Asian Archaeology Volume 1 Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University Science Press BeijingSenior Advisors: Lin Yun (Jilin University) Katheryn M. Linduff (University of Pittsburgh) A. P, Derevianko ({nstitute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) Editor-in-Chief: Zhu Hong (Jilin University) Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Teng Mingyu (Jilin University) Yang Jianhua (Jilin University) Chen Shenggian (Jilin University) Editorial Board: Chen Shenggian (Jilin University) Christian B, Peterson (University of Hawaii at Manoa) Fang Hui (Shandong University) Gao Xing (Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) Gideon Shelach (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Hu Yaowu (University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) Li Feng (Columbia University) Liu Wu (Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) Mei Jianjun (University of Science and Technology Beijing) Pan Ling (Jilin University) Peng Shanguo (Jilin University) Sergey S. Minyaev (Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences) Shui Tao (Nanjing University) ‘Tang Zhuowei (Jilin University) ‘Teng Mingyu (Jilin University) Wang Lixin (Jilin University) Wang Wei (Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) Wei Jian (Renmin University of China) ‘Wu Chunming (Xiamen University) Wu Xiaohong (Peking University) Yang Dongya (Simon Fraser University) Yang Jianhua (Jilin University) Yuan Jing (Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) Zhao Zhijun (Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) Zhou Hui (Jilin University) Zhu Hong (Jilin University)Contents Editorial Late Pleistocene Human Occupation in Tianjin Area, North China Wang Chunzue Sheng Lishuang Chen Quanyia (1) Report on the 2012 Field Season of the Project Origins of Agriculture and Sedentary Communities in Northeast China Gideon Shelach Teng Mingyu Wan Xiongfe (10) The Pleistocene to Holocene Adaptive Changes of Hunter-Gatherers in Northeast China Chen Shengqian (26) ‘A Case for the Petrographic Analysis of Ceramic Thin Sections: Attempts to Source Pottery from the Hongshan Culture Site of Weijiawopu, Inner Mongolia Duan Tianjing (44) Material Culture and Social Identities in Western Zhou’s Frontier: Case Studies of the Yu and Peng Lineages ‘Sun Yan (62) A Contextual Explanation for “Foreign” or “Steppic” Factors Exhibited in Burials at the Majiayuan Cemetery and the Opening of the Tianshan Mountain Corridor Yang Jianhua Katheryn M. Linduff (73) “Bird's Eye View” on the Reconstructions of the Cart and Ceremonial Tent from the 5th Pazyryk Kurgan Darin Hookk Nikolai Nikolaev (85) Beasts of the North: Global and Local Dynamics as Seen in Horse Ornaments of the Steppe Elite Bryan K. Miller Ursula Brosseder (94) Progress in Research on Wood Remains from Chinese Archaeological Sites Wang Shuzhi (113) Practice in Learning: How to Improve Our Research in Environmental Archaeology Based on the Study in Northeast China Tia Weiming (121) A Brief Introduction for Discoveries and Research of China's Archaeology in 2012 Duan Tianjing (139) Call for PapersA Contextual Explanation for “Foreign” or “Steppic” Factors Exhibited in Burials at the Majiayuan Cemetery and the Opening of the Tianshan Mountain Corridor Yang Jianhua Abstract: Excavation in the Majayuan Cemetery in Zhangjaciuan County, Katheryn M. Linduff Gansu Province ating from the Warring States Period (c. 3rd c, BCE) has attracted the attention of researchers eemuse the tombs include many artifacts such as luxuriously decorated chariots that bear close semblance in date (Hall 1997), type, style and technology to materials recovered in eastern Eurasia, and more specifically those from sites such as at Issyk-Kul in southeastern Kazakhstan near the Tianshan mountains. In this paper the contents and disposition of the tombs in Gansu wil be sorted out first and then the implications of the appearance of such materials will he explored in relation to their discovery in the borderlands of Zhow dynastic territory. That this cunmunication during the pre-dynastic Qin period sustained formation of the subsequent Han period Silk Road will networks and eventually nourished the be conjectured. previously established exchange Key words: Majiayuan Cemetery; Tianshan Mountain Corridor; Sik Road Moreover, the region was ripe for such inter polation of artifacts, burial customs and display because it was situated in a frontier region Where lifestyle was varied and often dangerous, and especially at times when power struggles over local authority were foremost as in the Warring States period (c. 4th - 3rd. c. BCE) of Chinese dynastic history. Death on the frontier Was often elaborately celebrated and recognized @ a time to mark victories, their distinctive lifestyle and/or identity with artifacts that signi- fied ‘those attributes a newfound distinctive- Ress. In other words, burial practices could delineate difference; define cultural, political or Another type of solidarity; declare one’s own identity; construct ideas about status, gender or Age; and/or resist or substantiate tradition or change in places where cultural coherence was "atened and where a new identity was Sought (Appadurai 1996; Tambiah 1996; Eller 1998). By offering this understanding of a eee eee Yang Fianhua: Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, contact or frontier zone as a framework within which to explain the various materials and the experimentation within the metal industry in particular, a better-informed way to understand the production and expression of material culture there and perhaps elsewhere will, hopefully be generated 1. Remains of Exotic Material Culture and Burial Customs Found in the Ma- jiayuan Mortuary Remains Since August 2006, a rescue excavation has been carried out on looted tombs in Majiayuan, Zhangjiachuan, Autonomous County of the Hui Nationality, Tianshui Area, Gansu Pro- vince (Gansu and Zhangjiachuan 2008; Xiangin and Zhangjiachuan 2009, 2010, 2012), and 30 tombs have been discovered and published. Most of the tombs were of catacomb type, some with chariot pit. In addition to elabo- in University, Changchun 130012 Katheryn M. Linduff: Department of History of Art and Architecture, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 1526074+ Asian Archaeology rately decorated chariots, ten of thousands of funerary objects were unearthed, including, items made from clay, bronze, gold, silver, bone, iron, agate, turquoise, and colored glass. Judging from the tomb type, the styles and type of objects buried in these tombs, the excavators have suggested that the interred belonged to Rong leadership under the do- mination of the Qin during the Warring States period of the Zhou Dynasty. The assemblages of objects and the structures of the tombs are of mixed heritage, including, customs and artifact types and décor models inspired from provincial Qin or Zhou dynastic types, as well as those of local Rong, eastern steppic and western Asian inspiration. Among these factors, those borrowed from steppe models are not entirely comparable to bronzes from Guyuan, the Ordos and other find-spots in northern dynastic borderlands of the late Eas- tern Zhou, but are very comparable to icono- graphic and technological choices witnessed in, materials recovered in southeastern Kazakhstan mentioned above, ‘Among the iconographic themes represented in the décor, the most distinguishable animals are ibex and tiger, both represented on flat plates. These plaque-like attachments for the chariot in M3, for instance, are decorated with a big horned ibex motif and are made from either cast bronze (Figure 1:1) or silver foil (Figure 1:2). These plaques are distinguishable from those typically cast in high relief found in Guyuan and the Ordos region because the ibex images are flat casts, and have recurved homs and stand on four separately articulated legs and feet. Tenelene TT Figure 1 The comparison of plaques from Issyk and Majiayuan. The tiger shaped decorations were made by hammering gold or silver over a model. The gold foil tigers that adomed the side panels of the carriages in M3 stand with manes and tails curled upward and across the back of the ani- mal to form opposing arcs (Figure 1: 3). The long and slim silver tiger plaques that adorn the side panels of the coach in MI are decorated with longitudinal and horizontal stripes and were affixed through small holes on each foot (Figure 1: 4) In addition to these animal shaped decorations, openwork ornamental plaques also adorned the vehicles, for example those on the wheels of chariots in M3. The complex openwork decorat- ions are bilaterally symmetrical designs with curvilinear strips reaching towards each other forming converging curves (Figure 1: 5). Al nately, the ornamental openwork décorati attached to the spokes of the chariot wheels M3 are made of rows of openwork silver decorations (Figure 1: 6). These decorative m¢ plus the hammering and low relief casting nology used to produce the artifacts are at in the region, but have direct analogies far to ‘west of Majiayuan in eastern Kazakhstan. Overall, many iconographic and aes features recorded on items found at the yuan cemetery can be distinguished from terials made on “Zhou dynastic” iconog and technical standards in four distinct First, the animal decorations mainly depict gers and ibex, especially ones that emphi the recurved horns of the ibex. An upcurling horn style is also reflected in the disposition of the manes and tails of tigers and ‘on openwork omamental plaques. Second, the ‘objects were primarily made from hammered gold or silver sheeting, although a few flat, cast bronze figures were also found. These gold and silver sheets adorned the objects create the image of a gold or silver statue and probably displayed wealth of the donor. Third, the gold and silver were hammered into longitudinal horizontal strips, suggesting that the Geographic Context Tianshan mountain area borders on both itheast Kazakhstan and Xinjiang. In the Iron (7th-2nd c. BCE), the Saka were thought to lived in this area. An important discovery Made near Issyk-Kul (Akishev 1978) in stem Kazakhstan in 1969-1970, ‘The tion of the so-called Issyk kurgan or the of the golden warrior” yielded the body 16 to 18 year-old prince interred with 'S equip- ment and rich funerary goods 4000 gold ornaments. The kurgan is from the 3rd to the 2nd c. BCE (Chang ‘off 2006: p. 112, fig, 39). decorations representing big horned found in the Issyk kurgan are made from Bold and silver foil (Figure 1: 7), and More gold plaques representing ibex discovered in Kargaly valley near I (Figure 1: 8) (Mommxona 1992: p. 379, These are similar to the ibex plaques in lan where the big horn curls backwards it feet are rendered separately. The ‘A Contextual Explanation for “Foreign” or “Steppic” Factors Exhibited in Burials at th ‘Cemetery and the Opening of the Tianshan Mountain Corridor ee 2 The comparison between the patterns of ibex and tiger from Majiayuan (1) and Issyk @), pa Pe 1e Majiayuan hammered models were made with the same strips. Finally, funerary chariots decorated with these images bore subjects popular to the west of Gansu and beyond the dynastic lands of the Zhou, but displayed the animals in a distinctive relationship to each other. For instance, in most examples from the western regions, the tiger and ibex appeared as predator and prey respec- tively, while those depicted on the plaques from Majiayuan do not tussle with each other and confirm a local adaptation (Figure 2:1). plaques from Kargaly are dated from the Wusun period during the 2nd century to the Ist century BCE, or somewhat later than the Issyk kargan, Most of the 165 decorative pieces uncovered in the Issyk kurgan are forged or cast in gold and silver in animal shapes and are primarily used to decorate the hat and clothing of the tomb occupant. More than 4000 ornaments made of gold foil as well as jewelry were attached to the clothing. The final effect of these decorations suggests that the interred was a gold statue. There are also many gold attach- ments on the pointed hat, including ones that separately depict snow leopards and ibex, again predator and prey (Figure 2: 2). In several ways, both in technique and oramental detail the Issyk golden pieces anticipate the animal décor at Majiayuan. The golden divine horse image on the hat of the occupant of “tomb of the golden warrior” has wings and horns. The curved homs and wings form adjoining spirals (Figure 1: 9) and are disposed similarly to manes and tails of the golden tigers found in the debris of the chariot+76+ Asian Archaeology at Majiayuan. The Issyk representation of a snow leopard jumps upward and looks back. Its body is engraved with longitudinal and hori- zontal indentations (Figure 1: 10) using a techni- que similar to that used on the silver tigers from. Majiayuan. Likewise, the openwork gold foil plaques from Issyk (Figure 1: 11, 12) ate similar to the curvilinear openwork plaques found in Majiayuan. ‘The similarities between the decorative re- mains found at Majiayuan to those yielded from. the excavations in the area of Issyk-Kul are many and close: animal style decorations are all made in two-dimensional relief, unlike the popular three-dimensional animal style objects found in the Ordos Plateau; gold and silver foil is more frequently used than bronze; the dating of both, remains are contemporary with the late Warring, States period of the dynastic Zhou. The gold and silver ornamental plaques dressed up the chariot in Majiayuan and the occupant in Issyk kurgan, illustrating a similar aesthetic predilection for luxurious effect. This aesthetic choice is very different from the less elaborate and practical uses of the three-dimensional bronze animal decorations found in other tombs in the region. Very few three-dimensional animal decorations are found in early tombs on northern bank of the northernmost Ili River (Yang and Zhang 2012), which had affinities to the northern steppe area ‘The emergence of these two treatments of animal decor in north China documents different time periods: the three-dimensional animal style belongs to an earlier stage in the north between the late 4th and 3rd c. BCE, or from the middle and late Warring States period in the Zhou; and, the two-dimensional style belongs to a later stage, or from the 3rd c. BCE during the late Warring, States period (Yang 2004). This phenomenon suggests that there was communication between, northern dynastic China and frontier areas from, north to south over a long period. There are two main animal representational types that decorate the gold and silver orna- mental plaques: one is the ibex standing firmly on four separate feet; the other represents felines with longitudinal and horizontal, engra- ved lines on their bodies. The details of these types also bear some similarity to each other; the recurved horns connect with the upward turning tails or wings. The two main types denote predator and prey, but the animals do, not fight each other in the Majiayuan examples, The floral ornamental plaques also have simila- rities: the petals curls upwards to form hooked shape and strips that are filled with floral patterns. These similarities in décorative appr- oach to décor and aesthetic effect, as well as in| tomb type do not appear to be coincidental, but must rather be a reflection of some sort of reciprocal knowledge among peoples in the region. Since these cultural features have a long history and appear frequently in southeast Kazakhstan, so they may be seen as part of a network of contact open into the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE. In addition to iconographic and stylistic affinities between the region and the materials recently unearthed at Majiayuan, a shared technology can be pointed out as another fea- ture of exchange. The hammering of pliable metals is documented throughout the eastern Kazakh region and belongs to a larger region of sharing. For instance, the excavated frozen tombs found nearby in the Altai (Rudenko 1970), in the Ukok plateau at Ak-Alakha (Figure 3: 2-4) and at Berel (Figure 3: 1) (Toaocbsax: 1994, 2001) in eastern Kazakhstan suggest a contemporary regional mortuary practice and artifact style. Beginning in 1997 an international team began to excavate Tomb 11 at Berel, and several features of the tomb suggested to excavators that it had belonged to an impor ‘member of the local leadership (Francfort 19 ‘The owner's high status was indicated by size of the kurgan (63m in diameter) and tomb chamber (24m), the fine construction the tomb chamber (pine and larch bs framework with a ceiling of birch bark sh felt, and a layer of twigs), as well as the pre bly well preserved bodies of a young man an older woman, as well as plentiful funer goods and well-preserved architecture (Myl ov et al. 2004; Samashev 2006). Perhaps of greatest interest here, the frozen corpses sacrificed horses wearing preserved leat masks with attached goat horns which analogous to the recurved ibex horns from Issyk and Majiayan artifacts. Likets found at Majiayuan, these objects je the same iconography, and used a jlogy that hammered gold and silver over joden model. Even the cast items from establishing the sharing of artifactual, graphic and technical features of certain ials from Majiayuan and those found in m Kazakhstan, one must ask about the luit for this communication, especially the Siberian ibex is native to alpine mea- and high altitudes and crags of eastern ‘A Contextual Explanation for “Foreign” or "Steppic” Factors Exhibited in Burials at the Majiayuan ‘Cemetery and the Opening of the Tianshan Mountain Corridor “7: Majiayuan appear to be modeled on a proto- type of wooden carved examples, a technique not documented inside the Qin dynastic ter- ritory previously. Eurasia such as in the Tianshan mon-tains, but were not familiar in Gansu. Some evidence suggests that routes through Xinjiang into the Gansu corridor were the most likely. Standing, bronze ibex figures with recurved horns have been discovered in Xinyuan County to the north of the Tianshan Mountains (Xinjiang, 1999; PI. 1052). These plaques are very similar to those excavated in Majiayuan, especially ones with exaggerated raised arcs on the upper+78 Asian Archaeology edge of the horn (Figure 4). Such ibexes also appear on the bronze mirrors excavated in a tomb at Yeshike- lieke {|i 8 in Ili, Tekes County (Xinjiang 2005), on bronze mirrors collected in Hami (Wang et al. 1993: Cover) and in the so-called Baigier ##5¢/K tomb in Yiwu County (Tohti Tulahong 2005). These ibex are all made of cast bronze, and most are flat and two-dimensional, although a few display some relief. They all stand on four feet and share large curved horns with raised arcs decorating, their edges. / ee Balas iy fo Brigier Hom, uguan Lan2hen Tanah Figure 4 ‘The distribution of ibex and tiger plaques in Xinjiang shows conduit between Southeastern Kazakhstan ‘and Northwestern China near Tianshan Mountain, ‘The Alagou [i4i% tomb is located in one of the valleys in the midst of the Tianshan Moun- tains (Xinjiang 1981). Four tombs with wood coffins uncovered in 1976-1977 are noteworthy. ‘Among the tombs, M30 is the largest in size and contains the most remains. Eight round gold plaques with tiger motifs, four gold foil belts with tiger motifs and one lion-shaped tiger image in foil were found in M30. All gold foil beasts are decorated with longitudinally and horizontally engraved stripes. The hind limb of the golden foil lion is rotated 180 degrees. There are also many golden ornaments there that represent animal faces and petals, the margins of which all have small holes for attachment. A bronze censer typical as a grave good in southeastern Kazakhstan was also. excavated there. The occupant of M30 is either a young or adult female. Around the head of the occupant, nearly 100 bent gold ornamental plaques 2.5em long were discovered most likely originally stitched onto a hat. Gold wire and ornamental gold plaques with holes for attachment on their margins were uncovered in all the tombs. We could conjecture that the occupant of the tombs had a gold hat and clothing décor similar to those excavated in the Issyk kurgan. A wooden chariot was discovered at the bottom of the wooden coffin in M30. The wheel ‘diameter is about 18 cm, and the axles are covered with) silver foil and the decorative coverings are very similar to those in Majiayuan. These tombs are dated at the end of the Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty (3rd c. to 2nd c. BCE). This choice of artifacts and the sex of the ‘occupant suggest that perhaps she had married) in, These remains in the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang have many similarities to artifacts: excavated in the Issyk kurgan in southeastern’ Kazakhstan and in the Majiayuan cemetery in Gansu. First, they all date roughly from the same period or from the 3rd to 2nd century BCE; second, the animal motifs include pri-ly the ibex and animated, jumping beasts; ‘the ornamental plaques are made of gold 1 foil with small holes for attachment their margins and were scored with engra- longitudinal and horizontal stripes; and ly, the Alagou and the Majiayuan tombs include wooden chariots. he relevant remains in Xinjiang were all din the Tianshan Mountains, to the west of County in Tli, and then Xinyuan. These sites are close to Semirechiye and are tiguous geographically. The Alagou tomb is ed further east in a mountain pass of the shan Mountains and even further east is Hami area (Figure 4). Analysis of older ns dating from the early Bronze Age has woked the suggestion that there was a ction between the people of Siba in the Gansu corridor (Beijing and Gansu 2003) and those who lived to the north of the Tianshan fountains in the Hami area (Qian et al. 2001). This proposed contact between the Gansu and Hami areas is as early as the first half of the 2nd century BCE. Is it also possible, then, that during the 3rd c. BCE that these outsider Jlements were introduced through the Gansu corridor to the Majiayuan peoples of the Tianshui Area, Gansu Province. In summary, northern Tianshan passes may be the channels that connected communities in eastern Kazakhstan and the Guanzhong area in present-day China. Communication between Xinjiang, eastern Eurasia and Central Asian already had a long history by the time of our tombs at Majiayuan. From the early Metal Age, elements from both Eurasia and the Gansu Corridor entered Xinjiang slowly from the west and east. The crossroad was likely at Hami, then westward to Balikun, and then the Yangi Basin and finally goods, people and probably technology were transmitted across all of Xin- jiang along the Tianshan Mountains (Shao 2009).. Western technologies and artifacts and perhaps peoples came into Xinjiang from eastern Eurasia but also from the north, suggesting that perhaps several conduits, both from the north and south of Gansu should be considered. The ecent discoveries at Majiayuan, however, allow for the first time to propose a direct link be- tween Semirechiye and the interior of dynastic China. This route became a northern branch of ‘A Contextual Explanation for “Foreign” or "Steppic” Factors Exhibited in Burials at the Majiayuan Cemetery and the Opening of the Tianshan Mountain Corridor +79 the Silk Road and is earlier than that of the route that passed along the Tarim River to the south of the Tianshan. The Silk Road across the desert and through oases replaced the “metal road” from eastern Eurasia, as the Xiongnu Empire arose in the 3rd and 2nd c. BCE. Although there is still no actual archeological evidence of a conduit from Hami to Tianshui, it is likely that these new decorative ideas and perhaps artifacts and peoples passed into inner China through the Gansu corridor, as is documented later via the Silk Road during the Han Dynasty. 3. The Manner of Cultural Communic- ation M1 and M3 tombs from Majiayuan were excavated in 2006 and offer further clues to the passage of materials across this route. The passages in M1 and M3 both have nine steps and double chambers, and held sacrificed horses and cattle, suggesting that M1 and M3 are tombs of higher ranked individuals. The common character of the all tombs is that their remains display particular cultural markers: bronze ritual vessels that follow models from the Central Plain (Figure 5: 1, 2) or the Qin culture (Figure 6: 1); the domestic pottery is local (Figure 5: 3), perhaps Rong style; chariot fittings (Figure 5: 14-20; Figure 6: 10, 11), weapons and horse bits (Figure 5: 21-26) follow Central Plain models, while the decorations on wheels and plaques on the coach exhibit fron- tier designs (Figure 5: 13; Figure 6: 3-9). This suggests that particular artifacts and styles were distinguished by function in the Tianshui area, and that the residents there preferred a mixture of styles and artifacts including ones from the Central Plain, local and frontier cultures to the west. Perhaps each style or artifact bore a dis- tinct meaning—those that recalled the Central Plain affiliated the owner with the central Zhou authority, the local materials pointed to native identity for the owner, and the other items were exotic, perhaps lending status to the owner. Such mixtures of items in tombs of the elite in frontier areas is not unusual and can be found, although in different combinations, across the Northern Frontier of dynastic China at the same time. The “Northern Zone of China” was a+80 “contact zone” as Mary Louise Pratt has descri- bed (Pratt 1992) and/or a “tribal zone” as Ferguson and Whitehead (Ferguson and Whit- ehead 2002) proposed for other areas of the world. They see such places as ambiguous spaces that lay at the margins and borders of fect political control by the metropolitan states where local and colonial ideas and practices were reconstructed transculturally (Ferguson and Whitehead 2002: p. xii). Increa- singly the nature of such spaces is seen as highly permeable, constantly breached and put Asian Archaeology into question by the symbiotic and mimetic processes that belie colonial discourse of difference and distinction. They go on to explain that because material circumstances, patterned social interactions and structured ways of thinking are in countless ways disrupted by the process of culture contact, they are frequently recast into something unique for the region and time (Ferguson and Whitehead 2002: p. xii). Such would appear to explain the mixing of styles and styles of items in burials in our region at this time. 4 ; ET ST =a al ts Q s08 ; é ay a a 2 B e 4 £ i FigureS Artifacts from Majiayuan tomb 1 There are several weapons and horse bits in M1, while there are none in M3. Although both tombs were robbed, small objects such as arrowheads were being left. There are no arrowheads in M3, so we can be relativ sure that there were none buried in M3. no human bone was preserved, sex and age the deceased cannot be determined. Howe'‘ding to the objects remaining in the two s, the occupant of M1 may be male and -M3 may be female. Central Plain style rials in M1 ate more numerous than in while the frontier materials in M3 are numerous than in M1. If the occupant of is female and we know that her tomb tained more exotic items than the male yb MI, and if we use M30 in Alagou as a ollary, we may conjecture that the “for- The analysis above is a conjecture as to how features were transmitted from eastem Ka- Quite different “foreign” features and ‘A Contextual Explanation for “Foreign” or “Steppic’ Factors Exhibited in Burials at the Majiayuan Cemetery and the Opening of the Tianshan Mountain Corridor -s1: dowry. Several observable facts might support such a presumption: the steppic materials in the tomb date from the same period as the Issyk kurgan, and they were made with hybrid, blended or mixed iconographies or types. For instance, single-eared jars of Rong style and chariots with decoration of natura- listic animals show that the occupant of M3 adopted or used the local domestic vessels but kept her native steppic tradition in other burial customs. types of artifacts were found in Tombs M14 and MIS excavated during 2007-2008 (Xiangin and Zhangjiachuan 2009) at Majiayuan. Both tombs18+ Asian Archaeology have common Eurasian type plaques representing beasts-attackinggoats (Figure 7: 2, 4), rather than such elements as ibex representations of Semire- chye style found in tombs of Mland M3 at Majiayuan. The plaques from Ml4 bear a resemblance to the Guyuan style (Figure 7: 1) and Issyk type (Figure 7: 3) In summary, daily necessities in the Majiayuan tombs were represented by characteristic local items; sacrificial bronze vessels, chariots and weapons of the Central Plain types suggest that the locals had already accepted the ritual of the Qin state and Zhou central authority; outsider cultural features mainly functioned as decoration. ‘The female occupant in M3 included materials Acknowledgements: We express our appreciation to Dr. Shao Huigin for giving us information on Xinjiang. Financial aid forthe research for this paper toas recived from the PRC State Education Ministry (#10]1D770001]. References Akishev, K. A. 1978, Issyk Mound: The Art of Saka in Kazakistan, Moscow. Appadurai, Arjun. 1996, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Beijing ligong daxue yejin he cailiaoshi xueyuan {3X3 TAIRA ERB, and Gansu. sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo tt At 439) OF IEF. 2008. “Huoshaogou Siba wenhua tonggi chengfen fen ji that probably signified her “foreign” natal iden- tity to accompany her into the “other world” This collection of goods confirms that this area ‘was a contact zone, and one that borrowed as- pects of material culture that represented their newly multi-cultural society. And, since the dating is comparable in sites discussed in areas west of the Tianshan Mountains in Kazakhstan and in the Majiayuan cemetery, this suggests that connections spread directly from the Tianshan region to the Qin territory in the Tianshui area. The Tianshan Mountainous region had already, apparently, become the conduit for exchange and was a prelude to the silk road of later periods. 4 Figure 7 Comparison between plaques from Majiayuan M14 (2,4) and those from Guyuan (1) and lssyk (3). zhizuo jishu de yanjiu” Bev VUI ICCA BE BbMEHEA IVER (The Bronzes of the Siba Culture from Huoshaogou: A Component Analysis and Manufacture ‘Technique Study). Weru X49 86-96, Chang Claudia, et al. Of Gold and Grass: Nomads Krzakhstan (xd). The Foundation for Interna Arts & Education Text Sponsored by Access dustries, Eller, Jack David. 1998. From Culture to Ethnicity Confit: An Anthropological Perspective on Ei Confit. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press Ferguson, R. Brian, and N. L. Whitehead, 2002. Wal the Tribal Zone: Expanding Statutes and Indi Warfare. Santa Fe, NM: Schoo! of American82 Asian Archaeology have common Eurasian type plaques representing beasts-attackinggoats (Figure 7: 2, 4), rather than such elements as ibex representations of Semire- chye style found in tombs of Mland M3 at Majiayuan. The plaques from MI4 bear a resemblance to the Guyuan style (Figure 7: 1) and Issyk type (Figure 7:3). In summary, daily necessities in the Majiayuan tombs were represented by characteristic local items; sacrificial bronze vessels, chariots and weapons of the Central Plain types suggest that the locals had already accepted the ritual of the Qin state and Zhou central authority; outsider cultural features mainly functioned as decoration. ‘The female occupant in M3 included materials Acknowledgements: We express our appreciation to Dr. Shao Huigin for giving us information on Xinjiang. Financial cid forthe research for this paper was received from the PRC State Education Ministry (910910770001). References ‘Akishev, K. A. 1978, Issyk Mound: The Art of Saka in Kazakhstan, Moscow. Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Beijing ligong daxue yefin he cailiaoshi xueyuan 3K TRPTAGAIM A REBE, and Gansu sheng wenwut kaogu yanjiusuo tf At 23 8 A 1 OFTHE. 2003, “Huoshaogou Siba wenhua tongqi chengfen ferxi ji that probably signified her “foreign” natal iden- tity to accompany her into the “other world”. This collection of goods confirms that this area was a contact zone, and one that borrowed as- pects of material culture that represented their newly multi-cultural society. And, since the dating is comparable in sites discussed in areas ‘west of the Tianshan Mountains in Kazakhstan) and in the Majiayuan cemetery, this suggests that connections spread directly from the Tianshan region to the Qin territory in the Tianshui area. The Tianshan Mountainous region had already, apparently, become the conduit for exchange and was a prelude to the silk road of later periods. 4 Figure 7 Comparison between plaques from Majiayuan M14 (2, 4) and those from Guyuan (1) and Issyk (3) Zhizwo ishu de yanjiu” ASEH HAR a BASH BivIIFERMBIIT (The Bronzes of the Siba Culture from Huoshaogou: A Component Analysis ad Manufacture Technique Study). Wemou 349 8 8596. Chang Claudia, et al. Of Gold nnd Grass: Nomads Kazakstan (n.d. The Foundation for International Arts & Education Text Sponsored by Access dustries. Eller, Jack David, 1998. From Culture to Ethnicity Conflict: An Anthropological Perspective on El Conflict. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press Ferguson, R. Brian, and N. L. Whitehead. 2002. War the Tribal Zone: Expanding Statutes and Ind Warfare. Santa Fe, NM: School of AmericanResearch. 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