FEDERAL BUREAU

FREEDOM OF

OF INVESTIGATION

INF OR192/IATION/PRIVACY

'
COVER

ACTS SECTION

SHEET

SUBJECT: CRIPS
DRUG GAN

AND BLOODS
GS

o w mev 4-26-es,

In: ACA- i
Inc ADI--1 .-i
not A: LII ,i,__
Au

;JL.A.
gang
Men1ber s. &#3
Arrest Concerns
Police
Mines

By PaulW. Valentine

sealed,

I oingtonPodSui!Wrist

BALTIMORE, Sept. 26-An alleged member of a notorious hos

Angeles street gang called the
Crips was arrested here today on
weaponscharges,fueling speculation amongfederal agentsthat the
10,000-memberganghas extended

was

. r,
arrested

after
a

ve-count indictment was

handed down
by
a federal grand
jury here last week charging him
with acquiring rearms with false
identi cation and illegally possess-

ing rearms as a convicted felon.

The charges carry

a
maximum sentence of 25 years imprisonment
and $1.25 million in fines upon con-

its drug network to the Washing-

viction.

ton-Baltimore

Eisexibergsaidadditionalcharges
againstMines are expected.Mines
is being held in custody pending
a

Agents
said

area.

they arrested Ar-

mandoEugene Mines, 25, as he entered

a
city court to answer a local

assaultcharge.At the same time.

other agents searched his recently
rented suburban Baltimore apartment and confiscated 2.5 pounds of

suspectedcocaine,a semiautomatic
rifle, $10,000 in cash and cocaine-

packagingequipment,accordingto
Assistant U.S. Attorney Harvey
E.
Eisenberg.
An affidavit
led
by agents
of
the
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and
Firearms

in federal court identified

Mines as a member of the Crips

55?5-

Lab __.i_.__.
Logo Co-M_.__
D I11 l
Dgjlo H. __
lee. a|'-,
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;

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.

detention
hearing
Wednesday.
Prosecutors, citing what they say is
Mines dangerousness and likelihood of flight, want him held without bail until trial.

Accordingto the federalaffidavit,

agentstracedMinesto the Cripsafter city police arrested him
in
June
on a charge of assault with
a
handgun and seized a-9mm semiautomatic pistol from him that he had

purchasedfrom
a

Baltimore gun

dealer using the name of his brother, Robert Edwards Mines Jr. of

gang,one of severallarge, increas- Los Angeles.He alsohadpurchased

ingly violent gangs
in
the Los An- a .44-caliber revolver in March
gelesareawhereCaliforniaauthor- from the same dealer, the affidavit
ities say more than 380 people

were killed last year in feudsover

drug customersandterritory.
Law enforcement officials say the

Crips and
a
Bloods

rival gang called the

have extended

their

net-

said. He was released on bond in

the assault case.

Through fingerprint analysis,the

af davit said, agents determined
the identity
of
Armando Mines and
learned from California authorities

works into other cities such as Seat-

that he was a documented

tle, Toronto and KansasCity. Today's

arrest of Mineshere marked

ber of the Los Angeles neighbor-

mem-

hood branch of the Crips called the

Santana Block Crips. He also had
a
Crips in the Washington-Baltimore 1983 burglary conviction
on
his
area, of cials said.
record, agents said.
the

rst tangible presence of the

They wouldnot saywhetherother Crips membersare in the area

but said their investigation is con-

tinuing.The federalaffidavitindicated agentshad Mines under periodic

surveillance

for

several

The affidavit said the Crips have

TM WunmgionTimes

loose sets or groups identi ed by

Daily News Now York]

Tno M" York Trncs
The Wall Stroot Journal

local street names or landmarks.

A recentwave
.
. . of shootings

months.

and gangland-style homicides in the

He was distributing drugs at

least for himself . . . if not
as
an

creasedcompetitionfor the drug

arm of thegang,"Eisenbergtold re-

The
Washington
Paar a L?

about
10,000
members in the Los
Angeles area and are divided into

Los Angeles area, along with in-

The Chicago Tribune

The Lon Angola:
Times
The Chnanan Science MOl'92|lr
USA Today

dollar and the accompanyinglaw

porters.He saidhe did not know enforcement response, have driven

whether the suspected cocaine
seized at Mines apartment came
from Los M86155-

gang members to expand or relo-

cate their drug trafficking." the affidavit

said.

OntoQ Y-._'
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York
%$Y5_4-:_-_
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i
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" 5&#39;
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"1&#39;-
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have become
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| fare
over
drug
trafficking.
Informers.
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and
competitors
are
ruthlessly
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l punished; manyhave beenassassinated.

_92l.-92l K RiL&#39;!l.-92Hl!>
. -i&#39;lL TL&#39;Kli
gra iti marking
turf in
L.A., Grape
Street
Watts
Gang members
December
last l;l<UL&#39;E&#39;
which isstill demarcated
with
! Gang turf.
:

now involves
more
1 graffiti inLos Angeles.
rights: itis sales
territory.
l than bragging
Some gang
graffiti arecoded threats.
One

these gangs
makeapoint of staging
their

assassinations
in
broad daylight whenever

LA. reads
as follows:
"Big
gang expertwith the Los AngelesPolice l in south-central
BSVG187."
c To
translate,Big
from across
the street."
one young
hit man Department, Deputy
Chief Glenn
Levant,I Hawk 1987
possible. "Youdon"t kill no mother~ -

name.
explainedundercover
to
agents.
"You walk1 ays mostsets areas casually
organized as Hawk isa gangmember s street
for BloodStone Villains
up tohim, youkill him in his head."
Bloods wear
red I BSVG stands
i apickupbasketball game.
lower-case c,which
Gang culture- the
mock-feudal tradiI andCrips
wear
blue; traditionally,
each Gang,aBloodsset.The
x&#39;d
indicates
out,
that
the
tion ofinnercity
kids banding
together forIl gang member
wears orcarriesabandanna is deliberately
killsCrips. and
the number
187 recomfort, support
and mutual
protection~ his "rag"!
to show
his colors.
Many
gangs writer
fers tothe section
of theCalifornia crimihasalongand,some would
say. romantic
l also use
"signs."
which
are
hand gestures
nal code for murder.
history inAmerica. Think
of "WestSide l
- -_-_i__,_______i__

Story. is
It stilltrue that
many
gangs are l
Rollers and
0.G.&#39;s&#39;:
of drugs
The varie
Dressedbattle:
for Washington,
D.C., copsold bybigcity gangs
little more
than collections neighborof
page
271
includes
MARTY KATZ-Ol.&#39;Tl.l.92&#39;E
hood youths
with apenchant for macho
heroin, marijuana.
PCP, hallucinogens
.. " .&#39; V
and designerdrugs
like fentanyl,
asynthet~
posturing, pettycrime andstreet brawls

over girls
or
turf. Recruitment begins
early,inthe grade-school years:
gang veterans &#39;;v;vg ..;__
.&#39;:
&#39;.
,q&#39;
&#39;
_..,
__&#39;.
4
.
....-_
call their young acolytes
"peewees" or .,_.~-~-,~ _,__&#39;,.. ".__ - ,.,

l
"wannabees" want-to-be
Though
s!. old
l

hands say
the custom
is dyingout. initiation by
aLosAngeles gang
is supposed
to be
abrutal ritual known
as being
"courted in
or "jumpedin." To
be jumped in is to re-

1*-

ic heroin
that iseven more
potent than
the
real thingand justas addictive.
But crack

cocaine the
is rage and
the scourge of

the ghetto.
Crack a
isdrug peddleris dream:

i -,>1-_T_
*-4i
it ischeap. easily
concealed provides
and a
-:~.=r-1;.~_r-r=&#39;<!&#39;"-._...
..921i.jii,i=.i"~&#39;
_~23 .-;;.:_:-&#39;;...~-,.inf-"&#39;?"
; =I7Y3.&#39;-?&#39;i&#39;=&#39;.~"1
1"i&#39;1 --=-&#39;-"
4->5, - ~ *7*?l"
"
i.?&#39;..~.l"-&#39;;.~
short-duration
high
that
invariably
leaves
_+.-~=?.;,:.

="
F*;1-=F*.&#39;-~",T=&#39;-l&#39;.
er.
.,-|
- .--- ~._~:_&#39;~-~.:&#39;.&#39;=&#39;.-.=." -
~&#39;<.&#39;-- =-=.."." -:-; -"-&#39;.
he
user
craving more.
It wasprobably in-&#39;-:
-. ,__,,e_.._.,__,,.
-<:&#39;. -;.-.&#39;:~:
.,:-1;-._.,,_ ,._.,,
._....._
0-..;.- -.3..

- &#39;
1.
01*.;-."
>- 3.&#39;>.-~- &#39;.=. -,:1 ;~--&#39;1
.1...
---*-.-*=---1"

vitable thatstreet gangs,

observing

k &#39;.-=.=.
t. _&#39;-.&#39;.*.~1
&#39;
...-3.-_
&#39;-,&#39;-&#39;--&#39;3f;ht
.&#39;.E
, "rune..&#39;-&#39;1!-5
t
cracks
arrival
in
their neighborhoods
over
ceiveabeatingadministered
by
three or l __""""&#39;
fT ""~_-".- &#39;;,";--.-.-;.-_-_-4-_-o-{;
1.;u
.jf,&#39;__
.._~.-.-v.v,=;._-_~
i_.___v:
_-_1~.
X
_,_.-X-5..
1
&#39;g
1&#39;.:92.&#39;._"
;.,-<.":;;,;g<.,,_e
~

3-;._.;;_
several
years,would
be
drawn into
four gangmembers: thecandidate isex- - . &#39;?" i ~ l the past
pected toshow his ghting spirit. If he . .
5:
Southcentral Los
1.
&#39;44! trafficking themselves.

passes the
test, thepeewee
then
becomes a
"banger" or"gang banger"and isentitled
to sharein the gangs fortunesor, more
commonly. misfortunes
George Will cols

&#39;-1i Angeles
today.
like
Miami and
New York.
J:
-1.-.--~=KT"-.w-z.:&#39;:
" f-&#39;1-:r I
is oodedwith
crack. It is sold onstreet
~
.-..~_|;g| l:~f_92?,&#39;;
-- 1-.
*~- - -". i arses
orners by
peewees in
and
rock houses
op&#39;
-"&#39;&#39;l"&#39;a
~.,
sl92;.."-#51
~11. -.:.~
&#39;
92-""5.-~.e;;r
..
..,._
,-_t;;_-:5
-&#39;
&#39;-.=.-.-3:"-.-.-.I.=:-:
_.__
rated
by
bangers.Somewhere behind
the
_; 1&#39;53?
.:,.&#39;-?;,-;.&#39;---*&#39;;&#39;....-._-,=,,;,
,
.:.921~,;;&#39;j
4,.
~,E:-i
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;
.~;-_-.
1&#39;"--;1&#39;;&#39;~
~
iv
-4&#39;_-" 2&#39;-"3, ;.s;&#39;_k3;;_
;~:u_-1--r&#39;."~,-.92

,r;&#39;, -1.<-_&#39;_ *.i;z- : ,:v |_r&#39;f;-&#39;.~__

much
of theghetto cocaine
trade is
K524
. ,_,,,.{.
$1..,, &#39;
V
.-,;-;;:?
rt -cenes,
l-. ..~~_.-&#39;_,
.3"-. _.-- ~;t;i:I
- *&#39;
:1 &#39;.=
1-s...
.s .-&#39;
Eolurs and
signs: The
two mostnotorious E5.
ontrolled
by
what
Los
Angeles
i;g;p~
rKh-1&#39;.--::$-3-H".-i
7&#39;=-feZ
?**
3~=f~*:y&#39;+-.
.-5-r ..f92.~.
;-1;-:.j,&#39;--1
P
..;i-.t.,-~
-r.:-_-,-:;&#39;,*.1f~;.-.-&#39;-31 calls

umn, page 76!.

LA. gangs the

Bloods and
the Crips

are not really gangsat all. Instead, th

~z.
.-.._~.
~=.=.
/~&#39;-... .&#39;~
-,r&#39;
,~- ":1- ,3-.; &#39;1"
_--- .&#39;_
~92"
f&#39;;1~;-..">l7&#39;,Y&#39;.--&#39;q92l
&#39;.
&#39;~
&#39;
~
rollers and
"O.&#39;G; s --old agangsters
-. .
- -.- - .-..~,.,_
__."-&#39;92 term that
usually refers
to gang
veterans.

__,,_ . ,;~5

--in ..

~&#39;~-.
.
.

<

I4.

not even 24 years old and he has two Mer- &#39;

Some gang veterans say the cocaine cansand the streetgangs."Levant
cedeses
and a Rolex watch."SaysBill tradeinsouth-central
LA. iscontrolled
by
5 . That link-the strategic
nexusbet
Blanco.
anothergangspecialist
in Miami: 15 to Z0 O.G. s~an assessment that IS the Colombiancocaine
cartel
and sr
"Whoyouare is dictatedby the gold sharedby knowledgeable
law-enforcement. leveldistribution
in theUnitedState
chains.the Rolex.the car. And every- officials.
Deputy
ChiefLevant.
whocom5
becomingincreasinglyvisibleto inver

Il

mands
a newly
formed
LAPD

bodyisgot a car phone." Cellular telephones are

more than

decoration. of

unitthat
!

tors in southern California and elsew

special-izesi~n~major
d-r-ugtraffickersnmong
. There is little question-thatsome i
course:they are extremely useful in the thestreetgangs.
says
T5
to 100gangsare
f
drug traffickershave now establishe
drug trade. Beepers. which are equally nowactivelyinvolved
in cocaine
distribu-3 rectrelationshipswith top-leve
Colt
useful to dealers. are now so common tion. Someof thesegroups.he says.now y
an smugglers.
According
to LosAn.

ii

amongghettoteenagersthat LosAngeles &#39;

havesalestotalinguptoS1milliona week. .
public schoolshave banned them.

- "There is a link between the South Ameri5

County
o icials.
theColombians
are
willingto selldrugstoO.G. and
s rolle

h lianaaiean
invasion
inWestiiirginia

-c
&#39;I
1

50 dealers
with
itstidy
clapboard
i housesand neat
apple

could
be

found

brazenlyhawkingdope in

4 and peach orchards on land

broad daylight, just three
I George
Washington
surveyed

cides. all drug related. occurred in

18

months as rival

dealersfought for control.

blocks from the police sta- f Casesof venereal diseaseshot

centuries ago. Martinsburg, tion. At times businesswas so &#39;
up
as
prostitutes imported
W.Va. population: 13.000!. brisk that intersections were ; by the dealers worked the

seems far from the mean

cloggedwith traffic; many

streetsnormally patrolledby cars bore out-of-state license

druggangs.But over the last t plates. The customers "were
three years. an invasion of all ethnicgroups.
agegroups
Jamaican drug dealers has and every profession."
says

-1

streets. At local schools. stu-

lice but they were unable

1
drive away the dealers.Or.
night. when the Jamaicar

outside becameparticular!
raucous.Shamburgwoke l

dentshired as drug couriers

struttedaround in expensive see her husband crouche
Nike joggingsuitsand gold with a shotgunin one han

a pistolintheother.grin
chains. intiinidating class- and
policechief-lackSti&#39;obimates
id:e.anditeachers.
A
police l_vwaiting for a break-in.
tain State AppleHarvest Fes- "They came riding up on raid of a Jamaican dealer&#39;s Under &#39;pressure
from thturned thehome vifthe Moun-

tival into amecca forcocaine.

The Jamaicans rst arrived

skateboards. on bikes. in Mer- ; houseturned

up
crudephotocedes-Benz
cars. in pickup graphs of
a former homecom-

in Martinsburgas migrant trucks. Storesin the region5 ing queen posinghalf nude.
workers to pick apples and i mysteriously sold out of vita- ; piecesof crack lying about
peaches at harvest time. but
minB:policesoon guredout 5 her. According to lawenmany stayed
on
to peddle that dealerswereusing
it
to forcement authorities, she

coke and crack- Hundreds

i
J

the

.1!

center

ii

town

into

polic

for help.In fall 1986some

20
agentsfrom
:1
specialfederi.

drugtaskforceandlocalpi
liceraided26 drugdens.ax
resting 35 dealers and sei;

ing a cacheof high-powere

weapons. Police also found
;
"hit list" with the names c-

localjudgesand law-enforce
ment ofiicials.The suspect.
arrested insisted the name;

and New York, as manyas yearwas;thenorm,20 homi-? herfrontyard.Shecalledpo- magistrates

begancarryin;
v
I

From
picking
apples
toselling
cake
andizrzicliz
A downtown
street.
inaMartinsburg
/tome

gunsfor self-protection.
Streetaction:
The raid pushei

est,-,-.._";
..
"f
f _I-

the streets at least for 1

while. Much of the street ac
tion moveddownthe road tt

the !most blatant dealers oi

&#39;92V;92l.L92&#39;
.92lc;92l.-92.92il&#39;IE~.92iF.92VS92Vl*IEK
T-l. ll &#39;l&#39;l.92&#39;$fll7lllZ
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ill-I|&#39;.92l{T.92l|{.92"I&#39;
! ll Y|&#39;

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.3, _4&#39;
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_;.=------.~<;;,_
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4. ; 4

&#39;
~?
&#39;
i
l

.
,&#39;
l_

&#39;~

. Y --sis-Y-=.&#39;.&#39;-15; "-3.
-_&#39;=_"";
&#39;~
&#39;*
&#39;;_.~;1_,-._
Pi-w7..~
31 i;&#39;_
. 5.

_._
..&#39;5
&#39;
&#39;
_.- R. E
-

ll

of

local

asked the federal authoritie-

ket. Supplied by couriers raids but were overwhelmed ; fered "crack, cocaine or reef- were targetedonly for a mys
shuttling betweenJamaican vl by
the dealers.In a region er by pushets. Discarded tical cursebyJamaicanwitci
gangs in Washington,Miami whereoneortwo murders
Evenso.threecount;
per Il needlesand knives littered doctors.

.L-H

:~=}::a&#39;:l~Q
ita-, l

1 latergavebirthto a babyfa-

Martinsburg 2S~man
s
po-1 burgD was unable to leave her
an open-airdrug supermar- lice force carried out small 1 drivewaywithoutbeingof-

li

"cut" the cocaine. Then the

squeezedinto small apart- Jamaicans introducedcrack } theredby the dealer.

mentsin a poorneighborhood
andstarteda runonplastici Needlesandknives:Residents
I
called the Hill" and transfood-storage
bags used to I were virtually besieged in
J
formed several blocks near i packagethedrug.
5 their homes.
TheresaSham-

community.

-k

--_

4__
.._ I &#39;

&#39;

...-._
&#39;

_" *&#39;<-Q33!

- "&#39;53
&#39;_~1.I,_ ~5_Y;d%
. &#39;-Q
&#39;

--is
I

Charles
Town.
16
miles
away

_-_,

5&#39; ? Y

But many Jamaicandealer:

fr-1:
3

wr
7;"11:;-:
1 -=7:-.
--r-

havekeptup
a

I
55.
__;A..:
sf
. :-

*t1f: _, --

ourishing
un

dei-groundtrade in Martins-

burg.Onwarmdays,Theresa
Shamburgonceagain sees
dealerscongregating
across

the street.The Shamburgs

._.:_;=&#39;
I

will notwaittoseewhathap.3.-;.;. ;-_

,1Ii
pensnext.After
three
yearsoz

- =_.
.
i:
....-.1.
>=.&#39;..,92*_=&#39;~=--&#39;= .
trying. they have finall!
i :.-&#39;
:_;
: 4&#39;_&#39;;
.-l
3
1?- -1"
foundanout-of-townbuyerfo
"Y ,1-&#39;1&#39;
.
ll-al " .
;
.
1
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.
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Q,
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.
,
.
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__~ .&#39;2&#39;-*-~~,:;..-_~~_
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rv -I " ..a . .---=2;
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Theyaremoving
ii
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-~ *&#39;=-.. I<I.
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_ _.v,=J-_1_:t;.:5;&#39;.;
__:_._;t
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iryj
to a housein the country.
bu:
ZIfl% L.v;.&#39;_&#39;/*~g1_;;p;?==~
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escape.She says:"I
._._--_,_.,
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am moi
-

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to [their competitors! and just kill
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[92..A;:$-g
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-~iu.;."-1
--;--,_says, was 13 homicides in
I987.
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-....._,Enriched
by
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profits, big-city
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.43.
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-i4I.1;"?1l<=Ili::
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expedition pans
out,
a larger group will
~."I .-_
- a-=,-&#39;_>92
=.92---,..-F-;-,P.f.".~F G1-:,&#39;;...
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-&#39;. follow to rent aghetto apartment asastash
-,
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$5 {"f
-._.1, ;;.;-.1; ~;*"~<@
house forvolume sales.Woodward saysthe
&#39;
r r,
" &#39;&#39;
~ _&#39;.-=f.~:$l&#39;;-&#39;
- .:E=.~:e-...
.;.
..-.3;3_.
--_....---__i..
.-i,-. --.2
~ ,._ ._._._
.r-_~.
-,~-. --Q3-:_ ~=!===
lookouts and
runners are
often local.
Body.=
-;- ;.:&#39;
&#39;~ - .-.~.
.&#39;-92
I-".-3"
>E:RT.;
-:1
s
-&#39;_..;
_&#39;,guards
may
be
either
locals
or
out-oi&#39;/<92,&#39;.:.&#39;-.~---I
1.
&#39;
M
PH ! l&#39;O:}
urn; 1
Y<.
;;:~
::-.;.-.-;But the higher-ups. who control
_
_~1,.._;~..~..:=-;:>
.-_ ,,
towners.
....,.~;
PeewaesWannabees:
and
Street-gang
acolytes with
walkie-talk ies
for
lookout
duty
l
mt:-.:.-&#39;-13
...*-1.-"-;-I-4&#39;
1
the
stash=and
countthe money.
are always
.&#39;._.v ;..__-5*.-A;-_.;=~:
,.".i.-_.
a consignment basis. a
.-.-..
* -.=. Y i? - - -,_&#39;.:-_.
- -&#39;.,= members
J:
of the invading gang. The
the cartel s trust. One
11.2.-=:&#39;..-.;
;; 3 ,-;_-.
av-,~_~:
-.< .. _
strong
indicator the
of
. l.~1!$ Plkl&#39;I_
KL amount of cocaine involved.
in their
city.
"This is
the
time
rst IJHUUP
Woodward
creasingly close connection
between
example
of
the
inseen
American gang move into also says. need not be large--a kilo or so
Colombians and the ghetto dealers was we&#39;ve an

{1-T;-? 3 ..
-..&#39;
. .-;..-.2:

uncovered during Operation Pisces II. a

town, says U.S. Attorney Robert Larsen.

every few days.

Bring

in "one kilo and

kilo
costs

Boys] 310.000 to

I you&#39;ve10.000
They re greatentrepreneurs."
got bagsof crack. and that
The big-cityboys have
two thingsgoing will supplyquiteafew little housingareas
for a few days."he says."You re talking
about S25abag. or 3250.000
per kilo.The
[the Miami

l $1-2,000 Miami.
in
sothere isagreat. great
I
two-year investigation run jointly by the I for them.First, theyare usually
able tobuy pro t margin here."
U.S. Drug
Enforcement Administration
Ltop-quality cocaine directly from major lI The posses:Although there is still some
and state
and
local authorities in Califor-

smugglers at wholesale prices--aslittle as

controversy over just how well organized

drug gangs are. no one

nia andFlorida. Pisces

II wasamoney-&#39; $10.000per
kilo. Thesecondisthattheyare
; the American

laundering sting aimed at identifying | better armed

and
far more violent than the
both smugglers
and dealers.In avideo- gangs or drug rings they encounter in
taped conversation between two Colombismaller cities.As aresult. they cancoman smugglersand detectiveswho operated pete successfully
on priceand
quality and
the fake money laundry, the
Colombiif thoseclassic business
advantages are
inans admiringly describe ablack tra icker . su icient to establishabeachhead. they
in south Florida. "That s.o.b, he just or- intimidate thecompetition withmayhem i
dered andordered; itwas hard to keephim and murder. In
Atlanta, says policeLt. l
stocked," onesmuggler exclaimed. Those John Woodward,
the invadingMiami Boys
I
blacks
are

really the best

ones,

the sec- !

doubts that the Jamaicanposses are

as
disciplined as
they areviolent. &#39;.92/Iany
members are believed to
be

illegal aliens. and

the groups
themselves are
usually based
in
Jamaican-immigrant communities on the

East Coast- NewYork, Miami.Washington, D.C.. among others.But their nation-

wide spread
over thepast several
years
has
been staggering.
The posses
are majorfac-

tors in the crack

trade
in most East Coast
-- --.=-.1:-.~,
&#39;
.gqQ&#39;
-""
..-&#39;~.cities. They
are
also active in
. .-,__."-&#39;i-"&#39;,r.~."-4&#39;;-2
gv-K --In?
>
.-,_.
.
.
xv.
"
-1114;
:ei&#39;...--2:1
1-&#39;.--&#39;
-.~:L___&#39;_
192~.~=
&#39;&#39;
East and
West: There
is
equally little ques__
..
_
_,__:,___&#39;.
B,
;1_?
;1_...
Dallas
and
Houston,
in cities
4:
~ ._..__,&#39;
&#39;
."&#39;
_ ,o
, &#39;*"&#39;~.*&#39;-"*&#39;Z...
-&#39; .".;1- tion that some ofthe more aggressive bigacross the Midwest and.
re-#1v,_;-&#39;.&#39;.&#39;;;-_&#39;"_;
g -...we .
~*,<~.
>1
i
&#39;,&#39;,
.1.-In*.,35"-. - -_ _v
-_:>92~....
.~ _._r_.
,.~.
city gangs
have
begun to spread the drug
,q.
:.&#39;,92i":."u:92_,.-_
_
markably
enough.
they
have
-.2.e~ ~1
/Ah.
..trade into the heartland. Police from Den___5.5}_-7.~..-_
~&#39;,.92
_-_;
.- i _ -..&#39;
recently been spotted in An7&#39;.&#39;
-"
.:., ,:. -."=,*:.1..~__~."-_t.-=.=_- _/-t.-&#39;..-.&#39;~:92
Los
Angeles &#39;
"ii iF 4&#39;~&#39;i&#39;-J
ver to Vancouver repo rt that
&#39;-;.,&#39;~.-.
_-,-_a
92,.
chorage Alaska.
Like most
X} &#39;.
gangs are moving in to establish branch
.&#39;-lmerican
gangs.
drug theJa.,
,.,l.-92".~E-. "3.7
Atlanta.
operations selling rock cocaine. In
- r5.1""
-1:115/5 .&#39;. _.;._ . maicans are known to hire local
,1-.1
Savannah andMontgomery, Ala.. authorihelpers when
they open
acrack
..
.e
{$.14 house
ties saythe Miami
Boys
are following the
,.,.
in
anew city. Butthe core
L=---. group isalways fromthe island.
53*
same expansionary
pattern. Chicagogangs
-E::. &#39; -.E&#39;j&#39;
have appeared in Milw aukee. Minneapolis
l at -*1-&#39;
and no outsiders are allowed to
-""1
and Racine, Wis., and t he Jamaican posses
penetrate theupper echelonsof
ond smuggler agreed.

:. &#39;
4.
~&#39;.~"f~
.;,
E0->2
. .92 - . l :.&#39;_. ..-4

.f&#39;_.;r_;
5-.:;;i :i{&#39;

-.

seem tobe organizingcrack outlets almost

everywhere. Kansas City authorities recently managedto break aJamaican posse
that began importing crack

from its. East

Coast base
sometime in1985; theposse was
operating 75 crack h ouses that grossed
S-100.000day.
a After t hat success. however. IxansasCity wasinvaded from t he West
Coast aswell. In
February four members
of

an LA.-based Bloods gang were indicted

for selling cocaine, an dinvestigators say

l.

,~a:=.;

_H

C -_

.. F

the ring.

&#39;
" ~-I..&#39;=i}l="
. .t..:~_I#&#39;="-_:-.-*.*.ft&#39;~
U.S. lawmen
say many
ofthe
"c..=I-7 :;&#39;-at
.;=r-&#39;=?92
J"".-:
Q-1 -.&#39;:.-:&#39;.<-92. :~&#39;
-,.-&#39;;&#39;Is&#39;.f:
.:.__-&#39;_
#7
--&#39;-.&#39;-&#39;3
*
.-;~ . .&#39;.t?-"-.51
posses have
their roots
~ ~~;+..r
-_
_ ~a1..=-&#39;,-.&#39;-"--3":

in the

slums
aroundKingston.Jamaii-&#39;!&#39;l&#39;."."i:}
~="~:* .r42*
-{ :i,l&#39;.-.;":3
. ~1 ~..~"&#39;;;
&#39;;
;*;~.."-&#39;.-..:is.*.~.-&#39;.:,~&#39;ii&#39;_""

ca. Theirnames re ectthat ge-

jg t&#39;i;
==..=..<=:-rs
.&#39;
"~,*/1."-=~". 7".*
1-=: i=.+- : " nealogy. The
Riverton Citypos.:r.~-- &#39;:q- _-..&#39;=;&#39;1:
_:-gs.
;-,..,,.~-a -"A _:-.":-.;;~;|-;
.i:-.-;.~..,
-;
.I_->,;;.-.-..~
/4
gf.
i-.-an: .--=-_.-.-~r.~
.. V .92"&#39;
cw or
.-. ,&#39;
1.
se is named afteraKingston
:_;j=&#39;>>,:
--1"&#39;
:-92;_.,p.=;,
",?&#39;
2__r-. <32;-=.~. "&#39;.
:=-_~,_-;-,=&#39;~&#39;i
,;_a; ~.-&92
&#39;_&#39;-.
_r ~~;,-7
;3?-.&#39;-~"
. -~...
-gaszv.
;
neighborhood. and so are the
I ,:;_
~->
;,_&#39;92.;..-_..-.
:_-,_.
_t
__.~
.-&#39;-.&#39;.
-b
_--.~w-~*"1i!"~
g . ---... -- 1:_Maverly
K-Ell
*:.."92.-.~;,"=
-;2-"L4
lit.
11*.
&#39;,&#39;..
andWaterhouse pos|_-.
;-I-_:&#39;
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-ii -jaw;-:..&#39;.-=
_ -J" _______,--:~
" &#39;.-,L..,_:.
_ The Jamaicans call themses.
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selves possesafter the armed

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=SP-angler
gangs,
claimvaguea iliationstingenormous
pressure
on
police all across convictedon
other charges.Ofhcialsin citwith Jamaicanpoliticalparties:the the country. Cocaineand
heroin
traffickers
ies like New York, San Franciscoand

Spangler
posse
alignsitselfwith thePeo- are nowdeeply entrenched
in
the ghettosof

ple National
s
Partyofformer
prime
minis- many larger cities,and drug
pro ts

ter MichaelManley,
while

are a

the Showers powerful incentive to hundreds of thouidentify

With
theJamaican
Labor
Party
of l sandsof unemployed
blackandHispanic
currentPrimeMinisterEdwardSeaga.
Ja- teenagers.
ln addition,
manygangmemmaicanpoliticians,
however,
disavow
any bersare increasingly
expertin exploiting
connectionto thegroups.
loopholes
in the law.Asa result,California l

Washington,
D.C. tosaynothingof Los

Angeles -are
alsobeing
forced
toreorganize their policedepartmentsto meet the

threatofdrugs,whichmeans
cuttingback
on manpowerfor other crimes."We need
more resources -people
and equipment,"

saysFrankStorey.
theFBI schiefdrug
In reality,mostposses
wereprobablyandNewYorkauthorities
areconsideringofficial. "Resourcesare the most crit-

marijuana-smuggling
rings in Jamaica. new anti-ganglegislationpatterned after ical
problem
at the federal, state and
Butthecrack
explosion
of the 1980soffers the federal RICO Racketeer-In uenced local level.
unlimited
pro ts
to theposses
justasit CorruptOrganization!law;
such
state
Outmanned.
outgunned
and outspent,
doesto Americangangs,and Jamaican RICOstatutes
will
enableprosecutors
to
havebeenevenquickerthan the Ameri- seeklongerprisontermsforgangleaders thecopsare ghtingbackasbesttheycan.
There is nothingtheycandoto controlthe

can gangsto exploitthe oppor-

spread of weaponslike Uzis

tunity.
South
Florida.with 5
its Colombian
drug connec

and AK-47s.
As

longas such

tions,is the adopted

homefor 5
an estimated1,000possemem-

bers.
TheShower
andSpangler
1--.t&#39;_=

. -.&#39;_;
~ _~,;

2->54
t .
r-.<
X I

andsomelawmensayall other
gangs are offshoots of these

two. The lesserposses

have exf

otic
names
like
Dog,
Jungle
and
Jungle
Lites,
isreputed
tobe
Okra Slime.One group,the
i

expertinguerrilla-warfare
tac-

-"-I

&#39;7;__

_,_, if

&#39;"" r ~&#39;~
- I _-;

posses
are the twomain groups.

---.-<="-- -;.-=.

-i

gunshavebeenadaptedto re

onlyonsemiautomatic-proa

.
" ~. -..-="
__,.-1.&#39;-=&#39;_~._T~&#39;
: ~. _ ~3. 1., ,1?
.3:-11&#39;
I

-ii:
.{t&#39;;__-.3"-_.>
Exv
J; tr,, >_f&#39;;~;_;.:3-}&#39;!.~92.
_&#39;_ ._
.. 5:-&#39;3 iv
p.~ -1;

cedurethat is readily reversed

by outlaw gunsmiths tl1e

salesare whollylegal under

~&#39;
I-~.
9.;92":.-__1.
; .
. .:3_-_;~r:;
- -;-.>&#39;-,-,--51$,
_,;;.,.
. 3.5" --&#39;
-_. 5;
_ ;;&#39;-**?
&#39;
- "*"
eh
, *1"/:1-*
1:=~"-1=-atz
*;=f.4&#39;~
e:*:t
>- law.Officers
federal
whomust
..
1.-:3
&#39;
1--&#39;
.1
;&#39;
.
K,
.....-I
.
_
1
~ - x-Z
-."&#39;;&#39;.ir
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--51;T,
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:- 5" , ,.
.1
.-Q.
- 3;; 7-.
,.-~;_~-..--,_~_~..ri-:2
_n_-=,,,;_--_.:s.; dealwith the gangsroutinely
; wear armored vests which of&#39;
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&#39;-"-1i.&#39;i
-.$7&#39;=1.&#39;
"&#39;
"&#39;I5*
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&#39;
- :7-lr"
;;;_-?.
Ji
5
ten will not stop an assaultl
.I
ri e round!,
andmanydepart, ments now equip all their

--

.:1:T" 9271&#39;f-Li

{!&#39;,v,,.,._.l_~>:
...3
yJ

S&#39;
mi
P SsP
they
I
31&#39;:-=_?;;;4*-1;;z.t..;.

may have receivedmilitary

i
,.-

-- ~ " M

training in Cuba.

Reggae
anddeath:
But every

posse
has
afearful
reputation
:

for violence.Nationwide, ac-

than 350 lastyear alone.Posse

gunmen are known to prefer

Mel
Ahearn hastrained
a
special "Jamaicanentry squad"

verthe
last
two
years
some
drug
dealers
have
aban-

doned
marijuana
andheroin
to
pushcrack.Butothers
aredoing
a briskbusiness
innewimports-and
some
old
standbys.
A reportfromthecitystreets:

utationforfrequenthomicides.
A disputebetweenpossemem&#39;{:>
bersat
a reggaeclubin Houston

_ _.
FT

repower.

meanwhile.thatthegang/drug
" AStreet*Side
Pharmacopeiaproblem
will get worse.If the

shooting
theirvictimsin public, andreggaeclubsin major
citieshavea welldesen/ed
rep-

- _.

to increase their

-Tfl,-=1-;=rIv.
.
Butghettobustsareextremely
sf &#39;*.&#39;i&#39;f-..
;I __f1y*
dangerous
anyway:in Boston,
__=.-. _..!.;,_ H 1-5. :=;~_"
.,-92
92
9*
_
2&#39;13;
:1
-"1T
l92
."."i&#39;ti"
for
example,
Police Lt. Det.
" .92-4&#39;
-

to take on the possesin their

.
_ maxruricruna
oaour
strongholds.
&#39;
On-the-spot
labwork:Anofficer
tests
fordrugs
inLosAngeles
There is every indication.

to800murders,
including
more

1 ;

officers
withautomaticpistols

Q?
-&#39;=i~&#39;*i&#39;f T:!:

cordingto U.S. experts,the Jamaican

gangs
havebeenlinked
.&#39;
B;_.__..
=

analogyto Prohibitionis accu-

rate,thegangs
haveonlybegun
to consolidate their hold on

drug tral licking -and

given

their growth so far, it seems

1a5tQtQb9;-1ed92;Qafat9_1shoot;
; Cocaine
andcrack:
Aglut
has
forced
theprice
Ora

reasonable
toexpectthatthey,
liketheMa abefore
them.will

report that homicides occur alE

becomeevenmore skillful in
evadinglaw enforcement.The

ingin frontof nearly100wit- L

=

kilogram
ofcocaine
from
$65,000
fouryears
agoto$10,000
M5595,
andNewYorkpoligeQ insome
places.
in some
cities,
a
vialofcrack
costs
only$3.

most weekly at a popular

Brooklyn nightspotknown as
the LovePeopledisco.Torture

Maruuana:
Though
somewhat
harder
to ndsince
the

-.-crack boom,
potisbyfarstillthenationmost
s popular
drug;
18million
Americans
smoke
it regularly.
;; illicit

and
maimings
areposse
trade- ll3llllCl 0g8l&#39;lSI
Awatereddovvn
form
ofLSD
ismaking

supplyof smuggleddrugs- ~
Asian heroin,Mexican heroin
and cocainemostof all- seems
almost limitless.
At
the same

time,the federalgovernment,
marks
aswell. They
don
3 t acomeback,
mostly
intheWest.
Sales
ofinexpensiveliquid
whichhasscattered
therespon-

mindshooting
people.
We
; ve
A.
~.
Q.
4.
-

PCP are up againon the East Coast.

had numerous cases of Jamaicans who were shot in the knee

- Mexican
heroin:
The
street
price
for
BlackTar,
which
is .

or leg, saysDallaspoliceinves-

tigatorCharles
Storey.
"A
lotof

groups have a potential for vio-

.-

asmuch
as
80 percent
pure,
canclimb
to$500
pergram.
A

bargain
brown-powder
heroin
sellsfor$120to$150

among
dozens
ofdifferent
agen-

cies.seemsto lack :1coordinat-

ed nationalstrategy.Who&#39;s
running the war, America&#39;s

ASl3II
ll f l One
i form
comes
from
theGolden
Crescent hard-pressed
cops
areasking-

lence,but[theJamaicans]dern_
5 Iran,Afghanistan,
Pakistan,
India!andanother
from

onstrate
it daily. Dallaspolice t GoldenTriangleBurma.Laos.Thailand!.
say Jamaicanswere linked
to
35 homicidesin 1987and 10 to
12 sofar this year.
I

sibilityfor combating
drugs

the

_
- Fentanyl:
Apotent
heroin
substitute
known
asChina _=

. White,
thesynthetically
produced
designer
drug"
ismostlyaWest
Coast
fad.Street
price:
$3,200
a
gram.

andwhenarethegood
guys nally goingto win?

&#39;l
MORGANTIi.92UlL&#39;i!}l
o.92i

Mlcrurt .-92.
LE2RNERinLus.-ln_;&#39;o3
RKCHARD
S,92Nl72,92iI1Wu.~.&#39;hin_
.92&#39;
0 x .92&#39;
YA aaorr in .92/eu
Yur/c.

L,,;1_9Q 4-2s-as!

LL,&#39;_v
1} loos

._

one Battle

.rm

so
44-.
__
AD
la-~. ___

::::.:..~=* -

to Control
50,000 Gang
Members
on the
StreetsLos
of Angeles
By Matt Lait

Citing increased
gang activity,
the LosAngeles City
Council has voted to add 150 of cers to
its

Spcdal the
In Waaehittgtm
Pusl

LOS ANGEl.ES John

Big Sleepy!
Lewis seemed
7,100-member force
by
June 1989;
Mayor

Tom Brad-

bored as
hestood
with
his hands
cuffed behind
his back, ley hasasked foran additional250. Theannual costof
staring overthe heads
of the police officers
who had the newofficers wouldbe $26.4million. OnThursay $319995 him
for questioning.
Residents the
of neighbor-the same
day thatthree gang-related
shootings left
sevhood east
of CulverCity watched
impassively from
the en peoplewounded--city andcounty of cialsreceived

Q"
C;
I
P-am Am. ___
In. Iv". ,_,___.
Tori.
1;-q.
____
Yogi:-A _i___,
rlllt ano ll -_9-uvov&#39;a
._ 30:]

porches ofgraffiti-covered houses

as
he
minutes later.

Since joining
the

was released $2.73 millionin federalgrants to help combatsuch violence. _ &#39;

g ___
_,city&#39;s
oldest black
street gang,
the Now, partlyin responsetosuch targeting, manygang

Crips,12yearsago,
Lewis

says
he
has been
shot three members havemoved to other
West

Coast cities, where

times, hasseen several

friends killedand cannotr ecall the drug-market competition is less keen and local
all thetimes hehas beentaken tojail. At
21, he isolder law enforcement officers know less about their meth-

then mostof his fellow "gangbangers,"

as they call
themselves. He
was released
from prisonafew months

ods.

Police in San Diego, San Francisco, Portland and

ago afterservingayear for possessing

cocaine and
an Seattle report arecent influx of Los Angeles gang
Uzi machine
gun.

members. Theyalso havebeen reportedin Phoenix,

tory.
*

McDonald&#39;s-like. franchises
throughout the United
up into Canada, LosAngeles Police

La., andToronto.
"
Over thelast fewyears, black
gangs inLos Ange- Tucson, Shreveport,
The black gangs
have
gone to other cities looking
les particularly theCrips andtheir archrivals,the
the selling
of arcoticswhere the
Bloods -have grown
into well-organized
drug-traffick- for fertilegrounds for
ing networks,
feuding violently
over clientsand terri- price is alittle more in ated, and have set up
even
Recently, in
search oflarger pro ts,the twomajor States and
gangs haveexpanded tocities as
distant

as Toronto and

Seattle, forcing
law enforcement
agencies todevelop

new ways to combat them.

-

With morethan50,000
hard-core

Cmdr. Larry Kramer said.

- -,

Officer Neil Crannell ofthe PortlandPolice Department said the Crips appeared there in 1986
and

gang members,Bloods in

1987.

the

&#39;
.

_When they rst came here,Bloods andCrips were

kind
of palling aroundtogether, andthey hungout at
ty, policeare battling
whatmany
say
is alosing war. A
report released
this weekby theNational School
Safety some ofthe sameplaces, butafew months afterthat,
they changedand now they&#39;re separate
antagonists,
Center puts
the estimate
evenhigher
at
70,000&#39;memmostly black,Hispanic and
Asian, inLos AngelesCoun-

bershere,
surpassing

Chicago with10,000
and

New increasing in numbers, he said.

York with 5,000.

In Seattle,local authoritiessought helpfrom federal

investigators, includingthe Federal Bureau of Inves-

We&#39;re
making
notabig dent, said
Sgt.Alan
Thatcher of the LosAngeles Police
Department&#39;s antigang
unit. lt s abrush fire effect. Amurder happens over
there, so we go over there
and

try to solve it, and then

there&#39;s
amurder over hereand wego here,and onand
on . .. . "

Compared tothe sameperiod lastyear, gang-related

homicides in1988 haverisen 50percent inthe cityand
almost 100
percent in the county, accordingto police
and sheriff&#39;s
department statistics. There have been 40
such murders in the city through February and 28 in
the county to date. The total last year was 381.

in response,the LosAngeles PoliceDepartment has

launched its
GRATS
Gang-Related

Active Trafficker

The Washington
Post L
The Washington
TWHQ5
___i__
Dally News New York! ________i

The New
York Times
._____.____
The Wall Street Journal _______

Suppression! project
that expectsto jail asmany
as
100
gang members
a month
on
drug charges.Many make
instant bailwith the pocket money
they
carry, some-

The CNCIQO
Tribune
.._._.___._..._
TM
Lo:
Angeles Times ._i__
The Chrialian Science Monitor ____

times thousandsof

USA Today i

dollars.

The department&#39;s
Community ResourcesAgainst
Street HoodlumsCRASH! unitalso hasreorganized to
ght street violence, andthe city attorney haswon a
court injunctionprohibiting certainCrips fromloitering,
trespassing and
harassing neighborhood
residents.

Date Q :_,g___M

Pl?! ii.

Pa: e

~~ b 1

Q/

&#39;

Is- A

ll-, __._

tigation,
Drug
theEnforcement
Administration
ih&#39;_
a
fardthis year,
at least
53
bystanders
have been
Bureauof Alcohol,
TobaccoFirearms;
and
and
DEASo
killed
wounded
or
gang
by
members
in
Los
Angeles,
Treasuryinagents
Seattle
arrestedLos
three
Angeles
police
said.
Several
of those
killed, because
died
they

gang
members on cocaine-trafcharges
cking last

wore wrong
the
colors
in gang
a
s territory.
month, seizing
asawed-off
shotgun, $5,680
in cash,
Although
Hispanic
gangs
in Los Angeles
have
ahis?
quantities of--crack,
a-srnall--safe,
paraphernalia
drug
andbusiness records.
.tory
dating
back
to
theturn ofthe
century
account
and
of the
city&#39;sviolence,
gang-related
tend
they
The growth
in gang
membership
is partly
here
attri- for some

to be
more territorial,
Kramer said.

butable the
to profit
motive.

-;

gangs
are not into
the monetary
gain as
It&#39;s
totellhard
15-year-old
a
with
kid$3,000
in his ~Hispanics
are into
proving their
manhoodthe
and
pocket, beforenever
who
a dollar,
hadthatthis
is the muchas they

wrong way
to go,
said Detective Michael
Berchemfact

that
they machismo
are
defending
and they
what

of the
Los Angeles
Police Department&#39;s
antigang
see astheir
neighborhood,
Wes
Sgt.
McBride
of the
unit.
l Los Angeles
Sheriffs Department
said. _-,
in many
cases,older
the members
of the
gang del-But police
say emerging
gangs
Asian
of youths
may
egate
the real work
of acquiring
and selling
drugs to

soon rival
the Bloods
and the
Cripsterms
in drugs
of
penalties
caught.
if exchange.
In
the
junior member
Los Angeles
County shoot-out
with suspected
Asian
getsashareof thepro ts. "&#39;
drug dealers
raised fears
that Asian
gangs,direct
with
it&#39;s
like
basically
any
other business,
the higher
up linksAsian
to
heroin,
are
developing
into
major
narcotic
you the
go less
you have
to do
with the
actual
business,
younger members
because juveniles
receive lighter
and violence.
The recent
deaths
two
of DEA
agents
a in

organizations
potential
with
extremeviolence.
for
_
Meanwhile,
Crips
the
Bloods,
and
dozens
with
af;
of
But Dr.
Lorenzo Merritt
of Project
HEAVY West,
a

Berchem said.

&#39;

filiate factions
throughout
city,the
remain
the dominant

nonpro tcounseling
thatcenter
tries
to help
children
And
police
say
the Crips tight
among them~
stay out
of jail,
said they
join fundamentally
because gangs.
of

selves.
__
aneed
for acceptance
and identity.
It generally
means
"There
many
are
more
Cripsithan
are
there
Bloods.
an absence
ofacohesive
. . .family
life where
there
is But within
their
different
factions,
very
you
seldom
see
no
sense of belonging
and respect."
Bloods
feuding
with
other
Bloods
it
but
is
very
common
Even youths
who don&#39;t
wantjoin
to gang
sometimes
a
to see
other Crips
feuding with
other Crips,
Kramer
see no
choice.
19-year-old
A
member
Crips ideni
who said...
tified himself
by his
gang name,
Jay Stone,
said: YetiThe bottom
line to
the whole
thing
here, is that
it

joinsurvive.
to you&#39;re
If in gang,
a not
have
youpro!
nodoesn tany
make
sense
because nothing
there&#39;s
to
tection
other
from
bangers
Once
you&#39;re
in,
though
make
sense
any
about
it,
Berchem
said.
Why
a
guy
.you for
re in
good. ~
AI
over this
on
streetwill shoot
aguy
six blocks away
beIf you
wantbe
toaman,
you&#39;re
it, Lewis
said.
in
92

cause
he&#39;s
adifferent
kind Crip,
of
but
yet, six
blocks
The Crips
were identi
as the
city&#39;s
ed large
rst
over
other
the is
way
agang
of Crips
that gets
he along

black gang
in the
early 1970s,
according
police,
to

with_.
. just
. doesn&#39;t
make any
sense.
Shortly afterwards,
the Bloods
formed
protect
to th_ern~

selvessince
and then,
the
gangs
have become mortal

enemies. Membership
is determined
largelyneigln
by
borhood.

Crip members
advertise
affiliation
their
by
wearing

blue
on everything
shoelaces
from the to
bandanas
that
hang of
outtheir
back pockets.
Bloods red
wear
the
in

sarnefashion. &#39;

#5

9.

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_ McGEORGE
SCHOOL OE--LAW
UNIVERSITY _TH-E
or
PACIFIC
Center for Research
u
/

O
92

THE CITIZENS
HANDBOOK OF

CALIFORNIA STREET
GANGS: 1992
BY

Paula Marie
McKibbin, J.D.
Spring I992

92
J

A C0/nmenl on the Law

in aSeries of

Independent into
Research
Topics
of Social
Impact
Supported
by
a Grant from
the
JOHN STAUFF

" &#39;
W A 1I

ER CHARITABLE
TRUST

1 R92

BLACK STREET gangs

As of
March

1992, out

of
the

total

number of
942

street

gangs identified

in the G.R.E.A.T. System,

as black
street

gangs.l44 Inthe author&#39;s

opinion,of
all

youth, black
youth

299 were identified

are in the most danger of

joining

gangs and becoming involved in street

gang criminal

Statistics reveal that althoughblacks

comprise
..

activity.

only 6%of
the

country&#39;s
general
population,Wthey

street

make up 46% of
the

nation&#39;s

prison population.l45
According to
David Sandoval,
twentyfive percent of black
male
or on

parole or

youth are in eitherijail

probation, compared

to only

or prison,

six percent

white male youth.l46 Forty~four percent of

the
population cannot

read,
and

semi illiterate. The

national dropout

is 22%;

some cities,

. school

of
the

however, in
dropout rate

black
families

for
black

an
additional

of

black
17% are

rate for black

students

such as
Los

youth is

50%. In

Angeles, the
addition, 56%

have no men in their household.l47

l44McBride, seen. 8.

145 Ron
Johnson, Consultant,
Community Reclamation
Project,

Los Angeles, California, "Rites

of
Passage:

Bringing the

High Risk

Los Angeles County Interagency

California Council
on Criminal

Task Force on Gang Violence, and

Justice, 1990,
p. 139.

Youth to Adulthood," CommunityMobilization: How to Survive in

the
&#39;90&#39;s, Conference
Proceedings, Office of
Criminal
Justice Planning,

146 Los
Angeles County
CommissionHuman
on
Relations,
Limited

Life Opportunities

for Black

and Latino

ll.

l47Taylor, see n- 20.

*1
Ji

Youth, December 1990, p.

;- :7: _1,-1.:

_ 92

;.

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. 92.
,~:-&#39;=*v&#39;~"~&#39;Y"="
. ..1331"
Mt
~ .~ 1&#39;

Black

street

Central Los

Angeles and

early gangs,

consisted

gangs
have

Compton since

one of

of
family

themselves in

existed in

which was

early black

street gangs

today. In

to provide~a
were more

the
1920&#39;s,

to
make

source of

funds. The

territorial

the
different

black

gang,

who involved

activity designed

tough and

These

Boozie

close friends

limited criminal

of
South

the early
1920&#39;s.
"* the

members and

themselves appear

the areas

than

they
are

gangs
fought

each

other}?but theydid hot engage

in
stabbings
orshootings.l48
.
During the

late
1930&#39;s,

whereas in

the 1950&#39;s and in

Businessmen, "the
Gang, were

the Slauson

gang
was

the most

the 1960&#39;s,

Home Street

active. Since

Gang," and
these early

as "the

"the 117th

Street

gangs
concentrated

their
criminal

activity within

were
virtually

unnoticed bythe rest of the public.l49

In the

rival

1960&#39;s, black

street
gangs,

The Crips
belief, these

first

class

Washington High

School in

Crips

a name
for

youth and

forcing them

in 1969.

were comprised

upper middle

to

of
society.

South Central
themselves by
fight;
to

neighborhoods, they

gang
activity

and the

to
form

early Crips

soon
made

street

the Crips

were the

from the

the black

gangs
such

active;

give up

caused two

Bloods, to

organize.

Contrary to
of black

popular
male youth

They attended
Los Angeles.

The

confronting other
their possessions;

l48Id.

l49Association of
Orange County DeputySheriffs, p.
23,

see

". -5-!
"_~~_.
&#39;._ if" ,&#39;_&#39;~&#39;
&#39; _, .,
1" _._ "f

&#39;-.&#39;
~.. ~---&#39;
.t ,. , .. -Q
-

3 - -. .&#39;:-.3:-4;-"~-_
.~

~."i-1 ,-P"?1?-?;2:1
ski?-=j1=""-_
1i1iIi Fi*

g. _1 -_;/"&#39;~_,
.;&#39;
-. &#39;&#39;
-.~;.~;&#39;.1.
xi
xi
~-.1-__~92;&#39;_._;:;,.
. ~."&#39;.-1.;I-:;,:-I-.
I".-1-, :&#39;
:&#39;.
&#3

..

and, insome

cases, to

when law

..

]O1n the

enforcement and

unable or

unwilling to

members of

the public

neighborhoods started
protection against
formed was

Crip street

gang.

school
authorities

were either

provide the

protection needed

from the

Crips,

to form

their own

the Crip

called the

150

black
youth

gang members.

Bloods.
The

by

in
many

gangs for

self

One such gang that

early Bloods

called

themsetves Pirus,
naming themselvesgafter
the street they
lived on inCompton,_California.l5l_
Although the
against the

Blood Pirus initially

Crips, the

Bloods.
By

Crips

as the

State. The

growth

steadily to

apresent

strongest

inCrips

black
street

either
the

the

Crips or

know, the majority of

.1.

had built

black
street

areputation
gang in

three Crips

the

has increased

for

every
one

gangs align themselves with

Bloods.
The

gangs. Nowadays,

to,outnumber the

gang membership

ratio
of

Blood. Today,
all
to be
rival

soon
began

the mid-1970&#39;s,the Crips

for themselves

were successful

Crips and

however, as

the street

Bloods continue

many people

may not

gang warfare occurs

between

lSOOffice of the Attorney General, State of California

Department of

Justice, Unclassified

Confidential Publication

for

Law Enforcement,
Crips and
Bloods Street
Gangs, BOCCI Unit, p.
3;
Hourie Taylor,
Police Commander,
Compton Police
Department, Black
Street Gangs
Organization and
Subculture, rev.
June 1988,
p. 3.

l5lTaylor, seen. 20.

51

g
=-2
::.
?

- - . _,,- ~ I- _,
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1;-_--: 4w {. .1 9;."-;;
=r ,.=.&#39;..~._,_;.@m~,..;27&#39;%x;-._ag;q,;@g;=3g;;&;:;t:;
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31
~31: -&#39;=&#39;: "-&#39;.
u .
="r :=&#39;-l"5_1J*%&#39;~""
~1~.~ 1"- % 4? iI ?&#39;;
v!&#39;5"!
2.,.5l;;1g
s%&#39;I
-",5 : &#39;
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&#39;
&#39;

&#39;>

~ &#39;. :.&#39;_:~&#39;-~i
=,~ .&#39;;~,-&#39;_~_;
.&#39;
- -v

the various Crip gangs.l52

Both the
sets made

Crips
and

up
of

each set

the Bloods

different age

groups. The

includes groups

"associates," and
members, also

into

membership within

of "wannabees,"

"hard core" gang

known as

organize themselves

"peripherals,"

members. The

"wannabees, *are between

A.

would be gang
6and

10 years

2
Q
s
r
z

of age.

The young

are between

members form

the ages

..

of ll

a set

and 15.

/&#39;

members, who

n.,.

are over

gang members

age from16 to 22. The

22 years

"153

original gangsters.

gangsters? who

The hard core

form&#39;aofset
"gangsters" whorange
in
older gang

of "baby

old, are

called

f
1

In order
the Bloods

to identity

themselves to

began wearing,

gang colors.

others, the

i.e., "flashing,"

The Crips began

Crips and

their respective

wearing blue

clothing, and

the

Bloods began
wearing redclothing.l54
More recently, tattoos0
have become

another popular

means of

identification used

by

black street gang members.l55

1

Black street

gangs are

traditional Hispanic
subsets. They

not as

street gangs,
usually have

only alfew

culturally oriented
and they

as

have

older gang

fewer

members.

lszlnformation obtained
from Bob
Ferber, Assistant
Superviso
Cr

Gang Unit,

California, on

Los Angeles
May 8,

l53Taylor, p.
7,

City Attorney&#39;s Office, Los

1992.

Angeles,

see n. 150.

15416.
1551a

%
S4

,,., .

5
_ .,-s"

_N_
,
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___.
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-3.;
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-5;,
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They arenot as oriented or as loyal to the gang asare the

Hispanics. Unlike
Hispanic gang
members,
black
gang
put their
own

members

interests beforethose of the street gang.l56

If ablack gang member

holds anyloyalty, it is
usually to
another gangmember, ratherthan to the gang itself. Another

difference between
the blacksand theHispanics isthat many
black youth,unlike theHispanics, have
been known
to speak
openly tolaw enforcement
officers about themselves and
their

gangs when
they areaway
from

their,sreet gang
comrades.l57

In the 1970&#39;s,
more
the sophisticated
black
gang

members

started to abandontheir
distinctive
gang attire in order to
avoid detection by
law enforcement andschoo1;officials.l58

In recent years, all Crips and Bloodshave

begun
down"in
order

to avoid detection by
law

to
"dress

enforcement officers.

Rather than wearing all blue clothing, Crip gang members

nowadays
may
conceal

somewhere ontheir person only

blue col0red scarves,also knownas "rags," to

identify
gang affiliation.

their

Bloods mayreveal their gang involvement

by
carrying only red coloredrags.l59
In 1984, itwas firmly
established

that
many

black
street

gang members
were involved in drug trafficking. They
156

p. 8.

Arizona Department
of PublicSafety, IntelligenceDivision,

l57Marshall, see
n. 5.
n. 88.

l58Association
Orange
of County
Deputy Sheriffs,
p. 35,see
l59Id_
55

~*__%s

- V

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trafficked predominately

marijuana and

&#39;
swt

PCP, and their business

steadily increased
to includecocaine.l6O Inl987, Cripsand
Blood operations
Angeles, in

for $25

mushroomed into
new

part because

in Los

territories beyond

a quantity

Angeles could

of
rock

be sold

Los

cocaine that

for as

sold

much as

$80

elsewhere.l6l Since 1984, the Crips and the Bloodshave

quickly transformed

themselves into

distributors of
narcotics.l62

well-organized

In 1991, both Crip andBlood

.4 L"

street gangs were engaged in crack operations in

22 states and

at least 27 major cities.l63 i

As of
1988, gang veterans
and lawenforcement officers
determined that
was controlled

the cocaine trade in

by 15

to} 20

J,

South Central Los Angeles

black street

gang original

gangsters.164 Los
Angels Police
Department Deputy
Chief
Levant reported
were actively

sales totaling
officers

in that
year
involved in

as
much

have
discovered

that,75 to
100

black street

cocaine distribution,

as $l,000,000.l65
that black

gangs

with weekly

Law enforcement

street gangs are connected

l60Taylor, see n. 20.

l6lId
l62Id.
1

63Skoln1ck,.p. 8,see n. 49.

l64Id.
165

Office
of

Department

of
Justice,

the Attorney
p. 2,

see n.
56

General, State
100.

of
California,

92.&#39;&#39;--i-&#39;~-92:u&#39;-l<#m
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.9 ~

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- "&#39;
&#39;
&#39;
&#39;
&#39;Y"=i?*7
""=~
*r*T*&#39;-"1 ?7i?@ 5

with the Columbia drug

cartels.l66
Black street

by initially

gangs establish

living with

themselves in

or contacting

a community

blood relatives

of

individual street gang members.l67

In somecases, theymay
offer $50

to $100 per day to single

who are

on fixed

..
residences
to

incomes in

some Bloods

establish themselves
motels located
.&#39; .

corridors in

mothers or
elderly
exchange for

168 .

deal cocaine.

discovered that

using

Law enforcement

and Crips
may

..

major Interstate

officers have
to

deal drugs
from

5and

169

California.

their

forego trying

in some neighborhoods and

along the

persons

Highway 99

.-

J.

Black street

gang membersoften establish

new locales by throwing lavish parties.

themselves in

These newcomers
flash

~.

alot

of money and offer

order to

gifts to

persuade them to attend

guests arrive,
cocaine, they

people in

the new locale in

their parties.

After the

the gang members offer them alcohol and crack

cocaine, realizing

that once

they get

have aguaranteed

someone to

addict and

try crack

consequently

guaranteed client.l7O

l56Id., p.
167

7.

Christopher Kuntz,

Investigation of

Black Street

Sacramento Police

Department,

Gang Drug
Distributors,

1988, p. 5.

16816.

l69Kuntz, p. 6, see n. 167.

l7OMarshall, see

n. 5.
57

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_&#39;&#39;j&#39;.,__ 5 Iv

.. .&#39; .

Black street

gang drug

airlines, buses,

use commercial

to transport

themselves and

and automobiles

their illegal

drugs

..

..

criminal activities.

to
new

locations in

. 171

discovered that

minimize
contact
. ,r

A.M. and

with law

Law enforcement
street
gang

gang members

destinations

hours of
6

conduct their
officers have

Angeles street

at
their

between the

order to

Law enforcement

the Los

prefer arriving

a black

dealers_ often

seem to

by
automobile

8 A.M.,

or by

bus

hoping thereby

to

enforcement officers.l72
_

officers also

have discovered

member
transports

cocaine,

that when
he
often

accompanied bya female, who is often white.

The;white
usually carries

the cocaine

enforcement officers

suspect that
In

they
buy

stop the

the white

order
to

with the

female is

proceeds of

female

her peison.

male,
they

When
law

often
do

not

with him.173
of the

expensive cars

their
drug

their transport

their
parents,

vehicles in

that

trade, black
the

gang
names
of

siblings, and close relatives.l74 They also

rental
cars

more frequently.

International Airport

l7l

Kuntz, see
n.
167;
of California,
Department

l72Kuntz,p.
7,
l73Id_

black

avoid forfeiture

members
register

are using

concealed on

is

Los Angeles

is a popular car rental location.l75

Office of
of
Justice,

the Attorney
General, State
p.
6,
see n.
100.

see n.
167.

l74Id_
l75Id_
58

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Only

afew

involved" in

of
the

black
street

gang members

who are

mak ing asubs

tant ial

d&#39;r&#39;ug&#39;
i-ck ing traff
end up

amount of

money. These

businesses,

gang members

and
some

of
them

altogether. Law

get out

enforcement officers

black street

gang members

live

of the

in
some

often buy

respectable

of drug

trafficking

are aware

now own several big

best neighborhoods

that these

businesses and

in California.

They

also associate withfpeople of

moneyand influence, who are
often white

upper class citizens.

neighborhoods, but

They move
out

they still

of
their

maintain ties

old

with the

neighborhood. They
usehomes
in
the old neighborhood
as
stash
pads for money and
drugs.l76

Law enforcement officers are

Hispanics in

Crips gangs,

Crips affiliation.l77
recruitment
is an

suburban

areas
and

easily across

gangs.

These
white

surroundings to
They told

the Crips

gangs

them to

that
claim

transport drugs

children

in
$500,000

outside of

affiliate with

black street
officers that

into
more

law enforcement
of
white

homes had joined black

youth go

the

street gangs

drug markets

For example,

discovered that

law enforcement

into their

to expand

the country.

who lived

as
Asian

and Hispanics

to enable

officers recently

in Corona

as
well

see whites and

These officers believe that

of
whites

attempt by

starting to

their wealthy

families

street
city

gang members.
their reason

for
92
1

l76Marshall, see n. 5.
177 M?

ld.; Quarry,

3&#39

see n. 9. qg
59 1%;
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12

joining

black
street

gangs was

to experience

the

0
&#39;-

sheer

excitement of being agang member.l78

CARRIBEAN s&#39;1&#39;m-:13&#39;r*
czmcs
JAMAICAN

STREET
GANGS

Until recently,

Jamaican
possees,

the Jamaican

street gangs,

known as

had confined themselves to cities along the

East Coast.

Law enforcement

ruthless and

officers consider

heavily involved

in
narcotics

them to

be

trafficking. In

April 1992, law enforcementofficers detected the presenceof

Jamaican possees
Jamaican possees

in the

State
of

California. It

sent
scouts

appears that

to infiltrate;
These
officers

the narcotics
4&#39;,

market in

this
state.

do not

know at

early
date

whether or not the Jamaican possees are trying

this

to

establish themselves permanently in the Los Angeles area.l79

5
2
178Marshall, see
n. 5.
l79Angeles,seen.
135.
60