Etiology

Precipitating factors
Cause

Result

Lifestyle

Present

(history of
smoking, food

Rationale

Justification

Studies have shown that

The patient has an

malnutrition (both micro- and

history of smoking

macro-deficiency) increases the risk and stopped when

handling,

of TB because of an impaired

he learned that he

nutrition and

immune responses.The association

has TB and cannot

sanitation

between smoking and TB has been

afford to buy

studied in several systematic

cigarets. He only

reviews. Bates and colleagues, in

eats rice, fish from

their meta-analysis of 24 studies on

the river and left

the effects of smoking on TB,

over foods from the

showed that the relative risk of TB

viand.

disease was high among smokers in

comparison to nonsmokers and that
there was clear evidence that
smoking causes remained a risk
factor for TB infection and disease,
with additional risk of death in
persons with active TB
Economicallypoor
housing/Living
in crowded
area

Present

People with low SES are exposed to

The patient lives in

several risk factors discussed above a crowded/ squatter

(including indoor air pollution,

area where every

alcohol, etc.) which increases their

houses are closed

risk for TB. People with lower SES

to each other and

have a higher likelihood of being

can easily transfer

exposed to crowded, less ventilated

illness thru

places and have limited safe

airborne.

cooking practicing facilities.

Marginalised populations including
prisoners have a higher chance of
getting infected with TB.

Malnutrition

Present

Malnutrition makes people more susceptible

The patients daily food

to the development of active TB, and active

intake are clearly not

TB contributes to the development of

enough for his daily

malnutrition.Malnutrition, and the

nutrient needs. As he

consequential weakness in immune function,

only eats rice and fish

makes it more likely that exposure to TB

that he catch from the

bacteria will result in full tuberculosis.

river and sometimes

some left over food from
the nearby viand store.

Recurrence of

Present

Infection

There is much debate over whether

The patient has not

recurrent tuberculosis is caused by

been taking his

a relapse getting sick again with the medication as he is

same strain of tuberculosis even

too lazy and no one

after treatment or tuberculosis

would take care of

reinfection with a new strain of the

him.

bacteria.
Treating recurrent tuberculosis that
is caused by relapse treatment
that wasn't successful or was
incomplete is difficult. Often the
bacteria have become resistant to
treatment and a different
combination of drugs, taken over a
longer period of time, is often the
recommended course of treatment.
Occupation

Present

In its simplest sense, occupationally The patient worked

acquired disease means disease

as an construction

acquired during the course of a

worker where they

person's work.

sometimes share

Health care workers were at higher

utensils or eat at a

risk from tuberculosis than others in viand where they're

the community. Since then,

utensils are not

effective treatment has drastically

properly washed.

cut tuberculosis case rates and

consequently reduced health care
workers' occupational risk of
tuberculosis. Lower community case

rates also mean that prison, jail,

homeless shelter, and other workers
are less likely to be exposed to
tuberculosis than in the past.

Predisposing factors
Cause

Result

Age

Present

Rationale

Justification

Approximately 90% of cases of

The patient is

tuberculosis disease that involve

currently 54 yrs

elderly persons are caused by

which makes him

reactivation of primary infection.

susceptible to this

Tuberculosis infection without

kind of problems.

disease may occur in 30%50% of

As they're immune

individuals. Rarely, previously

system are low.

infected older persons may

experience elimination of the viable
tubercle bacilli and revert to a
tuberculin-negative state and a
naive immunologic status; these
persons are at risk for new infection
(reinfection) with M. tuberculosis.
Thus, older persons potentially at
risk for tuberculosis include
individuals never exposed to M.
tuberculosis, those with latent and
dormant primary infection that may

reactivate, and those who are no

longer infected and thus are at risk
for reinfection.

Immunocompro Present

The immunocompromised group

Patient is already at

mised

comprises a wide range of patients

the point where

with disordered immune systems.

there is a severe

These include primary immune

occurrence of

deficiency, AIDS, and patients who

lesions in the lungs

are immunocompromised from

leading to abscess

medical treatment such as

leading to

chemotherapy or following organ or

accumulation of pus

bone marrow transplantation.

in the chest cavity

Individuals with immune-mediated

(empyema).

inflammatory disorders (IMID) are

also known to be at increased risk
of developing active TB, particularly
after the use of tumour necrosis
factor (TNF)alpha inhibitors to
treat a variety of autoimmune
disease