H

This article is about the letter of the alphabet. For other

uses, see H (disambiguation).
Aitch redirects here. For the surname, see Aitch (surname).
H (named aitch /et/ or haitch /het/ plural aitches

in many spelling systems in digraphs and trigraphs, such

as 'ch', which represents /t/ in Spanish, Galician, Old
Portuguese and English, // in French and modern Portuguese, /k/ in Italian, French and English, /x/ in German,
Czech language, Polish, Slovak, one native word of English and a few loanwords into English, and // in German.

2 Name in English
For most English speakers, the name for the letter is
pronounced /et/ and spelled 'aitch'[1] or occasionally
'eitch'. The pronunciation /het/ and the associated
spelling 'haitch' is often considered to be h-adding and
is considered nonstandard in England.[2] It is, however, a
feature of Hiberno-English[3] and other varieties of English, such as those of Malaysia, India, Newfoundland,
and Singapore. In Northern Ireland, it is a shibboleth as
Protestant schools teach aitch and Catholics haitch. In the
Republic of Ireland, the letter h is generally pronounced
as haitch.
The perceived name of the letter aects the choice of
indenite article before initialisms beginning with H: for
Writing cursive forms of H
example an H-bomb or a H-bomb. The pronunciation /het/ may be a hypercorrection formed by analogy
[1]
or haitches) is the eighth letter in the ISO basic Latin
with the names of the other letters of the alphabet, most
alphabet.
of which include the sound they represent.[4]
The haitch pronunciation of h has spread in England, being used by approximately 24% of English people born
1 History
since 1982[5] and polls continue to show this pronunciation becoming more common among younger native
The original Semitic letter Heth most likely represented
speakers. Despite this increasing number, pronunciation
the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (). The form of the without the /h/ sound is still considered to be standard in
letter probably stood for a fence or posts.
England, although the pronunciation with /h/ is also atThe Greek eta '' in Archaic Greek alphabets still rep- tested as a legitimate variant.[2]
resented /h/ (later on it came to represent a long vowel, Authorities disagree about the history of the letters name.
//). In this context, the letter eta is also known as heta The Oxford English Dictionary says the original name of
to underline this fact. Thus, in the Old Italic alphabets, the letter was [aha] in Latin; this became [aka] in Vulthe letter heta of the Euboean alphabet was adopted with gar Latin, passed into English via Old French [at], and
its original sound value /h/.
by Middle English was pronounced [at]. The AmeriWhile Etruscan and Latin had /h/ as a phoneme, almost all Romance languages lost the soundRomanian
later re-borrowed the /h/ phoneme from its neighbouring Slavic languages, and Spanish developed a secondary
/h/ from /f/, before losing it again; various Spanish dialects have developed [h] as an allophone of /s/ or /x/ in
most Spanish-speaking countries, and various dialects of
Portuguese use it as an allophone of //. 'H' is also used

can Heritage Dictionary of the English Language derives

it from French hache from Latin haca or hic. Anatoly
Liberman suggests a conation of two obsolete orderings
of the alphabet, one with H immediately followed by K
and the other without any K: reciting the formers ..., H,
K, L,... as [...(h)a ka el ...] when reinterpreted for the latter ..., H, L,... would imply a pronunciation [(h)a ka] for
H.[6]
1

3
3.1

Use in writing systems

English

In English, h occurs as a single-letter grapheme (being

either silent or representing /h/) and in various digraphs,
such as ch /t/, //, /k/, or /x/), gh (silent, //, /k/, /p/,
or /f/), ph (/f/), rh (/r/), sh (//), th (// or //),
wh (/hw/[7] ). The letter is silent in a syllable rime, as in
ah, ohm, dahlia, cheetah, pooh-poohed, as well as in certain other words (mostly of French origin) such as hour,
honest, herb (in American but not British English) and
vehicle. Initial /h/ is often not pronounced in the weak
form of some function words including had, has, have,
he, her, him, his, and in some varieties of English (including most regional dialects of England and Wales) it
is often omitted in all words (see 'h'-dropping). It was
formerly common for an rather than a to be used as the
indenite article before a word beginning with /h/ in an
unstressed syllable, as in an historian, but use of a is
now more usual (see English articles Indenite article).

3.2

RELATED CHARACTERS

before an H muet followed by a vowel. For example, le

+ hbergement becomes l'hbergement ('the accommodation'). The other kind of h is called h aspir ("aspirated
'h'", though it is not normally aspirated phonetically),
and does not allow elision or liaison. For example in le
homard ('the lobster') the article le remains unelided, and
may be separated from the noun with a bit of a glottal
stop. Most words that begin with an H muet come from
Latin (honneur, homme) or from Greek through Latin
(hcatombe), whereas most words beginning with an H
aspir come from Germanic (harpe, hareng) or non-IndoEuropean languages (harem, hamac, haricot); in some
cases, an orthographic h was added to disambiguate the
[v] and semivowel [] pronunciations before the introduction of the distinction between the letters v and u: huit
(from uit, ultimately from Latin octo), hutre (from uistre,
ultimately from Greek through Latin ostrea).
In Italian, h has no phonological value. Its most important uses are in the digraphs 'ch' /k/ and 'gh' //, as well
as to dierentiate the spellings of certain short words that
are homophones, for example some present tense forms
of the verb avere ('to have') (such as hanno, 'they have',
vs. anno, 'year'), and in short interjections (oh, ehi).

Other languages

Some languages, including Czech, Slovak, Hungarian,

and Finnish, use h as a breathy voiced glottal fricative
In the German language, the name of the letter is pro- [], often as an allophone of otherwise voiceless /h/ in a
nounced /ha/. Following a vowel, it often silently in- voiced environment.
dicates that the vowel is long: In the word erhhen
In Ukrainian and Belarusian, when written in the Latin
('heighten'), only the rst h represents /h/. In 1901, a
alphabet, h is also commonly used for /f/, which is othspelling reform eliminated the silent h in nearly all inerwise written with the Cyrillic letter .
stances of th in native German words such as thun ('to
do') or Thr ('door'). It has been left unchanged in words In Irish, h is not considered an independent letter, except
derived from Greek, such as Theater ('theater') and Thron for a very few non-native words, however h placed after
('throne'), which continue to be spelled with th even af- a consonant is known as a simhi" and indicates lenition
of that consonant; h began to replace the original form
ter the last German spelling reform.
of a simhi, a dot placed above the consonant, after the
In Spanish and Portuguese, h (hache in Spanish, ag
introduction of typewriters.
in Portuguese, pronounced [aa] or [a]) is a silent
letter with no pronunciation, as in hijo [ixo] ('son') and In most dialects of Polish, both h and the digraph ch
hngaro [au] ('Hungarian'). The spelling reects an always represent /x/.
earlier pronunciation of the sound /h/. It is sometimes
pronounced with the value [h], in some regions of Andalusia, Extremadura, Canarias, Cantabria and the Amer- 3.3 Other systems
icas in the beginning of some words. h also appears
in the digraph ch, which represents /t/ in Spanish and As a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Alnorthern Portugal, and // in oral traditions that merged phabet (IPA), it is used mainly for the so-called aspiraboth sounds (the latter originarily represented by x in- tions (fricative or thrills), and variations of the plain letstead) e.g. in most of the Portuguese language and some ter are used to represent two sounds: the lowercase form
Spanish-speaking places, prominently Chile, as well as h represents the voiceless glottal fricative, and the small
nh /r/ and lh // in Portuguese, whose spelling is in- capital form represents the voiceless epiglottal fricaherited from Occitan.
tive (or thrill). With a bar, minuscule is used for
In French, the name of the letter is pronounced /a/. The a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Specic to the IPA, a
French orthography classies words that begin with this hooked is used for a voiced glottal fricative, and a suletter in two ways, one of which can aect the pronun- perscript is used to represent aspiration.
ciation, even though it is a silent letter either way. The
H muet, or mute h, is considered as though the letter
were not there at all, so for example the singular denite
article le or la, which is elided to l' before a vowel, elides

4 Related characters

4.1

Descendants and related characters in 8

the Latin alphabet

H with diacritics:
IPA-specic symbols related to H:
: Latin letter hwair, derived from a ligature of
the digraph hv, and used to transliterate the Gothic
letter (which represented the sound [h])

4.2

Ancestors, siblings and descendants in

other alphabets
: Semitic letter Heth, from which the following
symbols derive
: Greek letter Eta, from which the following symbols derive

References

[1] H Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989);

Merriam-Websters Third New International Dictionary of
the English Language, Unabridged (1993); aitch, op. cit.
[2] "'Haitch' or 'aitch'? How do you pronounce 'H'?". BBC
News. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
[3] Dolan, T. P. (1 January 2004). A Dictionary of HibernoEnglish: The Irish Use of English. Gill & Macmillan Ltd.
Retrieved 3 September 2016 via Google Books.
[4] Todd, L. & Hancock I.: International English Ipod, page
254. Routledge, 1990.
[5] John C Wells, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, page
360, Pearson, Harlow, 2008
[6] Liberman, Anatoly (7 August 2013). Alphabet soup,
part 2: H and Y. Oxford Etymologist. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
[7] In many dialects, /hw/ and /w/ have merged

: Old Italic H, the ancestor of modern

Latin H
, : Runic letter haglaz, which is
probably a descendant of Old Italic
H
: Cyrillic letter Shha, which derives from Latin H
: Gothic letter haal

4.3

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

h : Planck constant
: reduced Planck constant
: Double-struck capital H

Computing codes

and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS,

Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

See also
American Sign Language grammar
List of hieroglyphs/H

9 External links
Media related to H at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary denition of H at Wiktionary
The dictionary denition of h at Wiktionary
Lubliner, Coby. 2008. The Story of H. (essay on
origins and uses of the letter h)

10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

H Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H?oldid=754985647 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Brion VIBBER, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Tarquin, Andre Engels, Christian List, Nate Silva, Wathiik, Camembert, Youandme, Hephaestos, DopeshJustin, Dante Alighieri, Norm, Wapcaplet, Ixfd64, Skysmith, SebastianHelm, Minesweeper, Egil, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Theresa knott, Notheruser, Samuel~enwiki, Timwi,
Rob.derosa, Nohat, Maximus Rex, Omegatron, Mtcv, GPHemsley, JorgeGG, Denelson83, Chuunen Baka, Donarreiskoer, Skeetch, Robbot, Altenmann, Psychonaut, Ashley Y, Scooter~enwiki, Seth Ilys, Pengo, Filemon, Nagelfar, Exploding Boy, Smjg, Graeme Bartlett,
BenFrantzDale, Peruvianllama, Bkonrad, Frencheigh, Gilgamesh~enwiki, Guanaco, Chrismear, Mboverload, Daniel Brockman, Luigi30,
Christopherlin, JE, StuartH, Chowbok, Gadum, Gazibara, Antandrus, HorsePunchKid, Lesgles, OwenBlacker, Icairns, Marc Mongenet,
Atemperman, Urhixidur, Esperant, Porges, Grstain, Mormegil, Poccil, Discospinster, Guanabot, Lovelac7, Stuart hc, Hydrox, Pmsyyz,
Vsmith, Quiensabe, Dbachmann, Dmeranda, Andrejj, James3795, Jnestorius, Violetriga, CanisRufus, El C, Huntster, Lankiveil, Kwamikagami, Richard W.M. Jones, RoyBoy, Triona, Bookofjude, Euyyn, Adambro, Bobo192, Nigelj, Smalljim, Wipe, Rackham, Mcornelius,
Man vyi, Sasquatch, Trevj, Brainy J, Towel401, DCEdwards1966, Oarih, Wytukaze, HasharBot~enwiki, Lbft, Jumbuck, Zachlipton, Alansohn, Gary, Jacobbarssbailey, Eric Kvaalen, Arthena, Hydriotaphia, Corporal, Sl, Riana, Pedro Aguiar, Bart133, Gsandi, Ross Burgess,
Sobolewski, Wtmitchell, Velella, Bsadowski1, Computerjoe, Gene Nygaard, Anarcho hipster, Angr, Woohookitty, Mindmatrix, Shreevatsa, LOL, Sburke, Uncle G, Jpers36, WadeSimMiser, JeremyA, Jon Harald Sby, Mheart, Gerbrant, Tslocum, Graham87, BD2412,
Jetekus, Chun-hian, Reisio, Sj, Rjwilmsi, Kinu, MordredKLB, JHMM13, Mo-Al, Funnyhat, LjL, Durin, Afterwriting, The wub, DoubleBlue, Yamamoto Ichiro, Ahasuerus, Targi, Nivix, Gurch, Mjp797, KFP, Codex Sinaiticus, Nick81, Atitarev, Valentinian, King of
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Adding Machine, Postglock, Stephenb, Manop, Rsrikanth05, Cryptic, Wimt, Thane, NawlinWiki, Anomie, Aeusoes1, Grafen, NickBush24,
Robchurch, Nutiketaiel, Seegoon, Lexicon, Anetode, Matticus78, Nick C, SameerKhan, Dbrs, Sexyeamo, Laminado, Wknight94, Zzuuzz, Omtay38, Ageekgal, Theda, Closedmouth, Sotakeit, Pb30, Rlove, Andrewbot, Shawnc, Hayden120, Wikipeditor, Tropylium, Cotoco,
Stzr3, TuukkaH, Mvgossman, SmackBot, Australian Matt, Monkeyblue, Moeron, ThreeDee912, Estoy Aqu, KnowledgeOfSelf, C.Fred,
Power piglet, Lsommerer, Mscuthbert, Hardyplants, Wakuran, Edgar181, HalfShadow, Mauls, Alsandro, Ga, Yamaguchi , Gilliam,
Drttm, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Skizzik, Andy M. Wang, Persian Poet Gal, MK8, Thumperward, M0rt, Domthedude001, SchftyThree,
Akanemoto, Ctbolt, Darth Panda, Gsp8181, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Tamfang, Rrburke, Addshore, Grover cleveland, Khukri, Jwy,
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Claytoncat, Fyudt, Pay for the can at once, JarlaxleJeremy, Jauhienij, Tim1357, FoxBot, Mjs1991, TobeBot, JeLatexx, Cherylcolemadjess, Gggggggppppp, Lotje, SheepBot, Vrenator, The Article Creator, Hamsterpotter, Loginhuman, MrX, ThePowerOf47, TheGrimReaper
NS, Pokerchanp111, Bigfathomo, Bhudh, Diannaa, Unrulyevil, Tbhotch, Stroppolo, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Mean as custard, Xipester,

10.2

Images

Steve i win, Abbyjoe45, Ripchip Bot, Harborness, Martin2281, Noommos, NerdyScienceDude, Grondemar, Skamecrazy123, EmausBot, Narcosis17, WikitanvirBot, Immunize, Dewritech, Primefac, Me333399996666, Skibud98, Ryanjohnlock, Tommy2010, Winner 42,
Arzchena, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, K6ka, P. S. F. Freitas, Thecheesykid, JDDJS, Smartyman1, John Cline, SVG, F, Josve05a, Cosmoskramer,
MithrandirAgain, Akerans, Battoe19, A930913, WingsGoesWiki, Turnergrantisawesome12, Gemmellhoopla, Louie-1997, Redhotrose4,
Ein stra mann, F. F. Fjodor, L Kensington, 12345hh, Donner60, Inka 888, Smartie2thaMaxXx, Alexpenn, ChuispastonBot, SexyBigMan, Lguipontes, Rocketrod1960, Petrb, Gwen-chan, ClueBot NG, Devin25505, Mr. Berty, LogX, Mcintoshclose, BillJones0010, MaureenEBenson, Frietjes, Parcly Taxel, Vag slurper, Esurovcik, Widr, WikiPuppies, Muslim97, Gebadia, IgnorantArmies, JohnJohnningtonJohnson, Oddbodz, WoozyPINGAS, Adr532, HMSSolent, Fochizzel2, Mathchain, IiMrMisterr v, Wbm1058, DBigXray, Theoldsparkle,
Jstoels14, BG19bot, Strutty123, Seany217, Rawromega, Yespmedoc, Tohoeg, Bogdan Nagachop, Wiki13, MusikAnimal, Necro Shea
mo, AvocatoBot, CamelEater736, Nothing129, Glevum, ARREEEE, Snow Blizzard, TomeHale, Tea and a lump o' cake, TheWhistleGang, Anonymoususd, Airsan, Douggg111, Loriendrew, HTML2011, BattyBot, David.moreno72, Darylgolden, Pratyya Ghosh, Victor
Yus, Statefarmrules, Kentknight18, Ejbluearmy, Dexbot, Palaemu4r, Aleinn, Lugia2453, Hair, Jamesx12345, Luke22345, Leemon2010,
Adskaar, Pploy333, Typingghadir, Ancylla, Eyesnore, Jodosma, CSB radio, Barryeisenberg, Baconboy43, Akpaloo, DavidLeighEllis, QPT,
Wamiq, Hoho24, 420BOB420, JustBerry, NottNott, Jianhui67, Carbar1234567890, Sainivishal93, Balz1234, Zpgnbg, M briglia05, Ohohyeahyeah, Flooby12p, Racer Omega, Munnan the kid, PRex23, JaconaFrere, Library Guy, SpiralTurtle, Arronmind, Horseless Headman,
Mvpo666, Lrobjones, Johnny boy 1234, StevenMoot, Thehoboman, BethNaught, Jamil the kid, Hejhejhejhej, Nicolasheath, 2PANDA
CUTE, Dr Brian Choirs, BUNNY6364, Spambanana1234, Doomdan71, MRD2014, Batroctheleper, Skya2005, Vernieuwer, KeyboardFire, ProbablyWrong, James ranker, Oleaster, Assnuget, NJDevils1999, 22aford, Azzajm, Sarr Cat, Zohaib mejhe, Mrchanger100, DiscantX, HoustonJackson, ToonLucas22, Joseph2302, LoudLizard, Jpabboud7, GeneralizationsAreBad, Mamagirl2, ZacksTheBest, AusLondonder, JJMC89, Girlynot, Urszag, DEEZ NUTZ13101, DEEZ CARMEL NUTZ, Bbfvae,njerv, Jimdash, IvanScrooge98, CAPTAIN RAJU, ILLUMINOUS GUY, Stick Daze, JakeZX, Johnthebob, Mark Recio, Tomisplaying13, Korangi smart, 1416domination,
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pagers, Makdkdk, 2BigNate, Hubber Dorlinguo, What cat?, Cooldude78, Vina007 and Anonymous: 1076

10.2

Images

File:Braille_H8.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

? Original artist: ?
File:Greek_Eta_2-bars.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Greek_Eta_2-bars.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Future Perfect at Sunrise
File:Greek_Eta_diagonal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Greek_Eta_diagonal.svg License: Public
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