Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
By N. A, Caspexo,
W. T. Wertaq
and W, E. Eckard
UNITED
STATES DEPARTMENT
OF THE INTERIOR
StewartL.Udall,Secretary
BUREAU OF MINES
MarlingJ.Ankeny,Director
Caspero,
N
A
Underground
combustion
oil-recovery
experiment
in the
VenarqoFirst
sand,
WomenCounty,
Pa.,hy N. A.Caspero,
W. T.Wertman,
andW.E.Eckard.
[Washington]
U.S.Dept.
oftheInterior,
Bureau
ofMines[1963]
39 p. tables.
tigationa 6320)
29 cm.
(U. S. Bureau
of Mines.
Report of inve a-
Cooperative
agreement between Bureau of Mines, U. S. Dept. of
the Interior and Quaker State Oil Refining Corp., Bradford, Pa. for
this work.
Bibliography
p. 38-39.
1. Petroleum
industry and trade-Pennsylvania.
corwervation. 3. Combustion.
L Title.
(Series)
.
_.. -.
.. . .
2.
Permkurn
CONTENTS
Abstract.................................................................
Introduction.
.,..........................................................
Acknowledgments
..........................................................
General geology, field development,and productionhistory...............
Preparationfor the experiment
...........................................
Performanceof the experiment..,
.........................................
Ignitionand gas injection..........................................
Subsurfacegas-tracertests.........................................
Flow tests in experimentalwell 1 ... ...... ..** .... .* ...., ..
Reservoircharacteristicsfrom the observationwell......................
Cortngand core analysis............................................
Comparisonof core-analysisresults, experimentalwells 2 and 3.....
Carbon-hydrogentests...............................................
Injectedand producedgas material balance...............................
Discussionof results....................................................
Conclusions
...........................................................
....
References..........................................~....................
1
2
3
3
5
13
13
21
26
28
28
29
32
34
36
37
38
ILLUSTRATIONS
&
1. Columnar sectionof geologic formationsof the Titusville
quadrangle.......................................................
2. GoodwillHill oilfield,SouthwestTownship,Warren County, Pa...... :
3. Oil-productionhistory and well-developmentrates of the Hunter,
Campbell,and Stanton leases..................................... 5
4. Structuralcontourmsp of the top of the effectiveVenango First
6
sand in the vicinity of the combustionexperiment.
....
7
well pattern..;....................
5. Combustion-experiment
6. Core analyses,Experimentalwells 1, 2, and 3...........
s. 9
10
7. Well logs for J$xperimental
wells 1 and 2................. *9*=.*.**
8. Air- and natural gas-injecttonsystem................... .**m.**** 13
9. Air- and natural gas-injectionhistory of the combustion
experiment,Experimentalwell 299 *. ** .. ..* . ... ..*****..* 15
10 Gas productionand oxygen and carbon dioxide content of produced
16
gas from we114A ........................... .W*****9***
*.*.*****
11. Gas productionand oxygen and carbon dioxide content of produced
gas from well 17........................... ****8**..**..*****.* 17
12 Gas productionand oxygen and carbon d~oxide content of produced
gas from we1120A ......................... ma9 ....vs*.s .*.-.**** 18
13. Gas productim and pxygeh and carbon dioxide content of produced
gas from we1121A ................................................ 19
14...Gasaproductionian&oxygerlerl
and.carbon-dioxide-contenc.of.produced-.
.
gas from well R,................. ................................
15. Results of radioactivekrypton 85 gas-tracertest..................
16.. Results of helium gas-tracertest..................................
ii
TABIXS
1. Results of air-injectionflow surveys,Experimentalwell 2.,......*
2. Analysis of crude oil from Hunter well 17;.........................
3. Gravity and viscosity of crude oil from thermalexperiment
pattern wells.........i..................d.......................
4. Backgroundgamma radiation and helium content of produced gas.,....
5. Krypton 85 and helium tracer results...............................
6. Gas productionand gas-tracerrecovery.............................
7. Calculatedvolumes of air dilution from wells outside the
experimentalpattern.C.ocOC-Cc.g-C.O....gO,~Ot.c....-...*.Dcoo*
8. Results of gas-productiontests in Experimentalwell 1.............
9. Reservoirtemperaturesdeterminedby petrographicthin-section
analyses$.Experimentalwell 3c.9a*.***a**.*
.D-ta~.Be9SO*9*
..*=...
10. Carbon-hydrogenanalyses,Experimentalwell 3.......*0cCSCOC.CSC0.0
11. Gross calorificvalues of core samples,Experimentalwell 3........
.
. -.
___
-.
.- ..-
.. ...
UNDERGROUND
IN
THE
COMBUSTION
VENANGO
FIRST
OIL-RECOVERY
SAND, WARREN
EXPERIMENT
COUNTY,
PA.
by
N. A, Caspero,~
W. T. Wertrnanr2
and
W. E. Eckard3
ABSTRACT
A thermal oil-recoveryexperimentwas conductedin the Venango First
sand, GoodwillHill oilfield,Warren County, Pa., about 10 miles northeast of
Titusville. The Quaker State Oil Refining Corp., Bradford, Pa., performed the
experimentwith assistancefrom SinclairResearch,Inc., Tulsa, Okla., and the
Federal Bureau of Mines.
The GoodwillHill field was discoveredin 1885. Primary-production.
operations continueduntil 1930 when an afr-gas tn~ectionproject,whtch fs still
in operation,was started. At the locationof the combustionexperiment,the
reservoiris 400 feet deep and 30 feet.thick,with wide permeabilityand
porosityvariations. The crude oil is typicalPennsylvaniaGrade paraffinbase oil with a gravity of 43.9 API and a viscosityof 4.55 CP at 60 F.
The well pattern for the experimentconsistedof 5 producingwells,
enclosingan area of 1.28 acres, and a central ignition-injection
well. An
air-nakuralgas mixture was ignited in the ignitionwell on July29, 1961.
Ignitionwas followedby injectionof air and natural gas at various rates.
The experimentwas suspendedJanuary 5, 1962, when it became evident that
economicoil productioncould not be achieved.
There was no conclusiveevidencethat self-sustainedcombustionwas
achievedor that combustionincreasedoil and water production. Aslight
increase in liquidproductionwas attributedto stripping&ctton caused by the
air-injectionrates, which were higher than those normallyused during air-gas
injection.
lSupervisinggeneral engineer,Federal Power Commission,Washington,D.C.,
formerlywith the MorgantownPetroleumResearch laboratory,Bureau of
Mines, Morgantown,W.Va.
2Project leader,MorgantownPetroleumResearch laboratory,Bureau of Mines,
Morgantown,W.Va.
Project coordinator,BartlesvillePetroleumResearchCenter, Bureau of Mines,
BartleSvill@;Okla.; for-rnerly-assfstantchieCof-the-Bureaus
llorgantom ------
PetroleumResearch Laboratory,Morgantown,W.Va.
Work on manuscriptcompletedJuly 1963.
I -
.-
.,
Appalachianarea secondary-recovery
productionmethods (4)4 afford several favorableconditionsfor the applicationof in situ combustion. Several ,
areas that have been developedintensivelyfor air-gas injectionoperations
have high-capacityair compressorsavailablefor operationat relativelylow
pressures(200 to 300 psig). Closewell spacingon propertiespreviouslysubjectedto air-gas injectionreducesnecessarydevelopmentcosts. The.relatively shallowdepths of the oil-bearingformations(300 to 800 feet) also
reduce developmentcosts. However,this shallownesswould limitair-injection
pressureand thus could preventthe injectionof sufficientquantitiesof air.
The price of PennsylvaniaMiddleDistrict and otherAppalachianarea crude
oils providesadditionalincentivefor increasingproduction.
Considerablelaboratory(~, 10, 13) and field (~, 14, ~) investigative
work has aided Ln the evaluationof the in situ combustionprocessand the
determinationof variousoptimumrequirements. Previousefforthas been made
.to developtechniquesfor recoveringcrude oils of much greaterviscosityand
lessmobilitythan the PennsylvaniaGrade high-gravityparaffin-basecrude oils.
This field experimentwas made in the shallowVenangoFirst sand reservoir on the Hunter lease,GoodwillHill field,Warren County,Pa. The Quaker
StateOil RefiningCorp.,Bradford,Pa., owned and operatedthe propertywhich
is locatedabout 10 miles northeastof Titqsvtlle, Quaker State conducted.
the
experimentwith assistancefrom SinclairResearch,Inc., Tulsa,Okla., and the
Bureau of Mines.
The primaryobjectiveof the experimentwas to determineif a heat waye
could be ini~iated. The secondaryobjectivewas to determinethe advancement
,-.
__
-rate-of--the-heat
wave and the-optimum-requlretnent-sfm
suseain-combustion----- ----1.
k-
.-.
II
I
3
The experimentdescribedin this report and other preliminaryreports
(~,~,~)
representsone of the more recent attempts to study the effectsof
combustionin a PennsylvaniaGrade crude oil reservoir. A previous test was
reported in October 1959 (~). Additionaltestingand evaluationis required
before the feasibilityof the in situ combustionmethod can be determined.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
::.::.-.:; ::
., ..,:.,..,:.
..,..,..,..
.
. . . .. . . .. .
90
Cussewago
sand
95
Riceville
shale
..
:.,
., ,. ...~.,....
Riceville
~;<:~~
Venango
85
E4 .:. :,...,.,
EC-g
-g%
...........
1st
sand
:.
,? . . .. . ..O
,
. .
. ..
:,
.::...
..,.
,,:.
... ,. .,.
:
Saegerstown
shale
50
t.
. . .. .. .... .,..
:.,. ,,. .... .
k?=
?s~
3
:::
.. .....:..:
.... . ,,.. - ....
: ...-.... :.:... .
Red Velley
send
25
25
Shela
25
~dng;g;
n
6G
Amity
shala
0
~-g
l-)g!~
,=.
g--
: . . . .. :. ....
: ::.:! :..
%.
.;:. . :..
::,;:;;::;::
. . .. .. . . . . . . .
...., ,. ; ..: ,,.., . .
: : !. ..,. ::...,.
FIGURE
Venango
Id Stray san
40
35----
Venango.
3dWnd-
Formations
!,
......
. ... . .
.. .
----
@9
;:;::, ;.::?.
+,3
To Tltusville
,,.::.:$-~
,:.;:>
. ..
,-
FIGURE
Enterprise
..--
2. -Goodwill
Hill
Warren County,
--
VENANQOCOUNTY
1
-2
ToPleeeentville
Oilfield,
Pa.
~
let sand productive limits
=3deandpmductlve
limb
Seek, miles
Southwest Township,
1[
- 160
50 .
InjectiOn w@ls
-140
40
120
I
/
30 -
Producingwells
~-d
-. /
>-------
I-%-f
\
\ --
20
I
I
I
;
\ -----
,.--/
- 100
- 80
/
- 60
~-~
Air-gas injection
Estimated
started
564,000 bbl by
air-gas injectkm
20
- 0
v
i~
Estimated
----
40
; /\L\
$/
10 -/
----
/(
/
3. -Oi[-Production
History ond Well=Development
Campbell, and Stanton Leases.
.
1940
prima~decline.
-.
,
1 1 1 Ill,,
1950
1960
productionfrom the Campbell,Hunter, and ~inton leases to 1960 was approximately 994,000 barrels. Estimatedtotal oil,productionfrom 1885 to 1960 by
primary and vacuum-secondaryrecovery operationswas 430,000 barrels,or ayut
additionalbarrels of
43 percent of the total recovery. Approximately564,000
oil were producedby air-gas injection.
.
Total oil in place, on January 1, 1942, for the Colorado-GoodwillHill- Grand Valley field has been estimatedby Lytle (~). He reports that 2,750
acres of First sand contained17 million barrels of oil, or about 6,200 barrels per acre. Using an average sand thicknessof 30 feet, about 206 barrels
of oil was contained
in each acre-footof sand at the beginningof 1942. The
results of core analysis,from Experimentalwell 1, which was cored with air
during November 1960, show 243 barrels of oil per acre-foot.
.,
..
FIGURE
4. = Structural
Venango First
Experimental1
* Elev 1544,8
20A
Elev
1543,3
I
/
/
Experimental 2 \/
Elev
1529,3 ~F
Experimental 3
Elev
1531.9
/b\J&
,
,/@
Elev
#38,25
@
\
-
11.
Elev~$25,5k
\
8>
&
/
\
Observation well
Ignfion
LEGEND
A
R
Elev
1530.4
\\
well
&
~ 25
50
100
Scale, feet
Elev
%21.7
FIGURE
5.-
Combustion-Experiment
Well Pattern.
.,,
.
eb
8
TABLE 1. - Results of air-iniectionflow survevs%
Experimentalwell 2
Reservoit
interval,
feet
390-391.....
391-393.....
393-395***,*
393-399..*..
395-397.....
397-403.5...
399-403.5...
Run 1
Run 2
,160,000 scf/davat 124 psig
83.000 scf/iiayat 110 Psig
Injectivity, Flux, Percent Injectivity, Flux, Percent
scfldayl
scfldayl
scf./hr/of total
scf/hr/ of total
intake
feetz
feet2
A (PSi)2
intake
A (psz)2
.
.
0.80
182.5
4*3
104.2
5.0
117,1
10.6
.91
1.41
.
.
88.0
8.1
L*O5
.
6.93
265.0
38.1
,
.
.
162.5
15,1
1.95
.
.
.
66.2
221.0
8.60
.
9*53
486.0 .52.6
.. ....
,.
4,- ..--.
.. ........:...._:._
:.= .....-.
_.
..=____
. .._
-.-,.
-.;.,.
.
,
,--
f
*S
11%
11ss
I-1 I
1 I
?5
32
w.a
1-
4Wd
-
Sa9.s
4%6 -
W3
3933
1199
41OJ -
35.2
41zd -
397.3
414B -
3s23
t
llm
In
1136
416s -
401.s
41SJ -
MM
con -
1124
4i28
11s2
kg
11*
424s
111s
426.9
1116
426.6
1114
4*R
1 !
,.,
..,,
... .
g~==6
%%-..
1112
4926
1110
4%*
l!m
43M
C--459
a,=
Sn!m Vebbles
mob
413.3
bfuk
wt. Slwly,an&
Sl@hltytill,.
CCWs
417.3
.:
419,:
00
a.
pnncs
MM.-a4213
Wdysnam
4233
tl
H,rd. mmml.
1 I , i@f J
1 I I I I I I 3340~M;
70S0
mvdmwce.t
SoUwsmw ihcl,
Uwwdml
11
::?
~
6
ti3040t030709Q
w?J3SWUIUTW3,
30 #?~
F+ftsnt
L0
m!%
milt
GPHlmentsl Well 1
4 disiwmhwy
smd with air
.. . . .
,...,
------
,.:
..
-FIGURE -6
- -.
1 11 I
I[I
..
![
-E!
1 1.
Eiii
3s9.9
I I I 1
..
.,.
S9noytill
.. . .. .. .
,.
Tepdund.llnn
Calmo
r4n4,
.... .
391.9
mu
393.9
::0.:.,:.
. .. C.... D
<
Kj&tw#rw
34S9
... . .
.,:, ......... .. .
Nmmd.
finq.hm.
uay wd.
WY
dnh*O4W
M
md
d w
NotV und
~~.::.::
.: .,,:. .
,...;. .. ::,:.. .,
. .. . . . . . ..
. .. .. ,. ..,.:
.,.: .,:. ,.,.
. .. . . . .
.,.
.
397,9
~Q
.....
....
....
..
.::...,
.
..,,
:.
..,.,:
.,.
,.,AO1.9
,,., .: ..,.::
,, . . . . .
,.,
aEt9 -
. . . .........
.. .. . ,,.,.
. ~,:o..,.
IWO, 999rS8#,8nc4VW Im4, ,0...,
.,
..,-., ..*:
*,* $+bEut *M Sh,ll
..e; :::4...
,C#mlcrll
Malvnl to Cwrlqmk,
VW
WM. mbbln mrcJ1rW md
W& *h
SOiqw$,&
cd
F@ 10IIWlm.pmti,
#$xY
gnr
4C5,9 &
!!!!?
r
,.. ,b..
..O::.
; ... ,,.
4a9
..,..,,:g;a
... . ... .. .
:*,.;
.,
0.
~
: ,. :,..
411,9 .
..
WV -m, ncauut
41S.V -
. .
tuq.imd,
ctun. gw urd,
LW40iilhlm
Shtv WM. t!m hkm
9uRttrJ @4kS
..
.:.i:::,: ::
.:.,,,.,..,
; : ,.
,., . . .. . ..
41s.9 -
W.9
419.9 -
mulldrd
vu ud, hw
9m9uPlW9$, Iad&l)..m
nOum Ofurd.11N9.l
W5ylmlt
IuIellmk
Ir#!.JIW,l
9mk9n 9hIh
.w&m@5.
1 (,,,
10 #&
P9rMat
15
30
lm
UR KRMt48%W,
mlhdmyl
w
Iuu
9alm:L$a4awtamm20
wATERSATUFATION,
9.4.4,~l~N,
Fu.rdum FWml
h9f5, my WM.
.:. .,.;,,.:.... ..
:::.:: .g.:
.. :.;:.,.:
U1.9 .
.
,..., ..,:.
41a9
Et
.,, :.:...
... . ,.,.,
4259
I_ur
,alalw
10 &~
k% *
I
Q
I
lm
I
m
ul
J
imoloa)o
UR F&&Ll19,
EQU&!llmlk#4,
PI
Wc$nt
C5bbtml
~m+llmlW9113
4 di9mwlQ$oMry
Core Analyses,
LLJl
loba
.92
W&f*mm w Ml
W&z
Experimental
Wells-1,
2, and 3.
.. -.
WI*
(obW
WI
1 III
I 1
II
S19.9
k/
$?1.9
Sm
39%9
f&vHnm.
till M.m
,..
:.,,
1:
r
,.
.,
,..
to mwmwmt
*ml W*, m
1 tm
11-n
ml
. m
k!
,,,
.
Fw,m+d
lQhl@lnl Urd
rmfmnta
lot&mm.
Iwm
mwd mu Ud%f.+,
h II 61F0Mil
mw
llza
.:- i
.? i
..,,
..
..
,.,.
.
11?2
~
:
. :
Mm
llM
. .
.. .
--
. .. .
,IIIJ
1114
...
..
.,,
...:
ml
1110
..:
Ilm
IIM
*
Pmmn-7.
I
m
m
F&&Y.
X9
muli$mql
Al
w~l~~
ml
Olomolozommmo
GiL
lW
MATI!JWURATICU.
smm?ccd%
@m@
Enp9fimM181 well3 @JiWnuc+l
Wtlll
4 dimxdfc.hryCM VIMI
vmWIM4mud
. .
,.
...
120
Ma
MCI.
10
1155y
399.E
f-
1150
394.s-
1145-
399.0 -
1140 -
4MS
1135 -
40ss
1124-
414,8-
Ii!
d 1125-
~ 419.s-
<
1120_i
Rm ahmt Mz/M
M 2S F - 1.S4
424.s-
i?
S
d 1115-
4s9s-
1110-
434.s-
1100-
439a-
Ilco -
444.s-
1099-
449.s-
low-
4n.s-
.
I
(MMM;;!$.;
~
m
NEUTRON LOG, cdikl
1s Slmcing
16
100,
-)
~J
,~
-H
SPONIANEOIJS
FQTENTIAL L&?,
IIUNiwoiis
l,W
units
NORMAL LOO,
ohms M2/M
w
6UA$! LO13;
ohms M2/M
Espxlmentol Well 1
FIGURE
.-.
-.-.
..-.
..
-.
.,
~--l
..$
,:
:
j
(
1,
~.,.
*
*-... .-
353(
.
)
:i
*#t#**
(
<- %
,,
!
\
:,
1
I
540
NORA&~ Lo@,
ohms M2/M
I
w
QUA;: LOO,
ohms M2/M
L-J_J474849s
lEMf&+l#RC
700
12
CWWRWLW,
.
I
W SMclm
&Q._i
----
-k%+
1
0
tloRhiLp#
2FQNTANEOUS
FOTEm~TELO&
*ms
M ./M
600
24S $@cing
Eqw@ntd
FIGURE
. .
..
7,.
_.
....- ... .
-.
-. 3
374
~-
- 379.3
- w.
339.3
394.2
39s.3
404.3
3
~
4&!,38
- 414.3
- 419.s
4243
42s.3
- 424.2
-w+
3FQNTANEOUS
FWWENLOG,
+.&&
.....
o~
o~.
9U4RD p
C4m14 M /w
N~OR.!#~
6054
4ss.2
62
TEMFfRATURt
LOQ F
34. ,@g
Ex@mentalWell
.-
...
_- _.-
. .. . --
. . .. ...
1155
1
1130
1145
1135
1
I130
1125
1120
1115
1110
!
1103
1100
1035
X96
11
TABLE 2. - Analysis of crude oil from Hunter well 17
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Gravity, specific,0.812
0 API, 42,8
BS&W,z volume-percent,4,0
Color, green
Pour point, * F, below -5
60 F,
70 F,
80 F,
90 F,
100 F,
ViBCOSftY~t
Gravity,
,
6.16 Cs
<5.35CS
4.68cB
4.14 Cs
3.69 CS
5.00 Cp
4.32 t?+
3.76 Cp
3.31 Cp
2.74cp
Cut temp.,
Pertent
1.*..******
2..........
3 m.,**m**a
4 ****o**m*
5 *...9****
6 *a*0e*s9a
7 .**.****.
894*bamm***
9..*.......
2109..0. maae
122
167
212
257
302
347
392.
437
482
527
.
.
0,3
2.4
1.5.6
10.2
, 5*3
6.1
6.5
7s9
Sum,
Percent
.
.
0.3
2.7
18.3
28,5
33.8
39.9
46.4
54.3
Sp gr,
60/60 F
.
0;;16
.717
.730
.751
.766
.778
.790
808
0 API
60 F
.
66.2
65.9
62.4
57.0
53.1
50.3
47.6
43.6
Correlation
index
11.0
9.4
13
14
14
14
18
APPROXIMATESUMMARY
, Percent
Yield
Light gasoline....................................
0.3
Total gasolineand naphtha.......+..... .........
33.8
Kerosinedistillate
................. .............
20.5
.
Gas oil .**********
.m*m9****9**9,*m*a********8*
Residuum.........................................
45.3
Distillationloss................................
.4
lBasic sedimentand water,
aFinal boilingpoint.
SP m
0.716
.741
793
.
.864
-
0 An
66.2
59.5
46.6
.
32.4
..
12
TABLE 3. - Gravity and viscosityof crude oil from
thermal experimentpattern wells
mTi-20A
2U
17
Exp. 2
Temperature,0 F
viscositY,
Cp
SpecificLravitv
42
50
60
81
93
23.77
7.15
.
4.33
3.87
0.819
.815
.812
.804
.799
43
50
60
81
93
11.80
6.14
3.86
3.54
.813
..810
806
.798
,794
34
42 50
60
81
,94
11.40
5.10
4.18
.
2.64
2.29
,799
.796
.792
.788
.780
.775
42
50
60
81
94
18.09
7.80
.817
.814
.810
.802
.788
26
29
36
40
42
44
46
48
51
54
56
60
64
.
.
.
20.80
17.78
14.80
,11.82
9.20
4.69
4.59
4.49
4.31
3.80
4:24
4.05
.817
.815
.810
.807
.805
.804
.803
.803
.802
.800
.799
.798
13
6+YI, 1.~$#:2Er.hp
~,,
~,,
F
~,,
TI
4-
8*YI. 1.R+XVVe350+P
Cooling ceils
,
I.R Mage
Sllf$;e:lly.
2
1 control bypeaa
booster
~,,
compressor
cg~g
.>
~,,
l ga;nrfpply
Standby
compressor
Control
bypass
2
*,,
1 gealine
$
Radioactk
7
tracer.~
+
gniJm
~F
--+1+WJ
2 secondary alr to tubing.
casing annulus
FIGURE
8, = Air-and
Downstreamfrom each
producing-wellorifice-meter
run, produced gas was diverted
through a 55-gallondrum.
Fill and vent lines and a
geiger-tubecounting device
were attached to the drum.
When the gas-tracerstudy was
made, using the method
describedbyArmstrong and his
coworkers(~); the calibrated
system served as a nonpressurized containerto continuously
monitor produced gas for
radioactivity.
The daily a~erage production per well before ignitiw
was 0.25 barrel of oil and
0.30 barrel of water. The gas
that was produced from pattern
wells and secondlineoffset
wells prior to ignitionwas
analyzed for oxygen, carbon
dioxide,and carbon monoxide.
The averagevalues,.in volume,percent,were as follows:
_-
..___
. --..-..-.>..
~.,
.--.... .
14
psig wellhead pressure. The heating value per cubic foot of mixture injected
was 15 Btu. The natural gas volume was 2 to 3 percent of the total gas
injected. Natural gas was analyzedperiodicallywith a combustionOrsat apparatusp and air contaminationof the natural gas was detectedoccasionally.
Laboratoryanalysis of an uncontaminatednatural gas sample was:
Volume, percent
Component:
coZ**mm*..,
..***
02....................
C2H6........**.*......
Cq ...................
CO...*..,.....**.*..*.
N~0..*.*b******.*..**
0.1
.3
26.4
72.0
.0
1.2
Each cubic foot of the natural gas would require 2.35 cu ft of oxygen for
completecombustionand would generate 1.25 cu ft of C02, Heating value of
the natural gas varied from 825 to 1~180 Btu per cu ft at 60 F and 30 in. of
mercury,and generallyaveraged 825 to 1,000 Btu per cubic foot.
I
;.
,
i
1
I
1$
i
!
z
15
900
I
I
Transferred
fromwell
bore to formation
Period of flashbacks
800 -
~
m
8
[it
Average injection pressure
- 550 a
500g
8
450 g
~a
700
600
lKlll&/
400g
.Q
24
~K
l--v .
2fJLy30
AUG
SEPT
OCT
1961
FIGURE
9.-
NOV
DEC
JAN
1962
.
,
I
1
I
1
,.
,
16
psig. Wnen air injectioninto offset injectionwells was discontinuedand the
wellhead pressuresreduced to atmosphericpressure,the volume of produced gas.
was 110 percent of the total gas injectedin the ignitionwell and increased
to 133 percent after 15 days.
The oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the produced gas 2 days afterignitionwas 19.0 and 0.65 percent, respectively. Reducing the back pressure
on the producingwells, increasinginjectionrates, or stoppingair injection
into the offset pressurewells, all of which occurredwithin the same day, did
not change the producedvolume of oxygen or carbon dioxide.
Producedgas was analyzedat least twice a day with Orsat apparatusor a
chromatograph$canalyzer. Figures 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 show the daily average oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the produced gas and the gas-production rate of wells 4A, 17, 20A, 21A, and R, respectively.
Well 21.Adid not respond to the increasedinjectionrate as rapidly as
the other wells. The gas-productionrates of individualwells correlatedwihh
changes in air and natural gas injectionrates and pressuresthroughoutthe
life of the test. Wells 17 and R showed the greatestresponse.
,>
FIGURE
.
..
. . .... .. . ... ..
17
240
24
well
17
220-
- 22
4
\*\
/ -%.--+~<- -
- 20
200\
160
-
- 18
1 - 16
160
I
140-
120
- gg
*&
100
I
I
I
I
-H1
p10
1
1-
80 -
e\
:
2
60 40 -
20
1
I
JULY
AUG
SEPT
9CT
Nav
DEC
1961
FIGURE
12
I
i
I
~:
+-.
~, Qas pr~u~iorlrate
- 14
\-
8
6
JAN
1962
The oxygen or carbon dioxide content of the producedgas did not indtcate
efficientcombustionof residual carbonaceousmaterial; therefore,combufition
was transferredto the formation.
Natural gas injectionwas stopped for about 4 hours (not shown in ff.g.s)~~~
and the air-injectionrate was increasedabout 30 percent. Natural-gasinjection was resumed and the air-injectionrate maintainedto give a heating value
of 15 Btu per cu ft for the injected
mixture. The temperaturein the wellbore
declinedto about 70 F. The air-injectionrate increasedfrom about 330,000
to 625,000 scfd after transfer,while the injectionpressure decreasedfrom
400 to 360 psig. The calculatedinjectivitywas 4.5 after transfer. The
higher air-injectionrate was maintainedfor about4 days. Injectednatural
gas was,maintainedat about 2 percent of the injectedair and averaged 10,000
scfd. The increasedinjectionrate did not reduce the volume of producedcarbon dioxide.
,-.
18
220
I
30
JULY
30
AUG.
OCT
SEW
NW
DEC
1961
FIGURE
22
JAN
1%2
the average carbon dioxide ~s 3.7 percent by volume. During the period when
24,000 scfd of natural gas was injected,the producedmethane increasedfrom a
backgroundof about 0.25 percent to 0.55 percent of the total gas produced.
!l?he
higher percentagecorrespondedto 18 percent of the total volume of methane injected. When the natural gas-injectionrate was decreased,produced
methane decreased. This iqdicatedthat injectedgases were bypassingthe
high-tefieraturezone. However, the volume of injectedgas passing unreactively through the reservoircould not be quantitativelydeterminedbecause
of air dilutionfrom outside the pattern.
On three occasions the burning air-naturalgas mixture was flashedback
into the wellborefrom the formationby $ncreasingthe natural gas-injection
rate. The thermocouplein the wellbore indicateda rapid increase in temperature. The flashbackproved that there was sufficienttemperatureat some
reservoir,
int.erval,
if not throughoutthe entire section,to ignite the
injectedair-naturalgas mixture. The temperaturerequired to ignite the
mixture was about 1,000 F. When the wellbore temperaturebegan to increase
.
rapidly,nattral gas injectionwas stopped. Xhe wellborewas allowed to cool
before natural gas injectionwas resumed. The first flashbackoccurredabout
30 hours after increasednatural gas injection, The second flashbackoccurred
I
i...
._....an.
a.bFu.F.fiO!%!!%!
af.!@r:.n
a?Ura?.@as-t?jec!iOnas eswedf After the second
i9
22
220
r~
200
1s0
Well 21A
160
@
- ..-
20
02
#. ,4
\
I,_ I
i
18~
E
16$
,*4
FIGURE
,,
20.
130
3 8.
E
50
Transferred
;
I
30
26
40
Period of flashbacks
it
Gas traceraInjected
20 -
10 -
- 4
ON
/
- 2
1
0
20
30
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
1961
FIGURE
JAN
1962
21
decrease,respectively. These changes in compositionof the producedgas were
due to increaseddilutionby air entering the pattern producingwells from the
reservoirbeyond the experimentalpattern and were not caused by a decrease in
combustionin the reservoirat the lower injectionrate. It was apparentat
, this time that the amount of outside dilutionwas very dependentupon injec tion rates and pressures. The air-injectionrate was then increasedto
485,000 scfd. The average injectionpressureat the low injectionrate was
225 psig and increasedto 375 psfg at the hiih injectionrate. These rapid
changes are not shown on figure 8.
Natural-gasinjectionwas discontinuedbecause of the apparent low,cornbustion efficiency,poor oxygen utilization,and bypassingof injectedmethane.
The oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the produced gas did not significantly change with increasedair injectionin the latter stages of the experiment. Because continuedair injectiondid not Improveconditions,the operation was terminated.
A total of 38 MMscf of air was injectedafter natural-gasLn.jection
was
terminated. During the experiment,air injectionwas 87.8 MMscf, total,gas
(air and natural,gas)injectedwas 88.9 MMscf, and a total of 95MMscf of gas
was produced.
When air injectionwas discontinued,the ignitionwellhead pressure
deer.eased,from
540 to 250 psig in 1.5 hours and to 100 psig in 24 hours, after
which the decline to 5 psig was quiterapid. Three hours after shutdown,
shutin pressuresfor wells 17, R, 4A, 21A, and 20A were 78, 64, 53, 98, and 54
psig, respectively. The rapid decline of the i~ition wellhead pressure @dicates that high-permeabilityzones.existed in the reservoir. The producing
wells were opened after wellhead pressuremeasurementswere completed. The
ignttionwell remained shutin to minimize backflowand caving of the formation.
During the experiment,oil and water productioneach averaged 0.75 barrel
per well per day for the pattern test wells. The slight increasein production probablycannot be attributedto the effects of combustion. The airinjectionrate for the durationof the experimentwas considerablyhigher than
the 50,000 to 75,000 scfd usuallyinjectedduring the air-gas injectionoperation and more likelyresulted in the increasedfluid production.
SubsurfaceGas-TracerTests
-uAir-was-Injectedat--arate-of-485;O006cfd-at
-37>-psigfar2-weeksbefore--:the tracerswere injecteduntil gas productionfrom the pattern test wells
stabilizedat 560,000 scfd. Of the total producedgas, well 17 produced29 .
22
percent;well R, 16 percent;well 4A, 22 percent;well 21A, 16 percent;and
well 20A, 17 percent. The average oxygen content of the producedgas.was 16.5
percent and the average carbon dioxide contentwas 2.6 percent.
fie gas tracerswere injected44 days after ignition. Natural gas injection was etopped6 hours before the tracerswere injectedto allow the tritium
to enter the formationwithout being decomposed. Natural gas injectionwas
resumed immediatelyafter krypton injectionwas completed, Before the tracer
was injected,severalbackgroundmeasurementswere made to determinenatural
gamma radiation.andhelium content of the produced gas. Average results are
listed in table %
TABLE 4. - Backgroundmums radiationand helium
content of producedgas
Well
21A...........
BOA...........
17 **********
R.~*..........
4A............
Backgroundgamma I
radiatfon
cpm
I tic/ft*
0.011
55.0
49.2
.010
37.8
.008
37.1
.007
36.0
007
Backgroundhelium
concentration,
ppm
50
40
t60
60
50
.-
23
d-
Well 17
,.
Well R
2.0
1.6
1
121
I \(
Well 4A
8 -
o
Well 21A
0
Well 20A
:
12 8
-..
1
.
13-
24
6,000
(J
)0
..7:
4,000
.OO
17
Well
2,000
-d
/
I I I I I I I
o~
6,000 I 1 I I ! I I I I
4,000
-
Well R
,,
0
0
~-
o&o
.
&o
2,000
.x
oI
I 0
u~
Well 4A
6,000
o
4,000
-
>-$=;>
Xo
2,000
-
00
6,000 , ,
01
Well 21A
o
L.--J
4,000
>:
0 0
o~y
2,000
-
/
o~~
I
I
o
6,000
.
I
Well 20A
0
-=-y
4,000 -
;O
0<0
r ,
\.
2,000
- o/
\J 00
/
L
b&+T
- .<* -J 1. I I I I 1 I
2
4
68
10
12
14
1 I
16
18
20
+
22- - r
----: -
pattern wells and the average rates of travel for both helium and krypton
tracers are shown.in table 5.
TABLE5. - -ton
Second breakthrough
First,breakthrouxh
Distance
Helium
from
Kr ton
inject-ion Time, Rate, I Time,
Time, Rate,
well, ft
hr
hr
ft hr
I ft/hr l..hr I ftlh~
17.....*....*
129
11
11.7
6
21.5
6.5
20
188
R............
51
3.7
179
42
4.2
4A...........
VIA..........
129
2.4
20A..........I
178
3.8
:;
Y
Well
Although the helium tracer was not intendedto determine travel time, it
is interesthg to note the brealtthrough
time for each gas tracer. The average
helium-tracerrate of travel to each producingwell was considerablymore uniform than for krypton. The initialbreakthroughof krypton was consideredto
be through the highly permeablereservoir intervalbetween 391.5 and 403.5
feet. The average travel rate for the secondkrypton breakthroughindicated
that travel was through a more uniform and lower permeabilityzone between
403.5 feet and the bottom of the reservoir.
The use of more sensitiveequipmentand continuousmonitoringfor krypton
detectionprovideda more exact breakthrough-timeindicationthan.thehelium
samplingprocedures. However, the large differencebetween mobility and diffusivityof the two gases was the most importantfactor in determiningbreakthrough time. The much smaller-heliumatom, with its correspondinglygreater
diffusivityand Wobility, encountereda much larger effecttvepore volume than
the largerand much heavier,krypton atom. The net effect wasthat the breakthroughpeak for krypton was much sharpey. The combinationof these two factorswas an apparent lag in breakthroughfor helium, although the breakthrough
times were essentiallythe same.
About 95 percent of the 16,750 scf of helium injectedwas recovered. An
assay was not made of the amount of krypton injected;therefore,the krypton
recoverycannot be established,Table 6 gives the total gas, helium, and
radioactive-gasproductionfor each well and the percentagethat each well
produced.
The recwery of gas, helium and krypton frdm t%e individualwells, as
percentagesof the total recovery of each, are in reasonablygood agreement.
When air-injectionrates were increasedas the experimen~progressed.the
individualwells produced gas in the same percentagesas shown in table 6.
Six gas samples from each pattern producingwell were analyzedfor tritium content. Tritlumwas detectedIn the produced gas from all exceptwell
.4A. .Gas sawples fi.orn.wells
17,and20A$collected48 hours after tracer injechad-thesatiekl?kiti-content.
-@s sarnple$
frornwells-R
an-d21A~-coI--
iion-,
lec~ed 24 hours after $racer injection,had 2.5 and 7times, respectively,the
..>
26
amount of tritiumthat was present in wells 17 and 20A. The analyticalresults
enough to indicatecombustion%n the reservoiror vertical
conformanceof a high-temperaturezone.
Well
,.
27
Experimentalwell 2. Gas productionfrom above and below the packer was stabilized at each de~th before oRen flow was measured and sampleswere collected.
Results of the tests are shown in table 8.
TABLE 7. - Calculatedvolumes of air dilutionfrom wells
outside dhe experimentalpattern
..
Helium produc,ed,
percent of
I inlectedhelih I
30.1
17......... I
Re,o.ee.e..
4A.........
21A...,.,..
BOA........ .
18.8
I
Total.
94.9
Percent
dilutlon
Well
scfd
163,000
$l%!!l
101,000
563,000
scfd
144,500
18,500
E!?RE
90,000
455,000
11,000
108,000
26.8
19.1
10.9
I
b
Equivalent
depth, ft,
Exp. well 2
400 5
J406.4~
410.3
414.4
Open,flow, scfd
Above c Below
packer packer
1,100
2,110
2,170
2,130
1,510
910
860
805
Oxygen,
volume-percent
Below
Above
uacker packer
17.2
10.2
17.1
8.4
16.4
7.2
17.0
6.6
Carbon dioxide,
volume-Percent
Above
Below
packer packer
2.6
7.4
3.1
8.2
10.3
3*5
3.6
10.8
-.
28
Resultsof the core analysisare shown in figure 6. The top of the First
sand was determinedto be at 391,0 feet and the bottom at 423.7 feet. me
shaleand interbedded,fine-grained,thin sandstonesec,tions
above the First
sand showeda color transitionfrom bluish gray to.lightbrown. Only a fraction of an inch of theshale adjacentto the First sand apparentlywas
affectedbythe high temperatureswhich indicatesthe value of overlyingshale
as a heat barrier, The top 2.5 feet of First sand consistedof alternating
layersof coarse-grainedand well-cementedand fine-grainedporous sandstone
with crossbedding. A carbonaceouswhite crystallinesolidwas noted on the
surfaceof the coarse-grainedsandstoneafter coringwater evaporated. Qualitative laboratorytests indicatedthe pzesenceof carbonatesAn that reservoir
intervalofExperimentalwell 2. Belowthatsectionwas about 0.5 foot of
natural-coloredsandy shale. At 394.1 feet the sandstonebecame,uniform
with
some interbeddedshale. From 395 to 403.8 feetj the sandstonecore was brickred and containedconsiderablefree salt on the surface. The equivalentsodium
chloridecontentof rock samples,taken from the centerof the core after
removalof the exteriorsurface,was less than 13000ppm,
i-
,,,
29
slight oil bleed when removed from she core-barrel. The core was almostcompletely devoid of crude oil except in the bottom 2 to 3 feet of sand, Also,
the bottom 1 foot of the reservoir sand and adjacentunderlyingshale was
natural in color and appearance,
A formtion-temperaturemeasurementmade with coring fluid in the hole
showed that the temperaturewas greater than 230 F. After the coring fluid
was bailed from the wells a weighted thermocouplecould not be loweredbelow
407 feet, either because of caving of the formationor dehydrationof the
coring fluid. After thewell was cleaned out to 444 feet (28 days after
~
coring),a maximum temperatureof 160 F was recordedat 420 feet. The temof the sand to 75 F at 444 feet.
perature.decreasedfrom 152 F at the bottora
The temperatureat the top of the sand was 140 F. The measured temperatures
are not the reservoirtemperaturebefore coring because the foruwtionwas
cooled by the coring fluid and the backflow of gas from the formation.
Petrographicstudiesof sampleswere mde to determinethe approximate
temperatureto which various reservoir intervalshad been elevated. Table 9
presents the results of these tests.
TABIX 9. - Reservoirtemperaturesdeterminedby petro~ra~hic
thin-sectionanalyses, Experimentalwell 3
Estimated
temperature,F
Depth, feet
391.6
1,100
395.6
399.6
403.6
407.6
1,200
1,300
1,300
1,300
Depth, feet
411.6
415.0
417.6
421.6
Estimated
temperature,0F
1,300
>400
>400
>400but <700
COMP arisen of
Core-AnalysisResults%
ExperimentalWells 2 and 3
30
1140
3s9,3
1135
334.3
----------- _- . -.z===-
------
---.-
391.9
.=---- ----
%-
- 396,9
-=z?=f==
1130
t
Exlses,lyel
---
3sPerer3ritsl
399.3~...
----
\
------
i.
- 401,9
d-
4C4.3-----
-----
--=-------4M3 -
1110
419,3-
1105
424.3
I
md-
1
429.3!
--------------------,.
-------
------
--------a
-.
----
P -/-..
I
100
PERMWBILITY,
FIGURE
----------~-----
I
200
5~431g
mfllidarcys
30
IWROSIW,
ond Porosity,
percent
The bulk clensityand effectiveporosity for each core sample from Experimental wells 2 and 3 were used to calculatethe sand-grainor apparent density
well 2
.
(mineral specificgravity). The p~ofi.leof the data for Experime.Btal
was erratic. Values of sand-graindensitiesfor individualsamplesvaried
from a minimum of 2.48 to a maximum of 2.90 grams per cu cmand averaged 2.74
grams.percu cm for the Cotal sand thickness. For the total reservo~~,thickneski
in'"~@eritintal:wel-l-3-;:-the'walv&~f"'effe@&iVe.sand~graZ-n-d~,s2titie
were=----------=.
-.
more uniform,ranging from.2.64 to 2.86 grams per cu cm and averag@g,.2.71
grams per cu cm. From the top of the san~ to 407 feet in.Experimei@lwell 3,
i
I
,
,
rT_-=--
---1
---------------
r-----l=
/
\
,
:
----
,2
~
~-.
,,ol!u,~l
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
POROSITY
EXPONENT
21
lllllllllflll
10
20
N..4O5O6O7C
FORMATION-RES!STIWIY
FACTOR
-----\
-II
1 1
I
)
I
I
-u--&L&l:
431.9
26
2.5
26
27
28
29
20
EFFECTIVE
SANDGRAINDENSITY,
@ cm
81JLKDENSITY,
@u cm
,.
1
i$.
(.:
,.
FIGURE
18.-Comparison
of Porosity Exponent, Formation-Resistivity
Factor, Bulk
Density, and Effective Sand-Grain Density, Experimental Wells 2 and 3.
32
1,000
!.-
~
> 1~ &
g
E
s
g
A
:
10:
Ks,
md
o Well 1
Well 2
A Well 3
1
30
FIGURE
20.6
68.2
M43
C!arbon-Hydr6gen
Tests ,
70
60
6a
40
TOTAL LIQUID SATURATION,porewolume percent
19.
80
.-...=-..
33
I
0
0
Experimerttal Well 2
Average cementation
factor = 1.76
Average cementation
factor = 1,71
~
10
..
FIGURE
20
30
50
20. . Formation-Resistivity
Wells 2 and 3.
100 7
POROSITY,
percent
Factor-Porosity
20
Relationships,
30
50
100
Experimental
--m--
Hydr{ en
Moistures
Ca on
weighLWeightLb/cu ft Weightweightpercent -Jercent
percentl of sari@ ~ercent of sand~
0.520
0.22
0.087
o 144
391.7
.......... 97.39
.091
.055
3.564
.26
2.160
393.6......... 92.54
99 14
,147
.114
.18
.089
.069
395.5.........
.158
14
122
.096
.074
397.6......... 99.24
,086
.18
.087
.052
.046
399.5......... 99.36
.078
.08
.084
139
047
401.6......... 99:24
.03
.182
.110
.153
.093
403.6......... 98;97
.
.611
.079
.130
405.5......... 97.77
.370
.611
.182
.08
.110
370
407.7......... 97.74
.173
.08
105
.087
409.7....s.... 99.84
.144
.140
.04
.141
411.7...,..... 98.74
.231~
.233
.07
413.6......... 98.32
.095
.128
.211
153
,10
,160
.093
415.6......... 98.60
.264
.310
.26
.603
.188
.995
417.7......... 97.98
.932
.28
,200
.330
.565
419.6.......i. 97.80
.805
1.328
.36
.140
.231
421.7......... 97.38
1,010
.29
423.5......... 97.73
.254
.419
Based on removalof free moisture.
2Calculatedon the basis of an average sand-graindensityof 2.65gramsper
cu cm.
Depth,
ft
I
1
Heating value
Combustion
, Btu
Oil saturation,
analyses
per Percentpore volume
calculation
lb Calculated Core
Percent Pertent Percent Percent
analysis hvdro~en carbon hydrogen carbon
395:5........ 66
4.2
1.5
0.069
0.020
0.369
0.089
033
.110
.370
.592
407.7 . . . . . . . .
106
8.9.
.5
188
.603
13.4
11.0
.049
,896
417.7 . . . . . . . .
160
Depth,
ft
..,
.
?
~.
,,,
. .
..-
,!
Air injectioninto the First sand, one well locationbeyond the test pattern, was discontinued4 days after ignition;therefore~gas-productionrates
from the pattern producingwells before ignitionwere not known. The gasproduc~ionrates from each,wellwere plotted against total gas-injectionrates
for differentperiods after ignition. Anextrapolationof the curve for each
well indicateda probkble productionrate at zero injection. The combined
initialproductionrate was 150,000 scfd (estimateddilutionvolume).
~~
of the
IJ%is
rather inconclusiveinterpretationapplies only to the,timeduqing
the experimentwhen the tracer test was conducted. Inaddition,the soltibility of combustionproductswas discountedin the evaluationbecause of raptd
travel times.
DISCUSSIONOF RESULTS
The experimentwas suspendedJanuaey 5, 1962, when it becatieevident that
economicoil productioncould not be achieved. However, an importantoriginal
objectivewas achievedby establishingthat a heat wave could be initiatedin
the vicinity of the wellbore and then propagatedradially throughChe reservoir rock toward the oil-producingwells.
...
,,
37
CONCLUSIONS
1. There was no conclusiveevidetice
from injectionand productiondata
that self-sustainedcombustionwas achieved..
-.
2. Bypassingof the injectedair througha highly permeable, low-fluidsaturatedreservoir interval.
may not haveperurittedsufficientoxygen to enter
the more uniform, lower permeabilityreservoirintervalwhere the oil saturation was higher.
;
3. Combustionwas not responsibleforincreasingoil and water producwas no apparent indicationthat liquid banks had formed in the
tion. lhere
reservoir.
4. The rate of advance of the combustionfront and ~ptimum air requirements were not estab:ished because of the inabilityto attain self-sustained
combustion.
5. Sweep effic:ency and the effect of heterogeneitycould not be evaluated from the single observationwell drilled.afterthe experiment,
6. The ignition-wellcompletionmethod was satisfactoryto withstand the
conditionsof pressure,andtemperatureduring ignition.
I
/
7. Interpretationof the test data was greatly complicatedbecause the
experimentwas conductedin a reservoirthat previouslyhad been subjectedto
air-gas injection.
;,
I
8. Additionalexperimentationwith the process in high-gravity,lowviscositycruile?oil
reservoirsis warranted.
.,
.,,
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38
REFERENCES
Alexander~John D,r W. L. Martin, and John N. Dew. Factors Affecting
Fuel Availabilityand CompositionDuring In-Situ Combustion.Pres. at
AIME Prod. Res. Symp., Apr. 12-13,.1962,
lulsa~Okla., 6 pp.
1.
2.
8..
9*
. ResultsFrom a Multi-WellTherrnal-Recovery~Test
in Southeastern
Kansas. J. Petrol. Technol.,v. 14, No. 6.,June 1962, pp. 671-678.
10,
IL:.
. .
..
. . . .
.. .
I
,
l-
!
[,,
?.
,:
.,
.,
.
,.
39
.
13,
,,
ProducersMonthly. PennsylvaniaUndergroundCombustionExperiment.
V. 25, No. 10; October 1961s pp. 11, 21.
17.
Sherrill,R. E., Parke A. Dickey, and L. S. Matteson. Types of Stratigraphic Oil Pools in Venango Sands of NorthwesternPennsylvania.
Ch. in StratigraphicType Oil F3elds, ed. byA. I, Levorsen. American
Associationo~ Petroleu&Geologists,Tulsa,-Okla.,1941, pp. 507-538.
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