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Revision History
March 2015
September 2015
March 2016
September 2016
Online only
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Contents
1-2
1-2
1-3
1-21
1-21
1-22
1-24
1-24
1-25
1-26
1-28
Antenna Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radiation Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Antenna Feeding Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-31
1-31
1-34
1-36
1-36
1-39
1-43
1-45
1-73
1-73
1-73
1-74
iii
Introduction to Arrays
Array Modeling and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iv
Contents
2-2
1
Introduction to Antenna Toolbox
Antenna Toolbox Product Description on page 1-2
Antenna Modeling and Analysis on page 1-3
Antenna Toolbox Library Elements on page 1-21
Antenna Classification on page 1-31
Antenna Toolbox Coordinate System on page 1-36
Antenna Radiation Patterns on page 1-45
Antenna Toolbox Limitations on page 1-73
Interact with Polar Plot on page 1-74
Key Features
Rapid design and visualization of antennas using predefined or custom elements
Design of linear, rectangular, conformal, and custom antenna arrays
Large array analysis using the infinite array or embedded element pattern approach
Infinite ground plane specification for analyzing antennas mounted on very large
structures
Port analysis of impedance, return loss, and S-parameters of antennas and antenna
arrays
Radiation field analysis of the pattern, E-H fields, and beam width of antennas,
antenna arrays, and custom data
Surface analysis of antenna and antenna array current, charge, and meshing
1-2
hx =
helix with properties:
Radius:
Width:
Turns:
Spacing:
WindingDirection:
GroundPlaneRadius:
Tilt:
TiltAxis:
Load:
0.0220
1.0000e-03
3
0.0350
'CCW'
0.0750
0
[1 0 0]
[11 lumpedElement]
1-3
1-4
Width:
Turns:
Spacing:
WindingDirection:
GroundPlaneRadius:
Tilt:
TiltAxis:
Load:
0.0012
4
0.0350
'CCW'
0.0750
0
[1 0 0]
[11 lumpedElement]
displays the directivity or gain of the antenna. By default, the pattern function plots the
directivity of the antenna.
pattern(hx,1.8e9)
1-6
figure
patternElevation(hx,1.8e9)
1-7
1-8
E =
-0.5321 - 0.5976i
-0.9096 + 0.5331i
-0.0041 + 0.0007i
H =
0.0024 - 0.0014i
-0.0014 - 0.0016i
0.0000 - 0.0000i
1-9
1-10
bw =
58
angles =
60
118
1-11
1-12
NumPorts:
Frequencies:
Parameters:
Impedance:
1
[5011 double]
[11501 double]
72
returnLoss(hx,1.7e9:1e6:2.2e9,72)
1-14
1-15
1-16
1-17
1-18
ans =
struct with fields:
NumTriangles:
NumTetrahedra:
NumBasis:
MaxEdgeLength:
MeshMode:
1366
0
[]
0.0100
'auto'
1-19
References
[1] Balanis, C.A. "Antenna Theory. Analysis and Design", p. 514, Wiley, New York, 3rd
Edition, 2005.
1-20
Dipole Antennas
dipole
dipoleFolded
dipoleMeander
dipoleVee
1-21
dipoleHelix
bowtieTriangular
bowtieRounded
Monopole Antennas
monopole
1-22
monopoleTopHat
invertedF
invertedL
invertedFcoplanar
invertedLcoplanar
1-23
Loop Antennas
loopCircular
loopRectangular
Spiral Antennas
spiralArchimedean
1-24
spiralEquiangular
Patch Antennas
patchMicrostrip
pifa
1-25
Other Antennas
cavity
helix
reflector
1-26
slot
vivaldi
yagiUda
biquad
1-27
customAntennaMesh
horn
waveguide
Arrays
linearArray
1-28
rectangularArray
circularArray
infiniteArray
1-29
conformalArray
customArrayMesh
1-30
Antenna Classification
Antenna Classification
Antennas are classified based on the radiation pattern or the feeding mechanism.
Antenna radiation pattern is the angular variation of signal strength around the
antenna. Feeding mechanism defines the how the signal is fed into the antenna and the
location of the feed point on the antenna.
In this section...
Radiation Pattern on page 1-31
Antenna Feeding Mechanism on page 1-34
Radiation Pattern
Isotropic Antenna
An isotropic antenna is an ideal lossless antenna that radiates uniformly in all
directions. The antenna has no spatial selectivity or nulls. Practical antennas are
compared against the isotropic antenna, but they rarely behaves like one.
1-31
Omnidirectional Antenna
Omnidirectional antennas behave like isotropic antennas in one plane. These antennas
have nulls in the orthogonal plane. A common example of an omnidirectional antenna is
the dipole antenna.
1-32
Antenna Classification
The dipole is omnidirectional around the E-plane, or elevation angle. The null is present
in the H-plane, or azimuth angle.
Directional Antennas
Directional antennas are highly directive in a given direction. These antennas show
high spatial selectivity, narrow bandwidth. They also have well defined major, or main,
beam in the desired directions. Common examples of directional antennas are helix and
yagiUda.
1-33
Unbalanced Antennas
Unbalanced antennas are end fed and mounted on top of a ground plane. The coaxial
shield is connected to the ground, and the center conductor is connected to the antenna
element. Common examples are monopoles and patches.
1-34
Antenna Classification
References
[1] Balanis, C.A. Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. 3rd Ed. New York: Wiley, 2005.
1-35
1-36
The toolbox displays the top-hat monopole antenna in the rectangular or Cartesian
coordinate system.
The rectangular coordinate system also called Cartesian coordinate system specifies a
position in space as an ordered 3-tuple of real numbers, (x,y,z), with respect to the
origin (0,0,0).
1-37
You can view the 3-tuple as a point in space, or equivalently as a vector in threedimensional Euclidean space. When viewed as a vector in space, the coordinate axes are
basis vectors and the vector gives the direction to a point in space from the origin. Every
vector in space is uniquely determined by a linear combination of the basis vectors. The
most common set of basis vectors for three-dimensional Euclidean space are the standard
unit basis vectors:
1-38
x2 + y2 + z2
The Euclidean norm gives the length of the vector measured from the origin as the
hypotenuse of a right triangle. The distance between two vectors [x0y0z0] and [x1y1z1]
is:
( x0 - x1 ) 2 + ( y0 - y1) 2 + ( z0 - z1) 2
1-39
The toolbox displays the radiation pattern of the top-hat monopole using spherical
coordinate system represented by azimuth and elevation angles.
The spherical coordinate system defines a vector or point in space with a distance R and
two angles. You can represent the angles in this coordinate system:
Azimuth and elevation angles
1-40
1-41
u and v Coordinates
You can defineuandvin terms of and :
1-42
u = sin q cos f
v = sin q sin f
In terms of azimuth and elevation angles, the u and v coordinates are:
u = cos el sin az
v = sin el
sin el = v
tan az =
u
1 - u2 - v2
x2 + y2 + z2
az = tan -1 ( y / x)
el = tan -1( z / x2 + y2 )
where:
R is the distance from the antenna
el and az are the azimuth and elevation angles
References
[1] Balanis, C.A. Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. 3rd Ed. New York: Wiley, 2005.
1-44
1-45
dipoleFolded
1-46
dipoleVee
1-47
dipoleHelix
1-48
dipoleMeander
1-49
bowtieTriangular
1-50
bowtieRounded
1-51
monopole
1-52
monopoleTopHat
1-53
invertedF
1-54
invertedFcoplanar
1-55
invertedL
1-56
invertedLcoplanar
1-57
loopCircular
1-58
loopRectangular
1-59
spiralArchimedean
1-60
spiralEquiangular
1-61
helix
1-62
yagiUda
1-63
reflector
1-64
patchMicrostrip
1-65
slot
1-66
pifa
1-67
vivaldi
1-68
cavity
1-69
biquad
1-70
horn
1-71
waveguide
1-72
Antenna Library
This antenna library objects does not support:
PIFA and invertedF antennas with the infinite ground plane.
Antenna analysis at frequencies less than 1 kHz or greater than 200 GHz.
Dielectrics for infinite ground plane antennas.
Array Library
This array library objects does not support:
Arrays using slot, and cavity antennas.
Reflector-based arrays using helix, slot, Vivaldi, cavity, PIFA antennas as exciters.
Building arrays using antennas with tilted ground planes.
Conformal arrays created using balanced and unbalanced antennas.
Conformal arrays created using unbalanced antennas with infinite ground plane.
Infinite arrays using dielectric materials.
1-73
1-74
1-75
1-76
The magnitude values are on the radial lines of the plot. Right-click any of the magnitude
values to open the MAGNITUDE context menu. Choose properties from the context
menu to change the magnitude limits, magnitude ticks, or font size.
1-77
You can also add a cursor by double-clicking on the angle values. Double-click 105 to add
a cursor. Right-click the newly added cursor and move the cursor to exact value of 105
degrees.
You can also interpolate the two angle values to 60 degrees and 150 degrees. Right-click
on each cursor and choose Interpolate from the CURSOR context menu. To set the
angle span, from the MAIN or DISPLAY context menu, select Measurements > Angle
Span.
1-78
Calculate the counterclockwise angle span between 60 degrees and 105 degrees.
1-80
Right-click any of the peak triangles and choose NumPeaks. Increase the number of
peaks to 4.
1-81
By default, the plot shows the HPBW (half-power beamwidth) of the antenna.The
antenna measurements text box displays:
HPBW (half-power beamwidth)
FNBW (first-null beamwidth)
F/B (front-to-back ratio)
SLL (side lobe level)
Main (main lobe peak value and corresponding angle)
Back (back lobe peak value and corresponding angle)
To view the FNBW, right-click inside the red or gray polar plot region to open the MAIN
LOBE or the BACK LOBE context menu and then choose First-Null Beamwidth.
1-82
1-83
2
Introduction to Arrays
Introduction to Arrays
ra =
rectangularArray with properties:
Element:
Size:
RowSpacing:
ColumnSpacing:
Lattice:
AmplitudeTaper:
PhaseShift:
Tilt:
TiltAxis:
[11 dipole]
[2 2]
2
2
'Rectangular'
1
0
0
[1 0 0]
2-2
2-3
Introduction to Arrays
2-4
2-5
2-6
Introduction to Arrays
2-7
Introduction to Arrays
E =
0.0000 + 0.0000i
-0.0023 + 0.0017i
-1.3896 - 0.0428i
H =
1.0e-05 *
0.1601 - 0.7689i
0.0000 + 0.0000i
-0.0000 - 0.0000i
2-8
2-9
Introduction to Arrays
angles =
28
108
73
153
2-10
You can also view the impedance of all four elements by changing the number of
elements on the plot from 1 to 1:4. See figure.
Introduction to Arrays
S = sparameters(ra,60e6:1e6:70e6,72)
rfplot(S)
S =
sparameters: S-parameters object
NumPorts:
Frequencies:
Parameters:
Impedance:
4
[111 double]
[4411 double]
72
2-12
2-13
Introduction to Arrays
You can also view the return loss of all four elements by changing the number of
elements on the plot from 1 to 1:4. See figure.
2-14
2-15
Introduction to Arrays
current(ra,70e6)
2-16
2-17
Introduction to Arrays
2-18
2-19
Introduction to Arrays
Size:
RowSpacing:
ColumnSpacing:
Lattice:
AmplitudeTaper:
PhaseShift:
Tilt:
TiltAxis:
[4 4]
[1.1000 2 1.2000]
[0.5000 1.4000 2]
'Rectangular'
1
0
0
[1 0 0]
References
[1] Balanis, C.A. "Antenna Theory. Analysis and Design", p. 514, Wiley, New York, 3rd
Edition, 2005.
2-20