LEE KIAN KEONG

18

STPM MATHEMATICS (T)

18: Chi-squared Tests

Chi-squared Tests

1. [STPM ]
A car manufacturing company claims that the colours preferred by its customers are white, grey, blue, and red
in the ratio 7 : 3 : 3 : 1. It is found that, from 420 prospective buyers listed in the companys record of order,
225 persons choose white, 90 grey, 85 blue, and 20 red. Based on this record of orders, test whether the claim
made by the company can be accepted at the 5% significance level.
[6 marks]
[Answer : Test statistic=4.683]
2. [STPM ]
State common conditions apply to the distribution of test statistics in the test of goodness of fit, 2 is approximated to 2 distribution.
[2 marks]
A study was conducted in a factory on the number of accidents that happen on 100 factory workers in a period
of time. The following data were obtained.
Number of accident
Number of workers

0
25

1
31

2
23

3
13

4
5

5
3

Test, at 1% significant level, whether the data above is a sample from the Poisson distribution with parameter
1.5.
[10 marks]
[Answer : Test statistic=1.048<13.28]
3. [STPM ]
2

In a chi-square test, the test statistic is given by =

k
X
(Oi Ei )2
i=1

Ei

, where Oi is the observed frequency, Ei

the expected frequency, and k > 2. Show that

k
X
(Oi Ei )2

Ei

i=1

where N =

k
X
i=1

Oi =

k
X

k
X
O2
i

i=1

Ei

N,

Ei .

[2 marks]

i=1

A car model has four colours: white, red, blue, and green. From a random sample of 60 cars of that model
in Kuala Lumpur, 13 are white, 14 are red, 16 are blue, and 17 are green. Test, at the 5% significance level,
whether the number of cars of each colour of that model in Kuala Lumpur is the same.
[5 marks]
[Answer : Test statistic=0.668<7.815]
4. [STPM ]
In order to investigate whether the level of education and the opinion on a social issue are independent, 1300
adults are interviewed. The following table shows the results of the interviews.
Level of education
University
College
High school
Total

Opinion on the social issue

Agree
Disagree
450
18
547
30
230
25
1227
73

Total
468
577
255
1300

Determine, at the 1% significance level, whether the level of education and the opinion on the social issue are
independent.
[9 marks]

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LEE KIAN KEONG

STPM MATHEMATICS (T)

18: Chi-squared Tests

[Answer : Test statistic=11.392>9.21]

5. [STPM ]
Explain what is meant by significance level in the context of hypothesis testing.

[2 marks]

In a goodness-of-fit test for the null hypothesis that the binomial distribution is an adequate model for the data,
the test statistic is found to have the value 19.38 with 7 degrees of freedom. Find the smallest significance level
at which the null hypothesis is rejected.
[2 marks]
[Answer : 1%]
6. [STPM ]
The following table shows the frequency distribution of passengers (excluding the driver) per car in a town for
a particular period. The data could be a sample from a Poisson distribution.
Number of passengers
Frequency

0
241

1
211

2
104

3
35

4
7

5
0

6
2

(a) Find all the expected frequencies for the distribution correct to two decimal places.

[3 marks]

(b) Calculate the values of the goodness-of-fit statistic

i. without combining any frequency classes,
ii. with the last three frequency classes being combined.
Comment on the values obtained and explain any differences.

[6 marks]

(c) Using the value of the statistic in (b)(ii), test for goodness of fit at the 5% significance level.

[3 marks]

[Answer : (a) ; (b) (i) 12.222 , (ii) 0.667 ; (c) Test statistic=0.667<7.815]
7. [STPM ]
What is meant by a contingency table?

[1 marks]

A survey is carried out on a random sample of 820 persons who are asked whether students who break school
rules should be caned. The results of the survey are as follows.
hhhh

hhhh
Opinion
hhhh
Education level
hh
h
High school
College
University

Yes

No

Not sure

125
98
100

65
68
80

100
64
120

Carry out chi-squared tests to determine whether educational level is related to the opinion on caning at the
significance levels of 1% and 2%.
[10 marks]
Comment on the conclusions of these tests.

[2 marks]

[Answer : Test statistic=12.59<13.28]

8. [STPM ]
In a psychological study, 50 persons are asked to answer four multiple-choice questions. The answers obtained
are compared with the predetermined answers. The data is recorded as a frequency distribution as follows:
Number of matched answers
Frequency

0
10

1
15

2
8

3
5

4
12

A psychologist suggests that the data fits the following probability distribution.
Number of matched answers
Probability

0
0.08

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1
0.10

2
0.15

3
0.25

4
0.42

LEE KIAN KEONG

STPM MATHEMATICS (T)

18: Chi-squared Tests

(a) Calculate the expected frequencies based on the probability distribution.

[2 marks]

(b) Determine whether there is significant evidence, at the 5% significant level, to reject the suggestion.[8 marks]
9. [STPM ]
Two hundred patients with a certain skin disorder are treated for five days either with cream A or cream B. The
following table shows the number of patients recorded as no recovery, partial recovery or complete recovery.
Type of cream
A
B

Number of patients
Partial recovery Complete recovery
30
45
25
65

No recovery
25
10

(a) Calculate the percentage of patients with improvement for each type of cream used and comment on your
answers.
[2 marks]
(b) Determine, at the 5% significance level, whether the condition of a patient is independent of the type of
cream used.
[9 marks]
(c) What conclusion can be made based on the results in (a) and (b)?

[1 marks]

[Answer : (a) 75% , 90% ; (b) Test statistic=10.518>5.991]

10. [STPM ]
An electronic component produced by a factory is found to have at most five defects. A supervisor at the
factory conducts a study on the number of defects found in the electronic components. One thousand electronic
components have been selected at random and inspected. The number of defects found and their respective
frequency arc given as follows:
Number of defects
Frequency

0
33

1
145

2
337

3
286

4
174

5
25

(a) Test, at 5% and 20% significance levels, whether the binomial distribution with probability of defect p = 0.5
fits the data.
[7 marks]
(b) Recommend, with a reason, an appropriate conclusion for part (a).

[2 marks]

[Answer : (a) Test statistic=8.3424<11.07 for 5%. Test statistic=8.34247.289 for 20%]
11. [STPM ]
A thread always breaks during the weaving of cloth in a factory. The number of breaks per thread which occur
for 100 threads of equal length are tabulated as follows:
Number of breaks per thread
Number of threads

0
15

1
22

2
31

3
18

4
8

5
6

(a) Calculate the expected number of threads with respect to the number of breaks based on a Poisson distribution having the same mean as the observed distribution.
[6 marks]
(b) Carry out a 2 test, at the 5% significance level, to determine whether the data fits the proposed model in
(a).
[7 marks]
12. [STPM ]
It is thought that there is an association between the colour of a persons eyes and the reaction of the persons
skin to ultraviolet light. In order to investigate this, each of a random sample of 120 persons is subjected to a
standard dose of ultraviolet light. The degree of the reaction for each person is noted, - indicating no reaction,
+ indicating a slight reaction and ++ indicating a strong reaction. The results are shown in the table below.

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LEE KIAN KEONG

STPM MATHEMATICS (T)

```

``` Eye colour

```
Blue
```
Reaction
7
+
29
++
21

18: Chi-squared Tests

Grey or green

Brown

8
10
9

18
16
2

Test whether the data provide evidence, at the 5% significance level, that the colour of a persons eyes and the
reaction of the persons skin to ultraviolet light are independent.
[10 marks]
13. [STPM ]
The symptom of hypertension and smoking habit for 120 individuals is shown in the contingency table below.
Symptom of hypertension
Presence
Absence

Heavy smokers
22
16

Smoking habit
Moderate smokers
25
18

Non-smokers
15
24

Using a chi-squared test, at the 5% significance level, determine whether the symptom of hypertension is independent of smoking habit.
[11 marks]
[Answer : Test statistic=4.035<5.991]
14. [STPM ]
The power lines across a range of mountains are constantly struck by lightning. The number of occurrence per
week is recorded for the past 72 weeks. The results obtained are shown below.
Number of lightning strikes per week
Number of weeks

0
14

1
21

2
17

3
12

4
8

Perform a 2 goodness-of-fit test, at 1% significance level, to determine whether the data fits a Poisson distribution with a mean of 2.
[8 marks]
You may use the probability distribution of a Poisson random variable with mean 2 given below.
Number of occurrence
Probability

0
0.1353

1
0.2707

2
0.2707

3
0.1804

4
0.1429

[Answer : Test statistic=2.88<13.28]

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