FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

BEKE 3533 : ELECTRICAL MACHINE

ASSIGNMENT
INDUCTION MOTOR AND SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

1. MUHAMAD SYAHRIL AKIF BIN ABDULLAH

B011410253

2. MUHD NAJIHUDDIN BIN SUHARDI

B011410192

3 BEKG S1

DR. KASRUL BIN ABDUL RAHIM

CHAPTER 1
INDUCTION MOTOR
QUESTION 1
220-V three-phase six-pole 50-Hz induction motor is running at a slip of 3.5 percent. Find:
(a) The speed of the magnetic fields in revolutions per minute
(b) The speed of the rotor in revolutions per minute
(c) The slip speed of the rotor
(d) The rotor frequency in hertz

QUESTION 2
A 208-V six-pole Y-connected 25-hp design class B induction motor is tested in the laboratory, with the
following results:
No load: 208 V, 24.0 A, 1400 W, 60 Hz
Locked rotor: 24.6 V, 64.5 A, 2200 W, 15 Hz
Dc test: 13.5 V, 64 A
Find the equivalent circuit of this motor, and plot its torque-speed characteristic curve.

QUESTION 3
A 460-V 60-Hz four-pole Y-connected induction motor is rated at 25 hp. The equivalent circuit
parameters are

For a slip of 0.02, find

(a) The line current IL .
(b) The stator power factor .
(c) The rotor frequency .
(d) The stator copper losses PSCL .
(e) The air-gap power PAG .
(f) The power converted from electrical to mechanical form Pconv .
(g) The induced torque Tind .
(h) The load torque Tload .
(i) The overall machine efficiency .
(j) The motor speed in revolutions per minute and radians per second .

CHAPTER 2
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Explain in details the construction, operating principles , real practical application and current
research of synchronous generatior with appropriate figures to support your arguments.

2.1

CONSTRUCTION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

A Synchronous Generator is an electrical machine that able to convert a mechanical

energy into electrical energy. The construction of Synchronous Generator must be consists of
two part which are rotor and stator. A rotor is a component part that always rotating. Otherwise,
a stator is a component part that static. Either rotor or stator is mounted by permanent magnets to
produce a magnetic field of a synchronous generator. The permanent magnets in synchronous
generator is used to produce excitation field.

Figure 2.1.1 : Cutaway view of a synchronous generator

Figure 2.1.1 shows that the cutaway view of a synchronous generator. For a stator part, it
consistso of stator frame, laminated steel stator core, and armature winding. Stator frame is an
outermost body of machine. It is made up of cast iron and it is to protects the inner parts of
machine. Laminated steel stator core is made up of silicon steel material. It is made from a
number of stamps which are insulated from each other. It is function to provide an easy path for
the magnetic lines of force and accommodate the stator winding.

Next is Stator Winding, Slots are cut on the inner periphery of the stator core in which 3
phase or 1 phase winding is placed. Enameled copper is used as winding material. The winding
is star connected. The winding of each phase is distributed over several slots. When the current
flows in a distributed winding it produces an essentially sinusoidal space distribution of EMF.

Figure 2.1.2 : Salient Pole Rotor

Figure 2.1.3 : Cylindrical Rotor

Otherwise, for a rotor part, there are two types of rotor construction, salient pole and
cylindrical rotor. The components of rotor consists of field windings, pole core, spider, damper
winding. The term salient means projecting. Thus, a salient pole rotor consists of poles projecting
out from the surface of the rotor core. The end view of a typical 6 pole salient pole rotor is
shown below in the figure 2.1.2. Since the rotor is subjected to changing magnetic fields, it is
made of steel laminations to reduce eddy current losses. Poles of identical dimensions are
assembled by stacking laminations to the required length. A salient pole synchronous machine
has a non uniform air gap. The air gap is minimized under the pole centers and it is maximum in
between the poles. They are constructed for the medium and low speeds as they have a large
number of poles. A salient pole generator has a large diameter. The salient pole rotor has the
following important parts.
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A Spider is made of cast iron to provide an easy path for the magnetic flux. It is keyed to
the shaft and at the outer surface, pole core and pole shoe are keyed to it. Pole Core is made of
laminated sheet steel material. Pole core provides least reluctance path for the magnetic field and
pole shoe distributes the field over the whole periphery uniformly to produce a sinusoidal wave.
Field Winding is wound on the former and then placed around the pole core. DC supply is given
to it through slip rings. When direct current flow through the field winding, it produces the
required magnetic field. Damper winding is At the outermost periphery, holes are provided in
which copper bars are inserted and short-circuited at both the sides by rings forming Damper
winding.
A Cylindrical Rotor is In this type of rotor, there are no projected poles, but the poles are
formed by the current flowing through the rotor exciting winding. Cylindrical rotors are made
from solid forgings of high-grade nickel chrome molybdenum steel. It has a comparatively small
diameter and long axial length. They are useful in high-speed machines. The cylindrical rotor
type alternator has two or four poles on the rotor. Such a construction provides a greater
mechanical strength and permits more accurate dynamic balancing. The smooth rotor of the
machine makes less windage losses and the operation is less noisy because of the uniform air
gap. Figure 2.1.3 above shows the end view of the 2 pole and 4 pole cylindrical rotors.
They are driven by steam or gas turbines. Cylindrical synchronous rotor synchronous
generators are called turbo alternators and turbo generators. The machines are built in a number
of rating from 10 MVA to over 1500 MVA. The biggest size used in India has a rating of 500
MVA installed in the super thermal power plant.
A Rotor Core is made of silicon steel stampings. It is placed on the shaft. At the outer
periphery, slots are cut in which exciting coils are placed. Slip Rings provide DC supply to the
rotor windings. Brushes are made up of carbon, and they slip over the slip rings. A DC supply is
given to the brushes. Current flows from the brushes to the slip rings and the to the exciting
windings. Bearings are provide between the shaft and the outer stationary body to reduce the
friction. They are made up of high carbon steel. The shaft is made of mild steel. Mechanical
power is taken or given to the machine through the shaft.

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2.2

OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

The alternators work on the principle of electromagnetic induction.When there is a

relative motion between the conductors and the flux,emf gets induced in the conductors .The dc
generators also work on the same principle .The only difference in practical synchronous
generator and a dc generator is that in an alternator the conductors are stationary and field is
rotating.But for understanding, purpose we can always consider relative motion of conductors
w.r.t the flux produced by the field winding. Consider a relative motion of a single conductor
under the magnetic field produced by two stationary poles.The magnetic axis of two poles
produced by field is vertical,shown dotted in below figure.

Figure 2.2.1 : Two Pole Alternator

Let conductor starts rotating from position 1.at this instant,the entire velocity component
is parallel to the flux lines .Hence there is no cutting of flux lines by the conductor.So d@/dt at
this instant is zero and hence induced emf in the conductor is also zero. As the conductor moves
from position 1 to position 2,the part of the velocity component becomes perpendicular to the
flux lines and proportional to that,emf gets induced in the conductor.The magnitude of such an
induced emf increases as conductor moves from position 1 to 2.

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At position 2 ,the entire velocity component is perpendicular to the flux lines .Hence
there exists cutting of the flux lines.And at this instant,the induced emf in the conductor is at its
maximum.As the position of conductor changes from 2 to 3 ,the velocity component
perpendicular to the flux starts decreasing and hence induced emf magnitude also starts
decreasing.At position 3,again the entire velocity component is parallel to the flux lines and
hence at this instant induced emf in the conductor is zero.
As the conductor moves from 3 to 4 ,velocity component perpendicular to the flux lines
again starts increasing.But the direction of velocity component now is opposite to the direction
of velocity component existing during the movement of the conductor from position 1 to 2.
Hence an induced emf in the conductor increase but in the opposite direction.

Figure 2.2.2 : Graph of e.m.f vs time

At position 4,it achieves maxima in the opposite direction,as the entire velocity
component becomes perpendicular to flux lines.Again from position 4 to 1,induced emf
decreases and finally at position again becomes zero.This cycle continues as conductor rotates at
a certain speed.So if we plot the magnitudes of the induced emf against the time,we get an
alternating nature of the induced emf shown figure above.

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2.3

REAL PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

1.

Stationary Field Synchronous Generator

Figure 2.3.1 : Stationary Field Synchronous AC Generator

In a stationary field generator, the stator in the form of fixed permanent magnets (or
electromagnets fed by DC) provides the magnetic field and the current is generated in the rotor
windings. When the rotor coil is rotated at constant speed in the field between the stator poles the
EMF generated in the coil will be approximately sinusoidal, the actual waveform being
dependent on the size and shape of the magnetic poles. The peak voltage occurs when the
moving conductor is passing the centre line of the magnetic pole. It diminishes to zero when the
conductor is in the space between the poles and it increases to a peak in the opposite direction as
the conductor approaches the centre line of the opposite pole of the magnet. The frequency of the
waveform is directly proportional to the speed of rotation. The magnitude of the wave is also
proportional to the speed until the magnetic circuit saturates when rate of voltage increase, as the
speed increases, slows dramatically.

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The alternating current output generated in the rotor can be connected to external circuits
via slip rings and does not need a commutator.Typical applications are portable AC generators
with output power up to 5 kilowatts. Small low cost applications such as domestic wind turbine
generators are usually designed to run at high speed. For a given power handling requirement,
the higher the speed, the lower the required torque. This means that the generator can be smaller
and lighter. Furthermore, the high speed generator needs fewer poles, simplifying the design and
reducing the costs.
The output frequency is proportional to the number of poles per phase and the rotor speed
in the same way as a synchronous motor.
Rotor Speed (rpm)
No of Poles
Frequency
50 Hz
Frequency
60 Hz

10

12

3000

1500

1000

750

600

500

3600

1800

1200

900

720

600

Table 2.3.1 : Motor Speed

2.

Automotive Alternators
The automotive generator is a variable speed AC machine delivering a fixed level DC

output. The typical generator is a self excited alternating current machine. By using an alternator
rather than a DC generator the use of a commutator and its potential reliability problems can be
avoided. However, direct current is required for all the loads in the vehicle including the battery
and furthermore, the DC output voltage must be constant regardless of the engine speed or the
current load. The charging system must therefore include a rectifier to convert the AC to DC and
a regulator to maintain the generated voltage within design limits independent of the engine
speed.

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The rotor is driven by the engine and provides the field excitation. Its speed is directly
related to the engine speed and depends on the ratios of the gearing or pulleys driving it. The
output current is taken from the stator. Automotive alternators are usually three phase machines
to enable a compact design and at the same time a reduction in the current in the stator windings
by spreading it between three sets of windings. This also gives a reduction in the potential
voltage ripple after rectification.

Figure 2.3.2 : Automotive Alternators

Figure 2.3.3 : Claw Pole Rotor

The rotor is a claw pole rotor in which the two ends of the rotor form the north and south
poles of an electromagnet. The "claws" extend between each other effectively producing
alternate north and south poles as they pass the stator poles. The rotor current energising the
electromagnet is fed from the stator windings via three auxiliary diodes which rectify it, before
passing it through two slip rings to a single rotor coil.

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The moving magnetic field associated with the rotor poles causes a current to flow in the
stator windings as the field passes over the stator conductors. The three phase current produced
by the alternator is rectified in a full wave, diode bridge circuit to produce a DC output. The
alternator EMF is directly proportional to the alternator (or engine) speed. The alternator is
however designed to deliver full voltage, normally 14.2 Volts for a 12 Volt nominal lead acid
battery, at idle speed and to maintain the output voltage constant at this level as the engine speed
increases.
To prevent the battery from being overcharged the DC output voltage must be kept below
the 14.2 Volts maximum charging voltage specified for the battery. This is the function of the
regulator which senses the alternator's output voltage and if it is greater than the 14.2 Volts
reference voltage, provided by a Zener diode, it interrupts the current to the field (rotor) coil.
Without a field current the alternator voltage begins to fall. When the alternator voltage falls
below the reference voltage, current will be supplied to the field coil once more maintaining the
output voltage at the desired level. The rotor thus receives a pulsed DC current over the engine
operating speed range, smoothed somewhat by the rotor winding inductance. Alternative designs
monitor the load current on the alternator and provide a feedback mechanism using pulse width
modulation to control the stator current to provide a constant output voltage regardless of the
load..

3.

Diesel Electric Locomotive Alternators

In later diesel electric locomotives and diesel electric multiple units, the prime mover

turns an alternator which provides electricity for the traction motors (AC or DC). The traction
alternator usually incorporates integral silicon diode rectifiers to provide the traction motors with
up to 1200 volts DC (DC traction, which is used directly) or the common inverter bus (AC
traction, which is first inverted from dc to three-phase ac).

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The diesel engine in the locomotive is hooked to a generator (on old lower hp units) or an
alternator (on most things except low-end switchers since the late-'60s). The electrical power is
routed from the DC generator on the older units to traction motors, usually 1 per axle, which are
wired in series, parallel, or series-parallel depending on the throttle notch. On the newer units,
the AC power provided by the alternator is routed to a rectifier which turns it into DC power
which is then routed to the traction motors in the same manner as the other units.
The newest "AC" locomotives such as General Electric's AC4400CW or EMD's
SD70MAC also produce power with the diesel which turns an alternator producing AC current.
These locomotives also rectify this power to DC, but then "chop" it back to AC using inverters.
This AC power then goes to AC traction motors which are more expensive but much more
durable than DC traction motors. The reason for the change to DC and back to AC is to make
sure that the AC current is a constant 60 Hz, even though the engine is changing speeds.

Figure 2.3.4 : Diesel Electric Locomotive Alternators

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4.

Marine Alternators

Figure 2.3.5 : Marine Alternators

Marine alternators used in yachts are similar to automotive alternators, with appropriate
adaptations to the salt-water environment. Marine alternators are designed to be explosion proof
so that brush sparking will not ignite explosive gas mixtures in an engine room environment.
They may be 12 or 24 volt depending on the type of system installed. Larger marine diesels may
have two or more alternators to cope with the heavy electrical demand of a modern yacht. On
single alternator circuits, the power may be split between the engine starting battery and the
domestic or house battery (or batteries) by use of a split-charge diode (battery isolator) or a
voltage-sensitive relay.

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2.4

CURRENT RESEARCH OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

1.

Armature Reaction Effect in Synchronous Generator.

Rotating electrical machine works based on Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction

there would be an emf induced in the Armature.Therefore, when a rotor of Synchronous

Generator rotates, a voltage is induced in the generator's Armature (Stator). The conductor of
armatures cut the flux of magnetic field and hence there would be changing flux linkage with
these armature conductor.Thus, as soon as the load is connected with armature terminals, there is
an current flowing in the Armature. As soon as current starts flowing through the armature
conductors there is one Reverse Effect of this current on the Main Field Flux of the Synchronous
Generator. This reverse effect is referred as Armature Reaction in Synchronous Generator.So,
according to armature reaction, flux is reduced or distorted, the net emf induced is also affected
and hence the performance of the machine degrades.
It has two undesirable effects, either it distorts the main field or it reduces the main field
flux or both. They deteriorate the performance of the machine. When the field gets distorted, it is
known as cross magnetizing effect. and when the field flux gets reduced, it is known as
demagnetizing effect.
In lagging power-factor mode, line current is lagging terminal voltage. This causes
armature-flux to weaken the air-gap flux produced by the field-coil alone. Reactive power
(lagging) is the magnetic field energy, so if the generator supplies a lagging load, this implies
that it is supplying magnetic energy to the load. Since this power comes from excitation of
synchronous machine, the net reactive power gets reduced in the generator. Hence, the armature
reaction leads demagnetizing impact.

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2.

Design of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Different types of permanent magnet generators for wind power application have been

subject of research during last two decades. In this thesis different topologies of electrical
generators have been investigated for small scale vertical axis wind turbine application. A two
stage induction generator is proposed as a alternative solution with respect to the cost of such a
system. However, a biggest emphasis in the report has been put on the design of Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) suitable for a small scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
(VAWT)T he characteristics of PMSG makes it highly compatible for variable speed Wind
Energy Conversion System (WECS) without any pitch mechanism.
Different types of permanent magnet generators for wind power application have been
subject of research during last two decades. In this thesis different topologies of electrical
generators have been investigated for small scale vertical axis wind turbine application. A two
stage induction generator is proposed as a alternative solution with respect to the cost of such a
system. However, a biggest emphasis in the report has been put on the design of Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) suitable for a small scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
(VAWT)T he characteristics of PMSG makes it highly compatible for variable speed Wind
Energy Conversion System (WECS) without any pitch mechanism.
A PMSG is designed and the designis verified by means of Finite Element Method
(FEM) analysis and thermal modeling. A describtion of an analytical optimisation of a
longitudinal, inner rotor, radial flux, surface mounted PMSG with concentrated winding and
natural air cooling system. Cost of active material is chosen as the optimisation criterion.
Concepts like "constraints", "requirements", "parameters" (including material, geometry and
winding) and procedure of the design are described here. FEM model of the optimised machine
is developed and the results are illustrated. Thermal model developed is based on a lumped
parameter circuit . It ensures the safe thermal behavior of the machine in nominal operation
mode.

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