Data integration

in reservoir studies
Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process
VDG // Methodes
Methodes
7,8,9
7,8,9 june
june 2006
2006

Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Reservoir characterisation process in order to built a geologica
geologicall model
model
Objectives of reservoir (or geological) models
A Reservoir Model is a gridded model which represents the Key
Heterogeneities (main flow unit), an adapted (as realistic as possible) facies
and petrophysical modelling and which is consistent with 2G&R
synthesis (all available data)

It Provides :
IHIP Calculation (initial hydrocarbons in place estimation)
Well planning / Geosteering assistance
Initialization of Dynamic models (flow Simulation) which allow :

Choice of production profiles and reserves associated with optimised

scenario

Adjustment of pressure maintenance policies (gas / water injectors / Enhanced

Oil Recovery)

Optimisation of field monitoring

Definition of development strategy and investigation of works (wells / WO)
VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

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Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

The main phases in the life of a Reservoir
Exploration
Discovery
appraisal
Field development
Production profile
Design

Project
Surface
Well

Production

Time
DISCOVERY

DECISION
TO
DEVELOP

VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

PRODUCTION
START-UP
-3-

Abandonment

END of
PRODUCTION

SITE
REHABILITATION

Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Main acquisition and study phases vs. Modelling
Exploration
license

Exploitation license
W/G

APPRAISAL

STUDIES

OPERATIONS

EXPLORATION
Geophysical
campaigns

New 3 D seismic
acquisition

Pre-project

Discovery

Geological and
Geophysical studies
Exploration
topics

Initial evaluation

Very
simplified
model
(often 2D)

Development
drilling

Appraisal wells

Preliminary
geological scheme

First 3D model

VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

Project
Surface
equipment

Design

Prospects

MODELS

DEVELOPMENT

- 2G
- Reservoir
- Drilling
- Architecture
- Production

3D Reservoir
model before
DEV

-4-

3D Reservoir
model
(post.DEV)

EXPLOITATION

New
Ventures
(3me
type)

Monitoring
(including. 4D
seismic)

W/G injection
Activation
Several generations
of wells
Study updates:
-2G
- Reservoir
- Architecture
- Production

Several 3D reservoir
models ( 3-4 years)

Fast-track
studies
Screening

Simplified
models

Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Uncertainties during the development

Building
definition

Uncertainty

100 %

Basic
Engineering
Initial
Evaluation

Building
Site
Operations

Field
knowledge

Preliminary
Study
Pre-project

Time

Discovery

Decision
to develop

Decision to put
on Stream

Reservoir Characterisation
VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

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End of
Production

Exploitation

Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

APPRECIATION

Reservoir
1st image

DEVELOPMENT/ EXPLOITATION
Production data

Complementary
acquisition

Development

Predevelopment
study

3rd
image

2nd
image

Discovery well

Complementary
development

Development
study
Model

Assisted
recovery

Exploitation
study
Model

Appreciation well
Seismic

Exploitation
works

Tests
Petrophysics
Logs
VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

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Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Data integration for characterisation process to built a model
Well Data
Sedimentology

Petro-acoustic Geology

Dynamic Data

Petrophysics

1997/05/30-1459 : GAS (PSEUDO-P with Mat.Bal.)

FIELDNAME

ENDWBS

BBLS/PSI

25000

MD
1/MSCF/D
MD-FEET
FEET (1.00)
FEET (1.00)

20000

o il ra te (b o p d )

10 -2

** Simulation Data **
well. storage = .00100
Skin(mech)
=
3.97
permeability
=
27.3
Turbulence
=
0.
Perm-Thickness = 1390.
+x boundary
=
106.
-x boundary
=
375.
Skin(mech)+DQ = 3.97
Smoothing Coef = 0.,0.

10 -3

DP + DERIVATIVE (MPSI2/CP/MSCF/D)

Homogeneous Reservoir

PD=1/2

15000

10000

10 -4

5000

10 -3

10 -2

10 -1

10 0

DT (HR)

10 1

VIRGO VIRGO#2

Thermodynamics - PVT

Petrophysics
Geologica
l scheme

Seismic

VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

- Aquifer
- Initial equilibrium
- Wells / Sources
- Production constraints
Limit conditions
-7-

RESERVOIR
RESERVOIR MODEL
MODEL

Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Dynamic
Synthesis

STRUCTURAL DEFINITION
Isobaths
Erosion

FLUIDS

Faults

Contacts
PVT

2G Synthesis
Geological
scheme

G-H
G
-O
H-EW
O

RESERVOIR INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE

Sedimentary bodies
Facies variations
Petrophysical characteristics
Fracturing scheme
VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

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Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Data to integrate : structural aspect

Geophysical data
- 2D/3D seismic (Exploration), 3D (Reservoir)
- Well tail : VSP
- Lateral view : Oriented VSP

- Topography
- Processing

Wells data
- Stratigraphic layering calibrated at wells
- Cores, clabs (lateral cores), cuttings
- Conventional logs

- Structural interpretation (bedding, faults)

- Dipmeter

Integrated interpretation =
Geophysicist + Structural Geologist
VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

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Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Data to integrate : internal architecture

Reservoir characteristics
- Lithology
- Petrophysics (O, K, special measurements)

- Continuous coring
- Logs
- Logs recorded on cores

Reservoir evolution
- Sedimentology :

- Continuous coring
- Logs, FMS, FMI, RMN
- Quantified conceptual models
- Well tests : sedimentary bodies dimensions
- Analogues

Litho-stratigraphical seismic :
Diagenesis :

VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

- PSV for fine calibration

- 3D vertical resolution

- Geochemical analysis on samples (cores, clabs)

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Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Data to integrate : fluids

Nature
- Shows during drilling
- Conventional Logs
- Well tests
- Sampling : RFT/MDT - Well tests (Bottom - Surface)

Interfaces position
- Shows
- Conventional Logs
- Pressure versus Depth diagrams : (RFT, MDT)

Interfaces displacement
- Production History :
Qo, Qw, Qg , WOR, GOR, water salinity- Production Logs

- Repetitive seismic (4D)

- Tracers

VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

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Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

In conclusions

The geological image should imperatively provide :

The structural aspect with its uncertainties

- The reservoir internal architecture and its heterogeneities
- The nature of the fluids and their distribution

These data are absolutely necessary to build

the reservoir simulation model

VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

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Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Upgrading the prospect or the field geological image
Since exploration phase to the end of exploitation phase
This geological image governs the company strategy :
- During the Exploration phase :
- Well location

- During the Appraisal phase at the level of the reservoir :

- Accumulation and reserve evaluation,
- Development economy

- During the Development phase :

- Well location

- During the Exploitation phase :

- Sweeping efficiency optimisation

VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

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Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

A test : how analysing a production history ?
Q 106 m3 Year

GOR
P

1.5

300

WOR
30

GOR

200

20

Qwi 100

10

1.
P
Qo
.5

WOR

65

VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

70

75

80
-1414-

85

Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Three phases of this field life

71

- Qo
P
- GOR

weak aquifer
degassing limit

71 - 75

- Water Injection P
Sw
Qo

75

- Variable water injection

- Infill wells
P
GOR

VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

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GOR

Qo Stabilised

Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Actions on the field

66 - 71

- Doing nothing
- Observation

71 75 - Dynamical diagnostic
- Treatment
- Recovery
76 - 84

- Constant adaptation to keep Qo as high as possible

How to be reactive without a geological model

interpreted in term of DYNAMICAL UNITS ?

VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

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Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Why applying a reservoir characterisation process ? (1)

Reservoir characterisation :
- Gives a field image adapted to each development phase
- Reduce the uncertainties during its whole life time
- Is time dependant because function of the problems to solve (scale notion)
- Is dependant on the available data

VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

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Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Why applying a reservoir characterisation process ? (2)

Should give an optimised field image with a diagnostic on :

- The fundamental heterogeneities, at each step of its development
- The field behaviour

To manage the fluid movements inside the reservoir

VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

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Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Why applying a reservoir characterisation process ? (3)

Reservoir studies should precise the geological image of a field :

- Will directly influence the company strategy from the exploration
phase to the end of the exploitation phase,
- Deals with different techniques used by technicians with different
approaches and backgrounds,
- Require a strong data integration and consistency, particularly
between static and dynamic data

To take the right decision in the right context

VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

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Introduction to the reservoir characterisation process

Diagnosis

2G & R
synthesis

Analysis

Test

Geomodeling

Simulation

Reservoir analogues
Regional
geological
data
Seismic
data
Well data

QC of data
and
building
of the DB

Definition
of study
(pre-study)

Study
objectives

Geological
synthesis

Analysis and
interpretation
of data

Reports by
specialities

KOM

OIP
GIP

Making
geological
and
reservoir
synthesis
consistent

Sensitivity
tests to flow
parameters

Reservoir
synthesis

Study
review
If calculation
of underground HIP

Integrated 2G2G-Res Modelling

VDG / Methodes 7,8,9 june 2006

Construction
of the
gridded
reservoir
model

-2020-

Development
scenarios

Initialisation
of flow
model

1P / 2P / 3P
production
profiles and
reserves
related to
scenarios

Simulation
of flow

COM GIS