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INTRODUCTION
The increasing demand for high speed data services over limited bandwidth and power
led to significant expansion in mobile, cellular technologies and wireless communication
standard. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) is a mobile communication standard and support 4G
mobiles. This standard seeks to improve voice quality and expand broadband data
services, to provide high-definition video and audio and real-time content in an
anything anywhere-anytime manner, i.e. the target is to support higher peak data rates,
higher throughput and coverage. To active high radio spectral efficiency and enable
efficient scheduling in time and frequency domain, a multicarrier approach ie. Multiple
access was chosen. In LTE, OFDMA (Orthogonal frequency division multiple access)
was selected for down link and for the uplink use SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency
division multiple access).In SC-FDMA system the signals on all subcarriers transmitted
series. With the achievable rate increase by using SCFDMA in both uplink and down
with equalization and power allocation [1]. Throughput increases by using equal power
algorithm and an equal power algorithm with refinement scheme [2]. By considering the
quality of service (QoS) and different power allocation algorithms can increase system
throughput [3]. The system capacity increased by applying power allocation[4- 7].
Equalization can be implemented in the receiver side as well as compensating loss after a
signal travel through a channel by restoring high frequency content. Mainly two type
linear equalizer zero forcing (ZF) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE). The name
Zero Forcing due to it bringing down the inter symbol interference to zero in a noise free
case. Zero Forcing equalizer eliminates all ISI and provides a noiseless channel.
Minimum mean square error equalizer that minimizes the total power of the noise and
ISI components in the output [7]. By considering the physical layer techniques and
relaying technologies we have to improve the network efficiency by utilizing the limited
spectral resources. The system design use OFDMA as the uplink and down link multiple
access scheme with suitable PAPR reduction method, this will improve spectrum
efficiency and transmission rate. Also use power allocation for the uplink
communications with the deployment of relay stations. The use a power allocation
schemes among subcarriers at both user equipment and relay stations to maximize the
overall through put of the system. Here we use in band amplify and forward (AF) type-II
full duplex relay, this will reduce the complexity. In band relay allows the same set of
frequency subcarriers for cooperative transmission with each users equipment (UE) [8].
Relay station receive a signal from user equipment, it will first amplify the signal then
retransmits to the base station (eNB). At the receiver side use equalization technique
Zero Forcing (ZF) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) to reduce ISI. Then
compare ZF and MMSE equalization. PAPR is defined as the ratio of the peak power to
average power of the transmit signal. It is a technical challenge and it will reduce the
efficiency of RF power amplifiers. PAPR is one main object at the user terminals, that is
preferred low PAPR. PAPR directly relates to the amplifier efficiency at the transmitter.
The maximum power efficiency is obtained when the amplifier operates at the saturation
region. Low PAPR allows operation of the power amplifier near to saturation point that
result higher efficiency. In SC-FDMA, modulated signal can be considered as a single
carrier signal. A pulse shaping filter can be applied to transmit signal to further improve
PAPR. One of th PAPR reduction techniques in OFDM is using hadamard transform.
Hadamard transform reduce the occurrence of the high peaks compared to the original
OFDM systems. Hadamard transform reduce the auto correlation of the input sequence
that reduce the PAPROFDMA system required high Peak to Average Power Ratio
(PAPR) which cause expensive power amplifiers with high linearity, that increase the
power consumption for the sender.
SYSTEM MODEL
Fig 2 shows the system model. The physical layer techniques for LTE and LTE-A contain
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as the down link (DL) transmission
scheme and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-OFDMA) as the uplink (UL) multiple access
scheme that improve spectrum efficiency and transmission rate. But it reduce uplink
transmission rate. So here design OFDMA as the uplink and down link multiple access
scheme with suitable PAPR reduction method, this will improve spectrum efficiency and
transmission rate. Also use power allocation for the uplink communications with the
deployment of relay stations. The use a power allocation schemes among subcarriers at
both user equipment and relay stations to maximize the overall through put of the
system. Here we use in band amplify and forward (AF) type-II full duplex relay, this will
reduce the complexity. In band relay allows the same set of frequency subcarriers for
cooperative transmission with each users equipment (UE) [2]. Relay station receive a
signal from user equipment, it will first amplify the signal then retransmits to the base
station (eNB). At the receiver side use equalization technique Zero Forcing (ZF) and
Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) to reduce ISI. Then compare ZF and MMSE
equalization. In system model first convert the serial data in to parallel. After subcarrier
mapping apply power allocation. Water filling algorithm used for power allocation. Then
calculate the inverse fourier transform. OFDMA in uplink cause high PAPR so apply
PAPR reduction techniques. Here apply Hadamard transform to reduce PAPR. Then
apply cyclic prefix and convert it in to serial form. After passing through a channel, here
channel is considered as AWGN, it convert to parallel form and remove cyclic prefix.
Then calculate the fourier transform. Equalization techniques applied in the receiver
section. Here use two linear transform techniques zero forcing (ZF) and minimum mean
square error (MMSE) equalization techniques. Then convert the data in to serial form.
After demapping get the decoded data
Introduction
The increase in multimedia traffic from applications such as video-on-demand,
mobile television, interactive gaming, etc., necessitates the enhancement of the
multimedia content delivery capabilities of 3G/ 4G wireless communication
technologies such as LTE, WiMAX and UMTS which are characterized by
applications involving high quality and reliable delivery of multimedia content.
Reliable service to mobile users in wireless cellular networks implies support of
higher data rates with quality of service (QoS). The maximum achievable data rate
depends on the bandwidth
theorem,
The system capacity is constrained by the available bandwidth and power. Thus, in
order to maximize the data rates either the bandwidth and/or the transmit power
should be increased, which are scarce in a wireless communication environment.
Multiple transmit and receive antennas technology known
as Multiple-input
Multiplayer
Video Conference
Broadcast/
Multicast
Mobile
Video-on-demand
Broadcast/multicast
services
(BMS) was
designed
to
meet
the emerging
requirements of multimedia applications for mobile users [3]. BMS was envisaged in
release 6 of 3GPP with peak data rates for video specified as 384Kbps.
4.
Optimal
Beamforming
for
Multiuser
MIMO-OFDM
Cellular
Rich set of applications, for instance, mobile TV, disaster warning systems,
multiplayer gaming, require dissemination of same data (information) to many users.
These applications are typically supported through broadcast/multicast services
(BMS) in wireless communication systems [5]. In a multi cellular environment, we
can employ cooperative distribution of data where multiple base stations (BSs)
broadcast copies of the same data to the required users in synchronization. Figure 3
illustrates such a cooperative broadcast scenario. This network architecture consists
of a content server which provides the data demanded by the users. The base
station controller (BSC) forwards the demanded data to base stations and coordinates
among different BS. We can consider a scenario where many users spread across
different cells demand the same information, for example, a video or a particular TV
channel in mobile TV application. This demand is routed to the content/media
server via BSC. The content server forwards the data to BSC and the BSC to base
station for broadcasting. In traditional systems, while receiving the data from a BS,
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signals from other BSs are treated as interference even though the other BSs are
transmitting the same information. In contrast, signal from other BSs in a
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Core
Network
Base Station
Controller
BS 1
Group 1
Group 1
video
Group 2
Multimedia
Content Server
BS 3
Group 2
Video
BS 2
4.2.
As mentioned in the previous section the research focus is to find optimal resource
allocation strategies at MIMO transmitters of different base stations such that the
total data rate of the system is maximized and total power consumption is
minimized. These objectives can be attained by maximizing the received signal
power at users with a limitation on the transmit power at the base stations. Multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) system can be employed to achieve significant
capacity gains with no extra bandwidth requirement. This can be achieved by
spatially multiplexing several users simultaneously for multiple access over the
wireless channel. Further, in a cooperative transmission scenario, MIMO gives
additional degrees of freedom for signal transmission which can be employed for
interference cancellation, transmit and receive beamforming.
Transmit Beamformer
Channel
Multiple antennas at transmitter
Receive Beamformer
In Figure 5 the transmit beamformer indicates the direction in which the signal is
transmitted and receive beamformer indicates the direction in which the signal is
received by the user. Thus, we need to determine these directions and the amount of
power that should be allocated in a particular transmit direction so that signal to
noise power ratio is maximum at every user. The wireless channel link condition
fluctuates due to the mobility of user and scatterers present in the path of
transmission.
and
should be continuously
compared with the BD and SO techniques [19], [39]. Moreover, it employs the
strongest available mode for transmission to the user, leading to higher user rates
and, hence, better video quality when compared with the non-iterative version of
CTR [19]. The iterative version provides an additional marginal improvement in the
video quality as compared with multiuser successive maximum ratio transmission
(MSMRT) at the expense of very high computational complexity. Thus, MS-MRT
provides
is
for
station and user . Let the distance from the base station and random shadowing
factor for the th user be denoted by and , respectively. The quantity
power transmitted per subchannel per user. The
at user
where
denotes the
is given as
. The quantity
is the
represents the
vector representing
value
decomposition (SVD) of
given as
where
and
, whereas
Similar to maximum ratio transmission, one can now choose the first user
beamformer
as
where
as
for each
are derived as
value of
be given as
and
beamforming symbol
be the th singular
. Consider
It
can
now
is given as
be
readily
seen
that
the
interference
can be simplified as
, are defined as
at user
as previously described
Thus, the net interference at user is 0. Further, it can be readily seen that the receive
beamformer at the chosen user
at stage 1 is
Naturally then, the criterion to choose user and its mode at stage 1 can be formulated
as
Continuing for stages, selection of users yields the final MS-MRT transmitted
vector for the selected users
each
as
, with
and
for
mode
where
, and mode
is given as
and =1. Thus, successive transmission on a specific mode of each user while
simultaneously nulling the interference at the previously chosen users can be
achieved through MS-MRT, thereby enhancing the fairness of the overall data and
video scheduler. Thus, the interference matrix is lower triangular since the
interference from the successively scheduled users is zero along the dominant
receive mode of the previously scheduled users. The given procedure corresponds to
an opportunistic scheduler that schedules the user with the maximum SINR at each
stage. This can be readily adapted for PF-based PFMS- MRT scheduling, which
maximizes the video quality, by choosing the user and corresponding mode at stage
as
where is the average rate experienced by user at time . This average rate is
updated as
where
which means that it is equal to 1 if user is scheduled at time and zero otherwise.
Finally, the naive RR scheduler simply chooses the next user at stage u as
and its mode as
Step 2: for
to
Step 3: for
Let
do
do
Step 4: for
do
and compute
as
as
Step 8: Choose
and mode
where
and
at stage
as
to be scheduled.
Step 9: Update user group
and
as
is
, where
Step 13: Additionally, for PF-MS-MRT, update the average user rate for each user in
.
4.4.
Optimal transmission strategies for reliable service in cellular systems are an integral
part of existing standards and also in the standards under development. Wireless
communication standards such as LTE, LTE-Advanced recommend the networks to
have optimal strategies for resource allocation. Third generation 3GPP standards [11],
[12] call for means to optimize energy efficiency and minimize energy consumption of
the networks within the permitted impact on coverage, capacity and quality of service.
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Especially, release 9 of 3GPP [12] requires the network to have optimization techniques
which include: Interference control, Capacity and coverage optimization.
Many researchers have proposed optimal resource allocation schemes for a variety of
wireless networks operating with different architectures. Armada et al. [15] propose
several power allocation schemes in a coordinated base station downlink transmission
with per antenna and per base station power constraints. These techniques have a limit
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on the number of users supported. Most of the existing schemes are for point to point
communication with little work on broadcast. These schemes cannot be easily adapted
to varying requirements of the users especially for the users at cell boundaries. In [14],
the authors provide a review of recent scheduling and resource allocation techniques
for downlink multicast services in OFDMA based systems. Zhang and Letaief [13]
have proposed adaptive resource-allocation scheme, which jointly adapts subcarrier
allocation, power distribution, and bit distribution according to instantaneous channel
conditions for multiuser MIMO- OFDM. However the schemes described are suboptimal. BSs in a cellular network are connected via backhaul links. The existing
schemes do not utilize this knowledge to the full extent and such schemes do not yield
macro diversity.
In the context of cooperative multi-cell MIMO system, a block diagonalization
based downlink transmission scheme is proposed in [16] and [15]. Jafar et al. propose
a dirty paper coding based algorithm in [17] where new users are required to be
invisible with respect to interference to the existing users. Network coordinated
beamforming techniques were suggested by [18]. However, this analysis considers a
scenario which is restrictive in nature with the solution applicable only for few
active users and cells. Further, multimedia content is predominantly broadcast/
multicast in nature, where many users or a group of users subscribe for the same
service. There is a significant dearth of research which addresses optimal
beamforming and power allocation for such broadcast/ multicast services. In [7], the
authors propose power allocation for an OFDM based cooperative multi-cell system
with single antennas at both the BSs and the users. But the model considered therein
employs coherent combining of the signals from the different BSs, thus requiring
additional time/ bandwidth resources. Moreover,
computationally complex.
4.4.1. Optimal Beamforming for Cooperative Broadcast Networks:
Consider a broadcast system with K users served by N base stations in cooperation.
Figure 6 illustrates a cooperative wireless network with three base stations
supporting broadcast service in cooperation. Since the information transmitted to all
the users is same, transmission from different base stations will not cause
interference any of the users. Under these scenarios, we develop optimal
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transmission schemes to maximize the total data rate of the system. The proposed
optimal beamforming scheme maximizes the broadcast signal to noise ratio at each
user thus resulting in higher sum rate of the system. We formulate the problem of
obtaining the beamformer and the optimal amount power that should be allocated to
each direction as an optimization problem. The solution of the optimization problem
can be obtained by eigenvalue decomposition of the channel and thus having a
low complex solution compared to existing schemes.
B
Broadast
Group
B
Figure 6: Broadcast service in MIMO cooperative cellular network.
.
The
beamformers
can
be
determined
by the
optimization
problem
maximization of sum SNR of the system such that total power is limited to
involving
.
The solution of the above problem yields the optimal direction which is the
eigenvector corresponding to maximum eigenvalue of the channel matrix. The
optimal beamforming vector which maximizes the broadcast SNR is given as
Base
Station 1
User k
User l
Base
Station 2
Base Station N
Figure 7: Unicast service in MIMO Cooperative Cellular Network.
In such a scenario we need to find the optimal transmission scheme that can support
large users in the presence of interference from multiple data sources. Consider a
unicast system with N base stations transmitting in cooperation to K users as shown
in Figure 7. Let the user under the consideration be user k, thus the transmission to
the remaining users (K-1) users interferes with the signal of user k thereby degrading
the signal quality leading to loss in the data rate. Similarly a reduction in overall
system data rate occurs since all the users experience interference. In order to
reduce the degrading effects of the interference, we propose a successive
constrained
eigenbeamforming
(SCEB)
technique
to
reduce
the
inter-user
interference and enhance the data rates subject to power constraints. These
schemes are based on linear eigenvector precoding and therefore have a low
complexity compared to existing schemes.
Let the data for user be denoted as . Let the wireless channel between base station
and
user be denoted as
station to user
be denoted as
base
After the gain introduced by the wireless channel, the data received at user
which is the sum of desired signal from all the base stations and interference due to
other users, can be expressed as,
.
The aggregate transmit beamforming vector for user can be obtained by stacking the
beamformers of user
Therefore the received signal vector at user , with base station cooperation can be
succinctly expressed as
Now the user will receive the signal along the direction . Thus signal received at
the antennas of user
is given as
and
such that:
Sum data rate of the unicast is maximized. The expression for sum rate is
given by
multicast scenarios to maximize the sum rate of a user group with group power
constraints.
Group 1
BS 1
Group 1
video
Group 2
BS 3
Group 2
Video
Group 3
BS 2
of
users
demanding
common
each
multicast
group
data.
An
illustration of multicast service, where multicast group 1 having four users, multicast
group 2 having three users, and multicast group 3 has one user, demanding different
video content from the server, is shown in Figure 8. Similar to unicast, optimal
beamformer for multi-cell cooperative multicast group and optimal power allocation
among users in a group should be derived such that:
, where the
is
Let the power loading factor, which is the fraction of total power, of user j belonging
to
vector
,0
be given as
and
of group i along
multicast group as
.
interference to other multicast group is zero. The aggregate channel matrix of N base
stations for user k of
multicast group is
. Thus, the
, receive
multicast group such that the sum rate of the group is maximized and the
transmission from previous scheduled
Further, the optimal transmit beamformer for user k can be obtained as the solution of
optimization problem,
users of multicast
the user order in which the beamformers are computed plays an important role is
maximizing the sum rate of the system and the quality of service that can be
provided to the users. We propose different user scheduling algorithms in the next
section which maximize the efficiency of the resource allocation strategies.
4.4.4. Optimal Multi-User Uplink Beamforming for Cooperative
Unicast Networks:
In this section, we find the transmit beamformers that maximize the SINR of the
users in the uplink. In this scenario, the base stations estimate the channel state
information. This information is employed by the base station controller to
determine the appropriate user ordering and the optimal beamforming vectors,
which are then fed back to the various users. Consider an uplink cooperative multicell MIMO network, where the
mobile
stations
employing
antennas
each,
,
,
[
denotes the
channel
matrix
between user
and
base
station
Let
received
where
to
Employing maximum ratio combining at the base stations, the receive beamformer
for user
can be derived as
is given by
given by
is
From the first constraint in the above problem, it is interesting to observe that the
interference cancellation is symmetric, i.e. if the uplink beamformer for user is
obtained such that it does not cause interference to user , then the transmission
by user
employing
. Hence, in contrast
where
of the matrix
The matrix
as
where
. The rate
of user
is
the
principal
eigenvector
determines the beamformers for the uplink which maximize the SINR of each user,
while nulling the inter-user interference.
4.5.
User Scheduling
of service (QoS). The maximum number of users that can be successively scheduled
with interference cancellation in SCEB are limited by degrees of freedom available in
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the system which is given by the total number of transmit antennas in cooperative
network which is
. In
order support large number of users, we need algorithms that can optimally
schedule users for successive interference cancellation thereby maximizing the sum
rate of the network. The prominent max-rate (MR), round robin (RR) and
proportional fairness (PF) based scheduling strategies commonly employed in
unicast multiuser wireless scenarios can be readily extended to the multicast
cooperative multicellular scenario. Consider the set of multicast groups
and let S, the subset of multicast groups U, represent the set of
the currently scheduled users. The maxrate scheduling scheme , which is aimed at
maximizing the net sum rate of the scheduled users, for scheduling a user group at
the time instant m can be expressed as,
where
is the index of chosen user group and the quantity SINR of user k in the
group comprising of
users, denoted by
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where
where
the
4.6.
if
The proposed multiuser beamforming schemes are ideally suited for multimedia
content transmission in cooperative cellular scenarios. In this context, we study the
performance of the proposed schemes in realistic video scheduling scenarios. The
quality of video depends on the frame rate, which is the number of frames played
back in one second, and quantization level, which is the number of bits used to
encode the pixels in the video. This relationship is shown in Figure 9 where quality of
the image increase as the number of quantization levels increase. The video quality
is therefore proportional to the data rate of the video. Thus, given a data rate of a
user only a certain amount of video quality can be achieved. We determine the
quality of video that can be transmitted in unicast/ multicast networks employing
the proposed beamforming techniques and scheduling algorithms. For this purpose
we employ the practical H.264 based video rate quality models. As these models are
derived from the standard joint scalable video model (JSVM) reference codec for the
H.264/SVC specification, they are readily applicable in practice.
Fie uatizatio level q/ Highe fae ate
H.264 based scalable video coding (SVC) has been demonstrated to be ideally suited
for wireless video transmission due to the dynamic quality scaling possible to meet
the requirements of users and wireless links as shown in Figure 10. The video quality
can be adapted based on the data rate available for a particular user. For instance
either the spatial resolution (spatial scalability) or the number of frames per second
(temporal scalability) in video sequence or both can be varied to achieved different
video qualities.
SVC
Scene
128 Kbps
SVC
384 Kbps
QCIF
176144
@15fps
CIF 352288
@15fps
Spatial
scalability
4CIF
704576
@15fps
SVC
2 Mbps
SVC
HDTVTemporal 1280x720scalability
@60 fps
SVC
20 Mbps
Figure 10: Scalable Video Coding for wireless networks.
The theoretical video quality and video rate models are used to demonstrate the
power of the proposed optimal resource allocation schemes. The rate of the video
R(q, t) in terms of the scalable quantization parameter q and the frame rate t of the
H.264 coded video is given as,
where
sequence of highest quality at the maximum frame rate and minimum quantization
parameter
. The quantities
quantization parameter and frame rate respectively. Similarly, the scalable video
joint quality function is
where
corresponding to
is
,
the
highest
quality
. The quantities a, c, d,
of
and
the
video
sequence
rate and quality parameters. The values of these parameters for the standard video
sequences Akiyo, Foreman, Football, City, and Crew, shown in Figure 11, are
presented in Table 1. The sum rate and video quality performance of the proposed
beamforming schemes is demonstrated in next section.
Forea
Akio
Footall
Cre
Cit
2.0
2.2
1.44
3046
CIF (352
Akiyo
.
8.
57
3.4
07
2.2
0.029
-
75
1.47
.3
612.
CIF
Football
03
5.
91
1.3
52
1.
0.031
-
37
1.38
85
5248
CIF
Crew
38
7.
95
1.6
49
1.8
0.025
-
72
1.58
.9
4358
CIF
City
34
7.
27
2.0
54
2.3
0.039
-
98
1.51
.2
2775
CIF
Akiyo
35
5.
44
4.0
26
1.8
0.034
-
96
1.47
.5
139.
QCIF
Foreman
56
7
19
2.
32
1.7
0.031
-
37
1.44
63
641.
.
8
59
1.0
85
2.3
0.029
-
75
1.51
73
208
4CIF
Crew
.
7.
96
1.1
67
2.4
0.034
-
96
1.58
99
180
4CIF
34
53
05
0.039
98
21
QCIF (176
City
Introduction
Cognitive radio (CR) provides us a way for dynamic spectrum access to improve the
bandwidth utilization [25]. CR systems allow the secondary users (SUs) to
opportunistically access the spectrum licensed to the primary users (PUs) provided
the interference caused due to the SU transmission is below the acceptable limit.
This results in better spectrum utilization than the fixed spectrum allocation. OFDM
provides great ease in dynamically allocating unused spectrum among CR users.
Thus, MIMO-OFDM has been recognized to be the most promising scheme for usage
in CR systems. We would like to exploit the benefits of multiuser MIMO broadcast
systems in cognitive radios.
6.1.1. Overview of the Problem
Figure 17: Multiband cognitive radio interweave model for frequency allocation
to primary and secondary users.
Consider a spectrum band as illustrated in Figure 17, licensed to a group of primary
users (PU band). This spectrum is not utilized efficiently as some licensed primary
users (PU) may be idle and not transmitting. At this moment secondary users (SU)
can access the vacant spectrum (CR band) to transmit their data. For instance, in
Figure 17, a group of L PUs is active thus occupying a part of spectrum and the
remaining spectrum is divided into many CR bands which are accessed by the
secondary users. A cognitive radio network consists of CR base station which
transmits in the CR band to the secondary users and primary BSs which broadcasts to
set of primary users. The base stations and users can have multiple antennas to
transmit and receive the signals. Such a scenario is illustrated in Figure 18. CR
transmits in the spectrum adjacent to PU resulting in interference which adversely
affects the performance of the PU. Hence, we need to limit the interference caused by
the SU to PUs as well as to other SUs. The performance of the system is
characterized by the total data rate and we need to maximize the total data rate that
can be achieved while minimizing the interference to other PUs and SUs. For
effective spectrum sharing in the multi-user case, in addition to the interference at
the PUs, we also need to deal with the inter-user interference experienced among
the CR users. This necessitates development of schemes to cancel the inter-user
interferences due to other CR users. Interference can be cancelled by employing
beamforming. Beamforming is a technique in which the signal is transmitted in a
particular spatial direction. In CR systems we need to ensure that the interference
Desired signal
Interference
Figure 18: Cognitive radio multiuser- MIMO scenario with both primary and
secondary users transmitting.
caused at the PU due to CR transmission should not degrade the quality of serviced
PUs as they are the licensed users. Such an interference-constrained scenario limits
the transmit power of each SU as well as the achievable data rate of SUs. Hence, we
need optimal schemes for beamforming and power allocation for a multi-user
MIMO-OFDM based cognitive radio broadcast system with the aim of maximizing the
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system capacity. The solution to above mentioned maximization problem may lead
to unfair distribution of power among CR users. For example, SUs with higher
channel gains may be allocated with large transmit power to maximize the overall
transmission rate, while allocating negligible power to other users with poor channel
quality. To handle this, we need to develop alternate schemes to obtain optimal
beamformers and optimal power loading factors jointly which aim for fairness by
ensuring minimum quality of service to every CR user while limiting the interference.
Standardization agencies like ETSI and 3GPP initiative have recommended
developing mechanisms that improve the utilization of spectrum and the available
radio resources [30] [31]. A power allocation scheme for OFDM based single user
interweave CR system rate maximization can be found in [8]. Various schemes for
downlink beamforming for single-antenna and multi-antenna multiuser systems are
presented in [26]. An algorithm for joint beamforming and power control in
multiuser MIMO systems satisfying SINR requirements of all links is proposed in
[27].
6.2.
Literature Review
Various works in existing literature have presented schemes for MIMO-OFDM based
Cognitive Radio transmission. In [40] a sum interference constraint based single
carrier MIMO optimal power allocation scheme is presented for CR scenarios. The
scheme in [41] considers secondary user MIMO rate maximization in dynamic
spectrum access CR networks, without primary user interference minimization. A
scheme for optimal subcarrier allocation in OFDM based CR systems is presented in
[42]. The work in [8]Error! Reference source not found. considered an
interweave ystem, with the spectral holes allocated to the CR users interspersed
between the primary user bands. The authors presented an optimal scheme for
CR rate maximization while limiting the interference to the primary users in a
SISO-OFDM based CR system. A similar scheme has been presented for MIMO
OFDM power allocation in [43] under the sum interference constraint. However, the
scheme presented therein is suboptimal as they consider per antenna power
allocation, while it is well known that per singular mode power allocation is
optimal in MIMO
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systems. Further, the model is restrictive as it considers only single antenna and not
MIMO wireless systems for the primary users. In a MIMO system, to maximize the
spatial multiplexing gains, one has to transmit and load power along the right
singular vectors of the MIMO channel matrix and receive along the direction of left
singular vectors, also termed as the modes of the MIMO channel. Hence, we propose
new schemes for optimal CR power allocation towards transmission rate
maximization based on spatial interference constraints, that is minimizing the
interference on every receive mode in a MIMO OFDM [44] wireless network,
considering both the presence and absence of channel state information (CSI).
The spatial multiplexing properties of MIMO beamforming can be effectively
employed in multi-user systems to mitigate the inter-user interference. Schemes for
downlink beamforming for single-antenna and multi-antenna multiuser systems are
presented in [26], [45]. Employing multiuser MIMO with CR based access further
improves the spectral efficiency through spatially multiplexing several users.
Previous works [46],[47] present a zero-forcing (ZF) and MMSE-based precoding
algorithm for rate-maximization in multi-user MIMO CR, nulling the interference at
the primary user. Iterative beamforming schemes for multi-user MIMO are
presented in [48], [49], [50]. While such works consider single carrier systems and
null interference, MIMO-OFDM with interference minimization can yield larger
capacity gains. Therefore, we propose optimal beamforming and power allocation
schemes for multi-user MIMO-OFDM based interweave CR broadcast scenarios. We
utilize block diagonalization (BD) [19] to formulate the optimal CR power allocation
paradigm for throughput maximization considering both the availability and
unavailability of primary user channel state information (CSI). We present power
allocation under CSI uncertainty for stochastic and worst case rate maximization. We
propose a novel max-min scheme towards fairness in power allocation based on a
quasi-convex optimization framework, which is solved employing an SDP based rank
relaxation.
6.3.
System model
Hz each. Figure 17
depicts the spectrum model showing secondary user subcarrier interference in the
primary user bands. Every subcarrier is being accessed by secondary users with
receive antennas each. The MIMO based primary user system comprises of a base
station with transmit antennas and primary user bands. The th primary user band
is of bandwidth Hz, with every band being accessed by primary users having
receive antennas each. The MIMO channel between the CR base station and the
th secondary user on the
th subcarrier is denoted by
. The vector
received at the th secondary user over the th CR subcarrier at time is given as,
where
user on the
th secondary
, with
, as the
. The matrix
denotes
the interference channel induced between the CR base station and the th primary
user in the th primary user band corresponding to transmission over the
subcarrier. The interference signal vector,
received
th CR
at the
th primary user due to transmission over the th CR subcarrier at time is given as,
between the CR base station and the th primary user corresponding to the th CR
subcarrier.
The
received
vector
over
the
th
CR
subcarrier
symmetric additive white Gaussian noise at the time instant is given as,
where
where
and
the
interference channel between the primary user base station and the nth CR user
subcarrier induced by the lth primary user signal be denoted by
Where
. In
the absence of primary user CSI, the transmit covariance matrix can be assumed to
be isotropic with
, where
is given as
be given as,
Where
. Let
is given as,
is
. The
where
is the
diagonal matrix,
and
with
principal
diagonal as
the
, which can be
expressed as,
where is the spectral distance between the th CR subcarrier and the th primary user
band. The quantity is the interference factor for the th primary user band due to
the th CR subcarrier, defined as
where
6.5.
We consider an interference threshold of for the primary users. Since the primary
users employ a MIMO wireless system, in principle it is essential to limit the
interference caused by the CR users at each mode of every primary user. In the
absence of primary user CSI, this can be formulated as limiting the worst case
isotropic interference caused by the CR users that is limiting the interference at all
possible modes. Hence, the optimal power allocation for sum-rate maximization for
the CR user subcarriers, subject to the constraint of primary user interference
threshold similar to [8], is obtained as a solution to the convex semi-definite
programming (SDP) problem [10] described as,
The quantity
the matrix
variables,
problem are,
The optimal power allocation for capacity maximization obtained solving the
KKT conditions is as follows,
where
if
. This leads to
a high interference at primary users close to a CR with a good channel, and lower
interference at others, thus resulting in an unequal interference burden.
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