf tekanan melawan isipadu gas.
[2]

(c) When the experiment is carried out, the ice melts in

slightly less time than the expected time.
(i) State one reason why this happens.

(d) Name the physics law which is involved in the above

observation.
Namakan hukum fizik yang terlibat dalam pemerhatian di
atas.

............................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest one modification to the experiment that
would reduce the difference between the
experimental time and the expected time.

.... [1 mark]

(e) Using the kinetic theory of matter, explain why pressure

changes when the gas volume changes.
Menggunakan teori kinetik jirim, terangkan mengapa
tekanan berubah bila isipadu gas berubah.

(d) The tyre in Diagram 7 is not suitable to be used on a

muddy road. Suggest modifications to be done based on
the characteristics given.
Tayar di dalam Rajah 7 tidak sesuai digunakan di atas
jalan berlumpur. Cadangkan pengubahsuaian yang perlu
dilakukan berdasarkan ciri-ciri yang diberi.
(i) Surface area of the tyre / Luas permukaan tayar

..............................................................................................
................................................................................[2 marks]

.............................................................................[1 mark]
5.Diagram 7 shows a tyre of a car that is going to be used to
travel from Kuala Lumpur to Kuala Terengganu.
Rajah 7 menunjukkan tayar kereta yang akan digunakan
untuk perjalanan dari Kuala Lumpur ke Kuala Terengganu.

(ii) Reason / sebab

............................................................................[1 mark]
(iii) The track of the tyre / Alur pada tayar
............................................................................[1 mark]

Diagram 7
(a) After the long journey,
Selepas perjalanan jauh,
(i) what happen to the temperature of the air in the tyre?
apa yang berlaku kepada suhu udara dalam tayar?

(iv) Reason / sebab

............................................................................[1 mark]

..............................................................................[1 mark]
(ii) state one other physical quantity that will also change.
nyatakan satu kuantiti fizik lain yang akan berubah
.............................................................................[1 mark]
(b) Based on the answers in (a) (i) and (a) (ii), name the gas
law involve.
Berdasarkan pada jawapan di (a)(i) dan a(ii), namakan
hukum gas yang terlibat.
................................................................................[1mark]
c) Before a long journey, the driver checked the air pressure of
his car tyres. The air pressure of the tyres was 200 kPa at
a temperature 27C. After the journey, the air pressure of
the tyres was found to have increased to 230 kPa. What is
the temperature of the air in the tyre after the journey?
[Assume the volume of the tyre is constant]
Sebelum memulakan perjalanan, seorang pemandu telah
memeriksa tekanan udara tayar keretanya. Tekanan udara
tayar ialah 200 kPa pada suhu 27C. Selepas
perjalanan tersebut, tekanan udara dalam tayar didapati
meningkat dengan tekanan udara 230 kPa. Berapakah
suhu udara selepas perjalanan tersebut. [ Anggapkan
isipadu tayar tidak berubah]

[3 marks]

10