bk3 4c PDF

CABLE SUPPORTED
STRUCTURES
STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
OF CABLES
3/22/2005
Prof. dr Stanko Brcic
Cable Supported Structures
Suspension bridges
Cable-Stayed Bridges
Masts
Roof structures
etc
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Cable Analysis Main Assumptions

Cables are flexible material lines
In-extensible or elastic lines
Consequently, the only internal cross
- sectional force is the cable tension:
T ( s ) = T ( s )
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Cable Analysis
Differential equation of equilibrium
dT
+ q (s) = 0
ds
If the loading is gravitational (or,
constant direction), i.e. if
q ( s) = q( s) e
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e = const
Cable Analysis
then the cable is a curved line within
the plane (of loading):
e T = const
If h is the unit vector within the
cable plane perpendicular to the
loading direction (horizontal direction
in vertical plane for gravitational
loading): h e = 0
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Cable Analysis
then the component of cable tension
in direction of h (i.e. horizontal cable
tension for vertical loading) is
constant:
h T = H = const
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Cable Analysis dead load
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The cable is loaded by the self-weight
q(s) = q = const (in vertical x-y
plane)
Differential equation of equilibrium is:
dT
2
+ q ( s ) = 0 Hy + q 1 + y = 0
ds
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The general solution is given as
qx
y = sinh( C1 )
H
H
qx
y = cosh( C1 ) + C2
q
H
The boundary conditions are:

y (0) = 0
y (l ) = b
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With notation:
ql
b
=
= ar sinh(
)+
2H
l sinh
the constants of integration are
C1 =
H
C2 = cosh( )
q
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10

So, the final solution is given as:
qx
y( x) = sinh( )
H
H
qx
y ( x) = [cosh( ) cosh( )]
q
H
HYPERBOLIC RELATIONS
(deep cable, catenary)
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11

The maximum deflection of the cable:
If
H
y( x) = 0 x = x0 =
q
H
y ( x0 ) = ymax = [cosh( ) 1]
q
0 x0 l
then the max deflection is within the

span of the cable.
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12

Extreme values of support denivelation b
in order to have 0 x0 l are:
2H
2H
2
sinh ( ) b
sinh 2 ( )
q
q
2H
| b | bmax =
sinh 2 ( )
q
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or
13
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14

The cable with horizontal span: b = 0
ql
= =
2H
H
qx
y ( x) = [cosh( ) cosh( )]
q
H
qx
y ( x) = sinh( )
H
H
H ql
l
H
x0 = =
= , ymax = f1 = [cosh( ) 1]
q
q 2H 2
q
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15

For horizontal span b = 0:
since,
cosh( ) 1 +
2
2
one obtains the max deflection as

ymax
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H 2 ql 2
=
=
q 2 8H
16

The total length of the cable L:
x =l
ds
L=
dx = 1 + y2 dx
dx
x =0
0
Since
qx
2 qx
1 + y = 1 + sinh ( ) = cosh ( )
H
H
2
One obtains the length L as:

2H
L=
sinh( ) cosh( )
q
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For cable with horizontal span, the
length L of the cable is:
b=0 =
2H
L=
sinh( )
q
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Reactions of supports at A and B:
TA = H + YA TB = H + YB
dy
dy
YA = H ( ) |x =0 YB = H ( ) |x =l
dx
dx
Vertical component Ya is equal to

(after transformation)
q
YA = H sinh YA = [ L + b coth( )]
2
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Vertical component Yb is obtained
from equilibrium condition:
q
YA + YB qL = 0 YB = [ L b coth( )]
2
For the cable with horizontal span:
1
YA = YB = qL
2
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20
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21

PARABOLIC RELATIONS
Assumption:
The cable is relatively shallow, or
The gravitational loading is
distributed along the horizontal
projection of the cable
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22
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23
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24

For deep cable (catenary) differential
equation of equilibrium is
Hy + q 1 + y2 = 0
For shallow cable (parabolic relations)
ds
1.0 Hy + q = 0
dx
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25

The general solution of diff. eq. is
q
x + C1
H
q 2
y ( x) =
x + C1 x + C2
2H
y( x) =
From boundary conditions y(0)=0,

y(l)=b one obtains:
b
q
b
C2 = 0 C1 = +
l ( = tan )
l 2H
l
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26

Therefore, the final solution is
q
b
(l 2 x) +
l
2H
q
b
2
y ( x) =
(lx x ) + x
l
2H
y( x) =
The cable shape is parabola.

Position of maximum deflection:
y( x) = 0
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l Hb
x0 = +
2 q l
27

Therefore, the max deflection is:
y ( x0 ) = ymax
ql 2 b H b 2
=
+ +
8 H 2 2q l 2
Extreme support denivelation to have

max deflection within the cable span:
ql 2
ql 2
b
2H
2H
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or | b | bmax
ql 2
=
2H
28

The length of the cable L:
l
L = 1 + y dx
2
1 2
1 + y 1 + y
2
2
It is obtained:
1 ql 2 1 b 2
L l 1 +
+
6 2 H 2 l
1 ql 2
for b = 0 : L l 1 +

6 2 H
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29

Vertical components of support
reactions are:
YA = Hy |x =0 YB = Hy |x =l
It is obtained:
ql
b
YA = + H
l
2
ql
b
YB = H
l
2
For horizontal span (b = 0):

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ql
YA = YB =
2
30

Hyperbolic or Parabolic relations:
the solution depends on H, i.e. on the
unknown horizontal cable tension
Statically undetermined problem
Initial assumption of H or max cable
tension or
Initial assumption of the total cable
length
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31
Elastic Cables The Cable Equation

Cable is ideally elastic body (material
line) with equivalent
- Modulus of elasticity
- Coefficient of thermal expansion
Two loading conditions are
considered: initial loading (selfweight) and some additional loading
(live load)
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32

For initial loading the cable element is
given as: ds 2 = dx 2 + dy 2
Due to some additional loading the
cable moves to the new equilibrium
configuration (displacement
components u, v).
The cable element in the new
2
2
2
ds
=
(
dx
+
du
)
+
(
dy
+
dv
)
configuration is
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33

Dilatation of a point at the cable element
is given as:
ds ds dx du dy dv 1 dv 2
=
=
+
+ ( )
ds
ds ds ds ds 2 ds
If neglecting the small quantities of the

2nd order:
ds ds dx du dy dv
=
=
+
ds
ds ds ds ds
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34

Increment of cable tension due to
additional load is denoted as .
The corresponding horizontal
component of that increment in
tension is h:
dx
ds
h =
= cos = h
ds
dx
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35

Therefore, the Hookes Law is
=
EA
+ t t
Consequently, it may be obtained:

ds
h
dx + t = dx du + dy dv + 1 ( dv ) 2
t
EA
ds ds ds ds 2 ds
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ds

dx
After multiplying with

the cable
equation in differential form is obtained
ds 3
h( )
dx + t ( ds ) 2 = du + dy dv + 1 ( dv ) 2
t
EA
dx
dx dx dx 2 dx
If neglecting the 2nd order terms, then:

ds 3
h( )
dx + t ( ds ) 2 = du + dy dv
t
EA
dx
dx dx dx
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Integrating over the span of the cable,
one obtains the Integral form of the Cable
equation:
l
hLe
1 dv 2
dy dv
+ t tLt = u (l ) u (0) +
dx + ( ) dx
2 0 dx
AE
dx dx
0
Or in the form
l
hLe
dy dv
+ t tLt = u (l ) u (0) +
dx
AE
dx dx
0
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Where the virtual lengths of the cable
are given by
l
ds 3
Le = ( ) dx
dx
0
ds 2
Lt = ( ) dx
dx
0
Also, u(l) and u(0) are horizontal

displacements of supports A and B
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For Hyperbolic relations the virtual
lengths may be obtained as:
l
3 qx
2 qx
Le = cosh ( )dx Lt = cosh ( )dx
H
H
0
0
which may be transformed into

H
3H
Le =
sinh(3 ) cosh 3( ) +
sinh( ) cosh( )
6q
2q
H
l
sinh(2 ) cosh 2( ) +
Lt =
2q
2
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40

For the cable with horizontal span
(b = 0):
H 1
[ sinh(3 ) + 3sinh( )]
2q 3
H
l
ql
sinh(2 ) +
,=
=
Lt =
2q
2
2H
Le =
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For the Parabolic relations, the virtual
cable lengths are obtained as
l
Le = (1 + y2 )3/ 2 dx
0
Lt = (1 + y2 )dx
0
After integration, it is obtained

2
4
2
2
f 96 f 3
f 1
2
Le l 1 + 8 + + 1 + 8 + tan tan
5 l 2
l
l 4
16 f 2
2
Lt l 1 + + tan
3l
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ql 2
b
f =
, tan = ,
8H
l
f
=
l 4
42

By the partial integration one obtains
l
dy dv
dy l
d2y
0 dx dx dx = dx v |0 0 dx 2 vdx
For the boundary conditions v(0) = 0

and v(l) = 0, and for the parabolic
relations, since
d2y
q
= = const
2
dx
H
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One obtains
l
dy dv
q
0 dx dx dx = H 0 vdx
Therefore, the Integral form of the

Cable equation becomes
l
hLe
1 dv 2
q
+ t tLt = u (l ) u (0) + vdx + ( ) dx
2 0 dx
AE
H 0
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or, if neglecting the small terms of
the 2nd order,
l
hLe
q
+ t tLt = u (l ) u (0) + vdx
AE
H 0
If the supports are fixed, then

u(l) = u(0) = 0
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45
Live Load and Temperature Effects

upon the Cable (Parabolic relations)
The cable is loaded by the self-weight
constantly distributed along the span
Dead Load: q(x) = q = const
Differential equation of equilibrium
Hy + q = 0
Additional (static) loading
p(x) = p = const
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Due to additional load p, increment in
horizontal component of cable tension
is denoted as h, so differential
equation of equilibrium is given as
( H + h) ( y + v) + (q + p) = 0
Due to initial equilibrium equation
q
( H + h)v h = p
(a)
H
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48

It is possible to neglect the product
h v as relatively small, so one obtains
q
Hv h = p
(b)
H
Equation (a) or (b), together with the
cable equation, say in the form
l
hLe
q
+ t tLt = vdx
AE
H 0
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(c )
49

define the problem of additional load
(live load)
Consider eqs. (b) and (c). From (b)
hq p
v = A* = 2 = const
H
H
If v(0) = v(l) = 0, then
1
v( x) = A* ( x 2 lx)
2
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50

Therefore:
1
3
(
)
v
x
dx
=
A
l
*
0
12
If this integral is introduced into the

cable equation (c), one obtains the
linear equation for unknown tension
increment h
hLe
1 ql 3
1 q 2l 3
+ t tLt =
p
h
2
3
12 H
12 H
AE
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51

With notation (catenary, or cable
parameter)
q 2l 3 AE
* =
H 3 Le
horizontal tension increment h is
obtained as
*L
Lt 12 AE
p
H t t
h=
12 + * q
Le 12 + *
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The total cable tension is equal to
H1 = H + h
Or
Lt 12 AE
*
p
H1 = (1 +
) H t t
12 + * q
Le 12 + *
The cable parameter is the measure
of elastic properties of the cable:
for * the cable is in-extensible
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53

If eq. (a) is considered:
Then
( H + h)v h
v = A* =
q
= p
H
(a)
hq
p
= const
H ( H + h) H + h
So, for the boundary conditions

v(0)=v(l)=0, the solution is:
1
v( x) = A* ( x 2 lx)
2
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The cable equation, for t=0 and for
u(0)=u(l)=0, is given as:
l
hLe q
1
= vdx + v2 dx
20
AE H 0
Therefore,
l
1
3
vdx
=
A
l
*
0
12
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1 23
0 v dx = 12 A* l
2
55

With notation for non-dimensional
increment of cable tension:
h
=
H
and the catenary (cable) parameter

q 2l 3 EA
* = 3
H Le
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56

the Cable equation may be written in
the non-dimensional form of:
*
p
p 2
+ (2 + ) + (1 + ) = [2( ) + ( ) ]
q
24
12
24 q
3
i.e. as the cubic equation in nondimensional increment of cable

tension h
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57

The catenary parameter may be also
written as:
8 f 3 EA
* = (
qLe
If * is a large number, then the cable

is inextensible: EA
If * is a small number, then the
cable behaves as the taut string:
f
0
l
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Obtaining solution of the cubic cable
equation, tension increment is given.
The final horizontal cable tension, due
to additional load p, is given as:
H1 = H + h = (1 + ) H
Also, new deflection shape is given as

v( x) =
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1
A* ( x 2 lx)
2
59

Non-dimensional cable equation
*
p
p 2
+ (2 + ) + (1 + ) = [2( ) + ( ) ]
q
24
12
24 q
3
represents the change in cable

tension due to additional load.
Non-linear dependence on additional
load p
Non-linearity is greater for smaller
values of catenary parameter *
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60

For * > 5000 non-linearity is relatively
small
Limiting value of non-dimensional

increment of cable tension is:
p
lim =
*
q
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In the case of the cable equation
where the second-order term is
neglected, i.e.
l
hLe q
= v( x)dx
AE H 0
and diff. equation of equilibrium (a),

is used, the corresponding quadratic
equation for increment of cable
tension h is obtained
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62

In the case of simultaneous additional
load p and temperature load t is
considered, the cubic equation for
incremental cable tension is obtained
Lt AE
Lt AE
*
2
+ (2 + + t t
) + (1 + + 2 t t
) =
24
12
Le H
Le H
3
Lt AE
p
p 2
= [2( ) + ( ) ] t t
24 q
q
Le H
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New cable deflection after additional
load p is given as:
y1 ( x) = y ( x) + v( x)
New deflection may be transformed
into the form similar to initial
deflection due to dead load:
q
b
2
B* (lx x ) + x
y1 ( x) =
l
2H
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64

where B is the non-dimensional
deflection amplification:
p
1
B* =
(1 + )
q
1+
p
B* = 1 +
q
for hv 0
for hv = 0
Coefficient B is always > 1.0, since

Only for in-extensible cable
p
>
q
* EA B* 1.0
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65

Also, it may be concluded that the
amplification of deflection B, due to
additional loading, is greater for
greater relative additional loading
p/q, while the cable parameter is
smaller.
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66
Free Vibrations in the Cable Plane

Cable is in the equilibrium
configuration due to its self-weight
Parabolic approximation: dead load is
uniform over the horizontal projection
of cable: q(x) = q = const
Static equilibrium configuration: y(x)
Free vibration in cable plane
dominant vertical motion v=v(x,t)
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Free vibrations of a cable around its
static equilibrium position.
Position of a cable during free
vibrations is given by:
y1 ( x, t ) = y ( x) + v( x, t )
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According to DAlemberts Principle,
the total load acting upon cable is:
q1 ( x, t ) = q( x) mv ( x, t )
(active and inertial forces), where m
is cable mass per unit length:
q( x)
m( x ) =
g
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m
9.81 2
s
70

Horizontal component of cable
tension is equal to
H1 (t ) = H + h(t )
( H = const )
where H is due to dead load q, while

h(t) is the cable tension increment
due to inertial forces
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Differential equation of equilibrium,
according to DAlemberts Principle, is
H1 y1 + q1 = 0
Substituting, one obtains
( H + h) ( y + v) + q mv = 0
or
Hy + Hv + hy + hv + q mv = 0
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Due to differential equation of static
equilibrium: Hy + q = 0 and neglecting
the term hv (as the product of small
increments), one obtains dif. equation
of free vibrations of a cable:
q
mv Hv + h = 0
(a)
H
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Equation (a), together with the Cable
equation, for t = 0:
l
h(t ) Le q
= v( x, t )dx
AE
H 0
(b)
defines free vibrations of a cable in its

plane. As may be seen, in the Cable
equation the influence of the 2nd
order term v2 is neglected too.
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For harmonic free vibrations:
v( x, t ) = v ( x) eit
h(t ) = h eit
So, equations (a) and (b) become
q
m v + Hv = h
H
l
hLe q
= v ( x)dx
AE H 0
2
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( A.1)
( A.2)
75
Non-Symmetric Free Vibrations in

the Cable Plane
Non-symmetric free vibrations are
defined by non-symmetric function
v(x,t) along the span of the cable:
l
v( x, t )dx = 0
0
In that case, it follows from (A.2) that

also
h(t ) = 0
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the Cable Plane
Therefore, differential eq. of free nonsymmetric vibrations is given as
m 2 v + Hv = 0
The general solution is given by
where
v ( x) = C1 sin(kx) + C2 cos(kx)
m
k =
H
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the Cable Plane
Integration constants are determined
from the boundary conditions:
l
v (0) = 0
v( ) = 0
2
The 2nd conditions is due to nonsymmetry of free vibrations. Of
course, the condition v(l) = 0 must
be also fulfilled
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the Cable Plane
From the boundary conditions one
obtains:
C2 = 0
kl
C1 sin( ) = 0
2
The frequency equation is, therefore,

kl
sin( ) = 0
2
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kl
= n , n = 1, 2,3,
2
79

the Cable Plane
Since
m
k =
H
the natural circular frequencies of free

non-symmetric vibrations in the cable
plane are obtained as:
2 n
n =
l
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H
m
n = 1, 2,3,...
80

the Cable Plane
The corresponding natural shapes are
given as:
2 nx
vn ( x) = Cn sin(
)
n = 1, 2,3,...
l
It may also be seen that the solution
satisfies the condition v(l) = 0
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81
Symmetric Free Vibrations in the

Cable Plane
Symmetric free vibrations of the
cable in its plane are given by
equations (A):
q
m v + Hv = h
H
l
hLe q
= v ( x)dx
AE H 0
2
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82

Cable Plane
The general solution of differential
equation is given as:
v ( x) = vh ( x) + v p ( x)
where the general solution of

homogeneous equation is
vh ( x) = C1 sin(kx) + C2 cos(kx)
while v p ( x) is any particular solution of

non-homogeneous equation.
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Cable Plane
The particular solution is
v p ( x) =
qh
m 2 H
so the general solution is given as

vh ( x) = C1 sin(kx) + C2 cos(kx) +
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qh
m 2 H
84

Cable Plane
Integration constants are obtained
from the boundary conditions:
v (0) = 0
v (l ) = 0
It may be obtained:
C2 =
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qh
m H
2
(1 cos kl )
C1 =
2
m H
sin kl
qh
85

Cable Plane
Therefore, the general solution of diff.
equation is obtained as:
qh
qh
(1 cos kl )
v ( x) =
sin kx
cos kx +
2
2
m H
m H
m 2 H
sin kl
qh
This general solution is inserted into

the integral of the 2nd equation (the
cable equation).
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86

Cable Plane
It is obtained
qh
(1 cos kl ) 2
qh
qh
0 v ( x)dx = m 2 Hk sin kl m 2 Hk sin kl + m 2 H l
0
Inserting this into the cable equation,

and dividing by h 0 it is obtained
Le
(1 cos kl ) 2
q2
q2
q2
+
+
sin kl
l = 0
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin kl
AEl
m H k
m H k
m H
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Cable Plane
Since
H
k = k
m
2
the last equation may be transformed

as
Le
q 2 (1 cos kl ) 2
+ 3
+ sin kl kl = 0
3
3
AEl
H (kl ) sin kl
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88

Cable Plane
With notation
m
= kl = l
H
q 2l 3 AE
* =
H 3 Le
it may be obtained
Le
AEl 3
* 2(1 cos )
1
= 0
+ 3
sin
from which
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89

Cable Plane
the frequency equation is obtained:
4 3
tan( ) = ( ) ( )
(c )
2
2 * 2
If the cable parameter * is relatively
large (cable tends to be in-extensible,
which is NOT the case of cable-stayed
bridges), then (c) becomes
tan( ) =
2
2
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(d )
90

Cable Plane
Roots of the frequency equation (d)
for in-extensible cable are
4
n = (2n + 1) 1
2 2
+
n

(2
1)
n = 1, 2,3,...
For n = 1 (i.e. the lowest root) is

obtained as
1 = 2.86
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Cable Plane
As may be seen, the roots of the
frequency equation (c) depend on the
cable parameter * (which depends
upon the loading, cross section, span,
modulus of elasticity, cable tension).
4 3
tan( ) = ( ) ( )
2
2 * 2
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(c )
92

Cable Plane
If the cable parameter is relatively
small, the cable behaves as the taut
string, which IS usually the case of
cable-stayed bridges, the frequency
equation (c) may be approximated as
tan( ) n = (2n 1) , n = 1, 2,3,...

2
or
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= ,3 ,5 ,...
93

Cable Plane
Considering the notation for the
natural circular frequencies of free
symmetric vibrations in plane of the
cable are:
n
H
n =
l
m
n = 1, 2,3,...
where n are solutions of the

frequency equation
3/22/2005
94

Cable Plane
Symmetric natural modes of free
vibrations of the cable are given by
qhn
vn ( x) =
mn2 H
where
3/22/2005
hn
1 cos n
sin kn x cos kn x
1
sin n
is an arbitrary constant
95
Orthogonality of Natural Modes

Non-Symmetric Vibrations
Two different natural modes of nonsymmetric free vibrations are
considered:
m p2 v p + Hvp = 0
( A)
mq2 vq + Hvq = 0
( p q)
The first one is multiplied by vq ( x) and

integrated over the span:
l
m p2 v p vq dx + H vp vq dx = 0
3/22/2005
96

Partial integration of the 2nd integral:
l
v
v
dx
=
[
v
v
v
v
]
p q
p q 0 + v p vq dx
pq
Due to the boundary conditions,

v(0)=v(l)=0, boundary terms are
zero, while, due to the 2nd of eqs. (A),
l
H v p vqdx = mq2 v p vq dx
3/22/2005
97

Consequently, it may be obtained
l
m( p2 q2 ) v p vq dx = 0
0
Since the natural frequencies are

different, it follows that
l
v v dx = 0
p q
i.e. natural modes are orthogonal.

3/22/2005
98

Natural modes of non-symmetric free
vibrations are given by
vn ( x) = Cn sin( n x)
Since
n =
2n
, n = 1, 2,3,...
l
l
0 v dx = C 2
2
n
2
n
for integration constants

3/22/2005
2
Cn =
l
(n = 1, 2,3,...)
99

natural modes of free non-symmetric
vibrations are orthonormal:
l
0 n m
0 vnvm dx = 1 n = m
2
2n
vn ( x) =
, n = 1, 2,3,...
sin n x n =
l
l
3/22/2005
100

Symmetric Vibrations
Symmetric mode number p:
q
2
m p v p + Hvp = hp
H
hp Le
q
= v p dx
AE H 0
Symmetric mode number q:

q
2
mq vq + Hvq = hq
H
3/22/2005
hq Le
q
= vq dx
AE H 0
101

It may be obtained (considering diff.
equations of motion):
l
l
q
2
2
m( p q ) v p vq dx = hp vq dx hq v p dx
H 0
0
0
Considering both cable equations, it

may be obtained:
l
l
Le
hp vq dx hq v p dx = 0
AE 0
0
3/22/2005
102

Therefore, the natural modes of
symmetric vibrations are orthogonal:
l
v v dx = 0
p q
Also, the following relations are valid:

l
h v dx = h v dx
p q
3/22/2005
q p
103

The natural modes of free symmetric
vibrations may be written as
vn ( x) = An 1 tan( ) sin(kn x) cos(kn x)

2
where
qhn
qhn
An =
= 2 2
2
mn H kn H
3/22/2005
104

It is possible to determine constants
An in order to have orthonormal
natural modes of symmetric free
vibrations
0 n m
0 vnvm dx = 1 n = m
l
3/22/2005
105
Free Vibrations of Cables outside of

the Cable Plane
Free vibrations without the change of
cable shape PENDULUM Mode
Shallow cable with horizontal slope
(b=0)
Dead load of the cable
q(x) = mg = const
Parabolic relations
3/22/2005
106

the Cable Plane Pendulum Mode
3/22/2005
107

In the pendulum mode the cable
retains its shape and the plane of
cable rotates about horizontal axis x.
Generalized coordinate: angle
between x-y (initial vertical) plane
and current cable plane during
pendulum motion.
3/22/2005
108

Element of the cable arc:
- length ds
- mass dm = m ds = q/g ds (g=9.81)
Differential equation of motion of the
cable element:
J = M
dJ x = qds sin
dJ x = 2 dm = 2 mds
3/22/2005
109

Substituting, one obtains:
2 m ds = mg ds sin
( g = 9.81m / s 2 )
Integrating over the length of the

cable, one obtains:
m 2 ds = mg sin ds
s
or
3/22/2005
l* + g sin = 0
110

where the equivalent pendulum
length is given by:
l* =
ds
s
ds
s
Since
ds = 1 + 2 d
3/22/2005
(ds = 1 + y2 dx)
111

so, the equivalent pendulum length is
given as
l
l* =
2
2
0
l
+
d
1
With approximation:
1 + y 2 1 +
3/22/2005
1 2
y
2
112

And also, for parabolic relations and
horizontal span:
q
4f
(l 2 ) = 2 (l 2 )
=
l
2H
ql 2
f =
8H
It may be obtained
8 f 2
1+ ( )
4
l* = f 7 l 0.80 f
5 1 + 8 ( f )2
5 l
3/22/2005
113

Therefore, the equivalent pendulum
length is about 80% of max cable
deflection
For relatively small angles of
inclination : sin so, differential
equation of motion becomes
+ = 0
2
3/22/2005
g
=
l*
114

and represents the pendulum mode
oscillation of the cable about
horizontal axis in direction of span.
For initial conditions (0) = 0 , (0) = 0
the solution is given as
(t ) = 0 cos t +
3/22/2005
0
sin t
115

If the angle is not small enough
(but it is still small!), then one may
assume approximation
1 3
sin
6
Differential equation of motion is

1 2
+ (1 ) = 0
6
2
3/22/2005
g
=
l*
2
116

For the initial conditions
(0) = 0 , (0) = 0
the solution may be obtained as:

1 3
(t ) = 0 cos t +
0 (cos t cos 3t )
192
3/22/2005
117
3/22/2005
118

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