SIRC.R.

REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
ELURU534007

METROLOGY/MECHATRONICS
LABORATORYRECORD
III/IVB.TECH(Mechanical):IISEMESTER

DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING
METROLOGYLAB
LISTOFEXPERIMENTS
Sl.No.
1

NameoftheExperiments
CalibrationofMicrometer

PageNo.
2

CalibrationofVernierCallipers

CalibrationofMechanicalDialGauge

14

MeasurementofAnglesUniversalBevel

16

Protractor
5

MeasurementofTaperAnglesSineBar

18

VGrooveAngleMeasurement

20

MeasurementofRadiusofCurvature

23

MeasurementofSpurGearParameters

26

MeasurementofScrewThreadParametersby

30

OpticalProjector
10

MeasurementofCuttingToolAnglesbyTool
MakersMicroScope

40

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

1.CALIBRATIONOFMICROMETER
AIM:Tocalibratethegivenmicrometerwithrespecttoastandardreferencei.e.slipgauge
setandtodrawthecalibrationcurve.
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS&TOOLS:
1. Micrometer
2. Slipgaugeset
THEORY:Measuringinstrumentsinusagewillacquirecertainerrorsduetowearandtear.
Soeveryinstrumentshouldbecheckedperiodicallytofindouttheerrorsandtoassessthe
accuracy.Comparingthereadingoftheinstrumentwithastandardreferencedoesthis.This
typeofinspectionisknownascalibration.Dependingonthetypeofinstrumentthestandard
referenceisselected,againstwhichtheerroroftheinstrumentisevaluated.Sincetheerror
cannot be eliminated from the instrument, corresponding correction is applied to the
measuredreadingoftheinstrument.Sincethewearandtearoftheinstrumentisnotuniform,
theerrorinthemeasuredvaluewillbedifferentatdifferentrangesoftheinstrument.To
applycorrectionforthevariousreadingsintherangeoftheinstrument,acalibrationcurveis
to be drawn.Calibration curve is the curve drawn between the error andthe instrument
reading.Theerroratanystageoftheinstrumentcanbeeitherpositiveornegative.The
correctiontobeappliedforapositiveerrorisnegativeandviceversa.
CONSTRUCTIONALDETAILS&APPLICATIONS:Referanytextbook
FIGURE:

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

PROCEDURE:
1. Theleastcountofthemicrometerwasfound.
2. Thetwojawswerecleanedandthemicrometerwascheckedforzeroerror.
3. Thegivensetofslipgauges,whichisusedasstandardreference,wascleaned.
4. Aslipgaugewasplacedinbetweenthetwojawsofmicrometerandwasadjusted.
5. Theslipgaugesizeandcorrespondingmicrometerreadingwerenoteddown.The
differencebetweenmicrometerreadingandslipgaugesizeistheerror.
6. Theexperimentwasrepeatedwithslipgaugesofdifferentsizeswithintherangeofthe
micrometerandthereadingsaretabulatedandcorrespondingerrorswerefound.
7. Agraphisplottedagainstmicrometerreadinganderror/correctionobtained.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Slipgaugesshouldbedegreasedproperly.
2. Whiletakingthereadingofthemicrometerovertighteningshouldbeavoided.
3. Slipgaugesshouldbeincreasedinsizewithregularincrementsandwringingshouldbe
doneproperlytogettherequiredsize.
OBSERVATIONS:
Leastcountofmicrometer=
S.No
Micrometer
Slipgaugereading
reading
Ymm
Xmm

Error
E=XY

Correction
Cmm

GRAPH:

CalibrationCurve
X

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

VIVAQUESTIONS
1. WhatisCalibration?
2. WhatisMeasurement?
3. Whatisinstrument?
4. ExplainaccuracyandwriteaboutMicrometeraccuracy?
5. Whatisleastcount?
6. Explainleastcountformicrometer.
7. Whatisbasicprincipleofthemicrometer?
8. Mainscaleismeasuredon?
9. Thimblecontains(or)dividedintohowmanyequalparts?
10. Howfinaldiameterismeasuredinmicrometer?

Signature of faculty
2.CALIBRATIONOFVERNIERCALIPERS
AIM:Tocalibratethegivenverniercaliperswithrespecttoastandardreferencei.e.slip
gaugesetandtodrawthecalibrationcurve.
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS&TOOLS:
3. Verniercalipers(Range:

4. Slipgaugeset
THEORY:Measuringinstrumentsinusagewillacquirecertainerrorsduetowearandtear.
Soeveryinstrumentshouldbecheckedperiodicallytofindouttheerrorsandassessthe
accuracy.Comparingthereadingoftheinstrumentwithastandardreferencedoesthis.This
typeofinspectionisknownascalibration.Dependingonthetypeofinstrumentthestandard
referenceisselected,againstwhichtheerroroftheinstrumentisevaluated.Sincetheerror
cannot be eliminated from the instrument, corresponding correction is applied to the
measuredreadingoftheinstrument.Sincethewearandtearoftheinstrumentisnotuniform,
theerrorinthemeasuredvaluewillbedifferentatdifferentrangesoftheinstrument.To
applycorrectionforthevariousreadingsintherangeoftheinstrument,acalibrationcurveis
to be drawn.Calibration curve is the curve drawn between the error andthe instrument
reading.Theerroratanystageoftheinstrumentcanbeeitherpositiveornegative.The
correctiontobeappliedforapositiveerrorisnegativeandviceversa.

CONSTRUCTIONALDETAILS&APPLICATIONS
PROCEDURE:
8. TheleastcountoftheVerniercaliperswasfound.
9. ThetwojawsoftheVerniercaliperswerecleanedandvernierwascheckedforzero
errorbybringingthetwojawscloseateachother.
10. Thegivensetofslipgauges,whichisusedasstandardreference,wascleaned.
11. AslipgaugewasplacedinbetweenthetwojawsofVerniercalipersandwasadjusted.
12. TheslipgaugesizeandcorrespondingVerniercalipersreadingwerenoteddown.
ThedifferencebetweenVerniercalipersreadingandslipgaugesizeistheerror.
13. Theexperimentwasrepeatedforslipgaugesofdifferentsizeswithintherangeofthe
Verniercalipersandthereadingsweretabulatedandcorrespondingerrorswerefound.
14. AgraphisplottedagainstVerniercalipersreadinganderror/correctionobtained.
PRECAUTIONS:
4. Slipgaugesshouldbedegreasedproperly.
5. Vernierreadingshouldbetakenwithoutparallaxerror.
6. Slipgaugesshouldbeincreasedinsizewithregularincrementswithintherangeofthe
Vernierandwringingshouldbedoneproperlytogettherequiredsize.
7. Overtighteningoftheslipgaugeinbetweenthejawsoftheinstrumentshould
beavoided.
OBSERVATIONS:
LeastcountofVerniercalipers=
S.No

Verniercalipers
reading
Xmm

Slipgaugereading
Ymm

Error
E=XY

Correction
Cmm

GRAPH:
C

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,

VIVAQUESTIONS
1. VernierCalliperscontainshowmanyscales?
2. Whatisrepectability?
3. HowmuchVerniercallipersleastcount?
4. InternaldimensionsaremeasuredusingVernierCallipersisittrue(or)not?
5. HowinternaldimensionsaremeasuredusingVernierCallipers?
6. Vernierscaleis******fixed(or)Movablescale?
7. Explainaboutslipgauges?
8. WhatErrormeasuresinMeasurement?
9. VernierCallipersisusefulfordepthmeasurement(or)nothow?
10. Whichmaterialisusedforslipgaugemanufacturing?

Signature of facultySIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU
3.CALIBRATIONOFVERNIERHEIGHTGAUGE
AIM:Tocalibratethegivenvernierheightgaugewithrespecttoastandardreferencei.e.
slipgaugesetandtodrawthecalibrationcurve.
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS&TOOLS:
5. Vernierheightgauge(Range

6. Slipgaugeset
THEORY:Measuringinstrumentsinusagewillacquirecertainerrorsduetowearandtear.
Soeveryinstrumentshouldbecheckedperiodicallytofindouttheerrorsandassessthe
accuracy.Comparingthereadingoftheinstrumentwithastandardreferencedoesthis.This
typeofinspectionisknownascalibration.Dependingonthetypeofinstrumentthestandard
referenceisselected,againstwhichtheerroroftheinstrumentisevaluated.Sincetheerror
cannot be eliminated from the instrument, corresponding correction is applied to the
measuredreadingoftheinstrument.Sincethewearandtearoftheinstrumentisnotuniform,
theerrorinthemeasuredvaluewillbedifferentatdifferentrangesoftheinstrument.To
applycorrectionforthevariousreadingsintherangeoftheinstrument,acalibrationcurveis
to be drawn.Calibration curve is the curve drawn between the error andthe instrument
reading.Theerroratanystageoftheinstrumentcanbeeitherpositiveornegative.The
correctiontobeappliedforapositiveerrorisnegativeandvice
versa.
CONSTRUCTIONALDETAILS&APPLICATIONS:

ROCEDURE:
1. The given vernier height gauge was mounted on a
leveledsurfaceplate.
2. Beforeplacingtheheightgaugethesurfaceplateshouldbe
degreasedandfreefromdust.
3. Slipgaugesetwasdegreased.
4. Thescriberwasclampedtothemeasuringjawoftheheightgauge.
5. Measuringjawwasmoveddownsothatthescribertouchthesurfaceplateandthescale
isadjustedtoread0.

6. Measuringjawwasliftedandadjustedsothatthescriberjusttouchonthetopsurface
oftheslipgaugeplacedbellowit.
7. Thereadingofthevernierheightgaugeandthesizeoftheslipgaugewerenoteddown.
Thedifferencebetweentheheightgaugereadingandslipgaugesizewillbeerrorinthe
instrument.
8. Theprocedurewasrepeatedfordifferentsizesoftheslipgaugeswithintherangeof
vernierheightgaugeandreadingweretabulatedandcorrespondingerrorswerefound.
9. Agraphisplottedagainstvernierheightgaugereadinganderror/correction
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Slipgaugesshouldbedegreasedproperlybeforeuse
2. Vernier reading should betaken withoutparallax errorusingthe magnifying
glassprovided.
3. Thescribershouldjusttouchtheslipgauge.Anypressureontheslipgaugemaylift
theentireheightgauge.
4. Slipgaugesshouldbeincreasedinsizewithregularincrementswithintherangeofheight
gaugeandifrequiredthewringingshouldbedoneproperlytogetrequiredsize.
OBSERVATIONS:
LeastcountofVernierheightgauge=
S.No Vernierheightgauge
Slipgaugereading
reading
Ymm
Xmm

Error
E=XY

Correction
Cmm

GRAPH:
C

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

VIVAQUESTIONS
1. Explainaboutprecission?
2. Whataredifferencebetweenprecissionandaccuracy?
3. Whataredifferencebetweenaccuracyandprecission?
4. Explainaboutcorrection?
5. HowhightismeasuredusingVernierheightgauge?
6. ExplainaboutstaticError?
7. ExplainaboutrelativeError?
8. Whatisrelationbetweenstaticerrorandcorrection?
9. Leastcountforheightgauge?
10. Inthisexperimentgraphisdrawninbetweenwhich******?

Signature of faculty

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

4.CALIBRATIONOFMECHANICALCOMPARATOR
AIM:Tocalibratethegivenmechanicalcomparatorwithrespecttoastandardreferencei.e.
slipgaugesetandtodrawthecalibrationcurve.
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS&TOOLS:
1.Mechanicalcomparator(Range:

2. Slipgaugeset
3. Comparatorstand
4. Surfaceplate
THEORY:Measuringinstrumentsinusagewillacquirecertainerrorsduetowearandtear.
Soeveryinstrumentshouldbecheckedperiodicallytofindouttheerrorsandassessthe
accuracy.Comparingthereadingoftheinstrumentwithastandardreferencedoesthis.This
typeofinspectionisknownascalibration.Dependingonthetypeofinstrumentthestandard
referenceisselected,againstwhichtheerroroftheinstrumentisevaluated.Sincetheerror
cannot be eliminated from the instrument, corresponding correction is applied to the
measuredreadingoftheinstrument.Sincethewearandtearoftheinstrumentisnotuniform,
theerrorinthemeasuredvaluewillbedifferentatdifferentrangesoftheinstrument.To
applycorrectionforthevariousreadingsintherangeoftheinstrument,acalibrationcurveis
to be drawn.Calibration curve is the curve drawn between the error andthe instrument
reading.Theerroratanystageoftheinstrumentcanbeeitherpositiveornegative.The
correctiontobeappliedforapositiveerrorisnegativeandviceversa.
CONSTRUCTIONALDETAILS&APPLICATIONS:

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

PROCEDURE:
1. Thecomparatorwasmountedsecurelyinthestandandthebaseofthestandiscleaned.
2. Freemovementofthecomparatorplungerwasensured.
3. Theslipgaugesetwasdegreasedandaninitialreadingissetbyselectingasuitableslip
gaugeandsothattheplungerofthecomparatorjustslideonthetopsurfaceandthe
comparatorreadszero.
4. Asmallincrementwasgiventotheinitialsizeoftheslipgaugeandthecorresponding
comparatorreadingwasnoteddown.
5. Theprocedurewasrepeatedforvariousslipgaugesizeswithintherangeofthe
comparatorsoastohavethedeflectiononeithersideofzeroreading.
6. Thereadingweretabulatedandcorrespondingerrorswerefound.
7. Agraphisplottedagainstthecomparatorreadinganderrorobtained.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Theslipgaugesetshouldbedegreasedproperlybeforeuse.
2. Theinitialsettingofthecomparatorshouldbedonecarefullysoastohavezeroreading.
3. Slipgaugesshouldbeincreasedinsizewithregularincrementswithintherangeon
eithersideofzeroreading.
4. Slipgaugesshouldbewringingproperlyforvariouscombinations.
OBSERVATIONS:
LeastcountofMechanicalcomparator=
S.No

Mechanical
comparatorreading
Xmm

Slipgaugereading
Ymm

Error
E=XY

Correction
Cmm

GRAPH:

CalibrationCurve

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

VIVAQUESTIONS
ExplainaboutLinearmeasurement?
Whatisdifferencebetweenaccuracyandrepeatwhich?
Whatistheuseofcomparator?
Classifycomparators?
Explaintolerance?
Explainlimits?
Whatissurfaceplate?
Comparatorsareusedinwhichtypeofproduction?
Whatisthebasiccomparator?

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

5.CALIBRATIONOFDIALGAUGE
AIM:Tocalibratethegivendialgaugewithrespecttoastandardreferencei.e.slipgauge
setanddrawthecalibrationcurve
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS&TOOLS:
1.Dialgauge(Range:

2. Dialgaugestandwithmagneticbase
3. Slipgaugeset
4. Surfaceplate
THEORY:Measuringinstrumentsinusagewillacquirecertainerrorsduetowearandtear.
Soeveryinstrumentshouldbecheckedperiodicallytofindouttheerrorsandassessthe
accuracy.Comparingthereadingoftheinstrumentwithastandardreferencedoesthis.This
typeofinspectionisknownascalibration.Dependingonthetypeofinstrumentthestandard
referenceisselected,againstwhichtheerroroftheinstrumentisevaluated.Sincetheerror
cannot be eliminated from the instrument, corresponding correction is applied to the
measuredreadingoftheinstrument.Sincethewearandtearoftheinstrumentisnotuniform,
theerrorinthemeasuredvaluewillbedifferentatdifferentrangesoftheinstrument.To
applycorrectionforthevariousreadingsintherangeoftheinstrument,acalibrationcurveis
to be drawn.Calibration curve is the curve drawn between the error andthe instrument
reading.Theerroratanystageoftheinstrumentcanbeeitherpositiveornegative.The
correctiontobeappliedforapositiveerrorisnegativeandviceversa.
CONSTRUCTIONALDETAILS&APPLICATIONS:

PROCEDURE:
1. Thedialgaugewasmountedsecurelyonthestand.
2. Thebaseofthestandwascleanedandfreemovementofthedialgaugeplunger
wasensured.
3. Slipgaugesaredegreasedandaninitialreadingwassetbyselectingasuitableslipgauge
sothattheplungerofthedialgaugejustslideonthetopsurface.
4. Dialgaugereadingwithinitialsetupwasadjustedtoreadzero
5. Asmallincrementwasgiventotheinitialsizeoftheslipgaugebycombinationof
slipgaugesandwasplacedunderthedialgaugeplungerbyliftingit.The
correspondingreadingisnoteddown.
6. Theprocedurewasrepeatedfordifferentsizesofslipgaugeswithintherangeofthedial
gaugeandreadingweretabulatedandcorrespondingerrorswerefound.
7. Agraphisplottedagainstdialgaugereadinganderrorobtained
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Thedialgaugeshouldbeclampedtothestandproperlysothattheplungerisverticalto
thebase.
2. Theslipgaugesetshouldbedegreasedproperly.
3. Theplungerofthedialgaugeshouldbehandledgently.
4. Thedialgaugereadingwassettozeroaftergivingslightinitialcompressiontothe
plunger.
5. Slipgaugesshouldbeincreasedinsizewithregularincrementswithintherangeofdial
gauge.
6. Slipgaugesshouldbewringingproperlyforvariouscombinations.
OBSERVATIONS:
LeastcountofDialgauge=
S.No

Dialgaugereading
Xmm

Slipgaugereading
Ymm

Error
E=XY

Correction
Cmm

GRAPH:
C

X
DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

6.MEASUREMENTOFANGLESUNIVERSALBEVELPROTRACTOR
AIM:Tofindoutthevariousanglesofthegivenspecimenusinguniversalbevelprotractor
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS&TOOLS:

Universalbevelprotractorwithaccessories
THEORY: Thebevelprotractorisusedtomeasurethevariousanglesofbothsmalland
largecomponentswithaccuracyupto5minutes.Thedesignoftheuniversalbevelprotractor
typehadconsiderablyincreasedthescopeofangularmeasurementwiththeadjustableblades
andtheprotractorcanbeindexedthrough3600.Thesamebasicprincipleasintheother
vernierscaleswasusedinthisinstrument.
CONSTRUCTIONALDETAILS&APPLICATIONS:

LEASTCOUNT:Thevernierscaleoftheprotractorhad24equaldivisionswith12
divisionsoneachsideofzero.Oneachside12divisionsaremarkedfrom060and
occupying23divisionsonthemainscale.Eachdivisiononvernierscalemeasures23/12o.
Thereforeleastcountisthedifferencebetweenonemainscaledivisionandonevernierscale
division[2o23/12o=1/12o=5]Oncetheleastcountwasknownthemethodoftakingthe
readingisasusual.

PROCEDURE:
1. Theappropriatesizebladetosuitthegivenjobwasfixedandlocked.
2. Thejob/componentwasplacedbytouchingthereferencefaceandthemovableblade.
3. Thebladewaslockedafterensuringthepropercontactonthetwofacesofthejob.
4. Thereadingwasnoteddowncorrespondingtothezeroofthevernierscale.
(M.S.R+V.S.Cx1/12)
5.Theprocedurewasrepeatedtofindoutalltherequiredangles.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Thebladesshouldbefinedtightlywithoutanyplay.
2. Bladeshouldbeclampedonlyafterensuringthecontactofthebladeovertheentire
lengthofthecomponent.
3. Theinstrumentshouldbecleanedbeforeandafteruse.
4. Verniercoincidenceshouldbetakenwithoutparallaxerror
OBSERVATIONS:
SPECIMEN1:
1=
2=
3=
SPECIMEN2:
1=
2=
3=
RESULT:
Theanglesofthevariouscornersofthegivenspecimenwerefoundtobeasfollows.
1=
2=,
3=

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

7.MEASUREMENTOFTAPERANGLESSINEBAR

AIM:Tofindoutthetaperangleofagivenspecimenusingsinebar
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS&TOOLS:
1.Sinebar(Specification:

2. Dialgauge
3. Dialgaugestand
4. Slipgaugeset
5. Surfaceplate
THEORY&PRINCIPLE:Thehighdegreeofprecisionavailableforlinearmeasurement
intheformofslipgaugescanbeutilisedforthemeasurementofangleswiththeaidofavery
simpleandbestmeasuringtoolknownassinebar.Theprincipleinvolvedinthis
measurementwasthatthesinebar,slipgaugesandthedatumsurfacei.e.surfaceplateon
whichtheylayformarightangledtriangle.Thesinebarformsashypotenuseoftheright
angledtriangleandtheslipgaugesformthesideoppositetotherequiredangle.Ifisthe
angletobemeasuredandifHistheheightofslipgaugeandListhelengthofthesinebar,
fromtherightangledtriangle.

Sin

H
L

CONSTRUCTIONALDETAILS&APPLICATIONS:Sinebar(Referanytextbook)
PROCEDURE:
1. Thesurfaceplatewasconsideredasthedatumtoconducttheexperiment.
2. Thecomponentwhoseangleistobecheckedwasmountedsecurelyonthesinebar
andbothareplacedonthesurfaceplate.
3. Thesinebaralongwiththecomponentwassetatanapproximateangleby
placingaknownsizeofslipgaugeatoneendofthesinebar,sothatthetapered
sideofthecomponentismadeparalleltothesurfaceplate.
4. Thedialgaugemountedonasuitablestandwasplacedadjacenttothesinebarso
thattheplungerjustslidesonthesurfaceofthecomponent.Atoneendthedial
gaugewasadjustedtoreadzero.

5. Thesamedialgaugewasplacedattheotherendofthecomponentandthereadingis
noted.
6. Theheightofslipgaugesunderthesinebarwasadjusteduntilthedialgaugereadzeroat
bothendsofthecomponentandthecorrespondingslipgaugesizewasnoteddown.
7. Theacuteanglemadebythesinebarwiththesurfaceplateisthetaperangleof
thecomponent,whichwasmeasuredbyusingthefollowingformula.
H

Sin1 L

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Thesurfaceplate,slipgaugesetandsinebarshouldbedegreasedproperly.
2. Thedialgaugeshouldbeclampedtothestandproperlysothattheplungerisverticalto
thebase.
3. Thedialgaugeplungershouldbehandledgentlyandthegaugewassettozeroafter
givingslightinitialcompressiontotheplunger.
4. Theslipgaugesshouldbeplacedgentlyundertherollerofthesinebar.
EXPERIMENTSETUPFIGURE:
Dial

SineBar

Slip
SurfacePlate

OBSERVATIONS:
Lengthofthesinebar=Lmm
Heightoftheslipgauges=Hmm
CALCULATIONS:

TheTaperAngleSin1
L
RESULT:
Taperangleofthespecimen=

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

8.VGROOVEANGLEMEASUREMENT
AIM:TomeasuretheangleofVgrooveofagivenVblockbyusingtwocylindricalrollers
ofdifferentdiameters.
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS&TOOLS:
1.VBlockwithclamps(Specification:

2. SurfacePlate
3. VernierHeightGauge
4. VernierCalipers
5. Rollersofthreedifferentdiameters
THEORY:ManymethodswereavailabletomeasuretheangleofVgroovedependingup
onthesizeofthegroove,locationandaccuracyofthegroove.Tworollersofdifferent
diametersshouldbeusedforthemeasurementoftheangle.Thisrollermethodissuitableto
measureifthecomponentheightiswithintherangeofvernierheightgauge.Theaccuracy
ofmeasurementinthismethoddependsupontherollersizesandtypeofVgroovesurface.
Theparametersrequiredwererollerdimensionsandtheheightsofthoserollersfromthe
referencewhentheywereplacedintheVgroove.AnexpressionwasderivedfortheV
grooveangleintermsoftherollerdiametersandheightsofthoserollersfromreference
plane.
1

d2d1
2h2h1d2d1

2Sin

=Vgrooveangle
d2&d1=Diametersofthetwo
rollersh2&h1=Heightoftherollers
PROCEDURE:
1. Thediametersofthethreerollerswerefoundusingtheverniercalipers(i.e.d 1,d2&
d3mm)
2. ThecomponentswithVgroovewereplacedonaproperlycleanedanddustfreesurface
plate.
3. Therollerswithdiameterd1wasclampedinVgroove.
4. Thevernierheightgaugewasplacedonthesurfaceplateandwasadjustedtoreadzero
whenthescriberistouchingthesurfaceplate.

5. Theheightoftherollerwasmeasuredusingvernieri.e.h1
6. Therollerwithdiameterd1wasreplacedbyrollerwithdiameterd 2andtheheight
h2wasfound.
7. Theprocedurewasrepeatedforrollerwithdiameterd3andheighth3wasfound.
8. Thereadingrelatedtoallthethreerollersweretabulated.
9. Thevgrooveangle wascalculatedthricewiththethreepossiblecombinationsof
thethreerollers.
10. Theaverageofthethreevaluesofwascalculated.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. TherollersintheVgrooveshouldnotmovewhiletheheightismeasured.
2. Thescriberedgeofthevernierheightgaugeshouldjusttouchthesurfaceoftheroller
whilemeasuringtheheight.
3. Thediametersandheightoftherollerswerefoundatthreedifferentplacesandthe
averagediameterandheightwerefound.
4. Thereadingsshouldbetakenwithoutparallaxerror.
RESULT:AverageangleoftheVgrooveofthegivenVblockwasfoundtobe.
OBSERVATIONS:
Leastcountoftheverniercalipers=
Leastcountofthevernierheightgauge=
MEASUREMENTOFROLLERDIAMETERS:
o

S.N
1

Roller
diameter
d1

d2

d3

Trial1
mm

Trial2
Mm

Trial3
mm

Average
mm

ROLLERHEIGHTMEASUREMENT:
S.N Roller
o
diameter
1
h1
2

h2

h3

Trial1
mm

Trial2
mm

Trial3
mm

CALCULATIONS:
1

1 2Sin

2h2h1d2d1

d3d2

2h3h2d3d2

2Sin
1

d2d1

2Sin

d3d1

2h3h1d3d1

VGROOVEANGLEMEASUREMENTSETUPFIGURE:

Average
mm

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

9.MEASUREMENTOFRADIUSOFCURVATURE
AIM:Tomeasuretheradiusofcurvatureofagivencomponentbyusingtwocylindrical
rollersofsamediameterwhenthecenterofarcisnotaccessible.
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTSANDTOOLS:
1. Surfaceplate(Specification:

2. Verniercalipers(Specification:

3. Tworollersofsamediameter3sets
4. Vblockwithclamp
5. CurvedSpecimen
THEORY:Inpractice,forvariousreasons,thecomponentsmadewillbeprovidedwith
differentcurvatures.Themeasurementoftheradiusofthesecurvaturesisapartinthequality
control.Thecentersofthecurvatureprovidedforthecomponentsarenotaccessibleand
hencethemeasurementofradiusofcurvatureisnotpossible.Insuchcasestheoptionis
indirectmethod.Indirectlythecurvaturecanbemeasuredbyusingtwocylindricalrollersof
samediameterandaccuracyinthemethoddependsonthediameterandaccuracyofthe
rollers.Thesetuprequiredforthemeasurementisasshowninthefigure.Fortheknown
valuesofdiameteroftherollersandthedistancebetweentheendpointsoftherollersi.e.d
andmrespectivelyanexpressionwasdesiredfortheradiusofcurvatureRintermsofd
andm.Itisgivenby

Rmd

8d

PROCEDURE:
1. Thediametersofthethreesetsofrollersweremeasuredusingverniercalipers.Ineach
casethediameterwasmeasuredatthreedifferentplacesandtheaveragewasconsidered.
2. The component was placed securely on the surface plate so that it rests on its
curvaturewithalinecontactwiththesurfaceplate.
3. Thefirstsetofrollerswasplacedonthesurfaceplatei.e.oneoneithersideofthe
componentsothattherollershavelinecontactwiththecurvedsurfaceofthecomponent.
Usingtwosupports,oneoneithersideoftheroller,madethesetup.
4. The horizontaldistancem between theendsupports ofthe rollers was measured
usingverniercalipersandnoteddown.
5. Theprocedurewasrepeatedusingtheremainingtwosetsofrollersandineachthe
distancemismeasured.
6. Thereadingweretabulatedforthethreesetsoftherollersandineachcasetheradiusof
curvaturewascalculatedandtheaveragewasdeclaredastheradiusofcurvature.

7. Theradiusofcurvaturesomeasurediscomparedwiththatmeasuredbychordmethod
usingVernierDepthGauge.
Radiusofcurvature(R)

M2 4h 2

8h
WhereM=Lengthofthechord

h=Depthofthecurve
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Thesurfaceplateshouldbefreefromdust.
2. Whiletakingthereadingmcareshouldbetakenthatrollershaspropercontactwith
componentandthecomponentrestsonthesurfaceplate.
3. Allreadingsshouldbetakenwithoutparallaxerror.
RESULT:Theradiusofcirculararcofthegivencomponentwasfoundtobe_______mm

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

VIVAQUESTIONS
ExplainhowradiusofconvectureismeasuredusingVernierCallipers?
WhatistheimportanceofVBlockinRadiusofConvecturemeasurement?
GiveanexpressionforRadiusofConvecture?
RadiusofConvectureismainlydependon?
Diameteroftherollersusedinexperimentareequal(or)not?

ELURU

Signature of facultySIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,

10.MEASUREMENTOFSPURGEARPARAMETERS
AIM:Todeterminethegeartooththicknessandpressureangleforthegivenspurgear
usinggeartoothmicrometer/Davidbrownbasetangentmicrometer.
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTSANDTOOLS:
1. Basetangentmicrometer
2. Verniercaliper
THEORY:Spurgearisamachineelement,whichisusedtotransmitbothmotionandpower
betweentwoshaftswhoseaxisareparallel.Thenomenclatureofaspurgearcanbeexplained
withhelpofthefigureandisasfollows.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Pitchcircle
Pitchpoint
Pressureangle
Circularpitch
Tooththickness
Diameteralpitch

FordefinitionsreferanyTextbook.

SIGNIFICANCEOFPRESSUREANGLE: Whenapairofgearwheelsareinmeshthe
teethontwogearswillhavecontactalongacommontangenttotheirbasecircles,whichis
referedaslineofcontactorlineaction.Sincethislineofcontactisthecommongeneratorof
involuteprofileforbothgears,theloadorpressurebetweenthegearswillbetransmitted
alongthisline.Theanglebetweenthislineofactionandthecommontangenttothepitch
circlesatthepitchpointiscalledpressureangle.Thestandardvaluesforpressureangleare
14oand20o.
PRINCIPLE: Theprincipleinvolvedinthisexperimentwastheprincipleofbasetangent
method.Thisisthepopularmethodforcheckingthegearwheelparameters.Inthismethod
thelengthofthebasetangentwasmeasuredcoveringdifferentnumbersofteethi.e2,3and4
nos.ofteeth.Ifx,yandzarethelengthsofthebasetangentscorrespondingtodifferentnos.
ofteethi.e.l,mandn,thenthebasecircularpitchcanbecalculated.Furtherthepitchcircle
diameterwasfoundwithanassumptionthatthegearhasaddendumequaltoonemodule.
Knowingthebasecirclediameterandpitchcirclediameter,bothpressureangleandtooth
thicknesswascalculatedusingrelevantformula.

PROCEDURE:
1. Thespurgeartobecheckedwascleaned.
2. Theno.ofteethonthespurgearwerecountedi.e.N
3. Theouterdiameterofthegearwasfoundusingverniercaliper(Do)
4. Usingthebasetangentmicrometerthedistancecoveredby2,3and4nos.ofteethwas
foundi.e.x,yandzrespectively.
5. Thereadingsweretabulatedandthecalculationsweredonetofindthepressureand
andgeartooththicknessW.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Thebasetangentmicrometershouldbehandledproperlysothattheflangedanvilhad
contactonthetoothprofileclosetothepitchcircle.
2. Thereadingsshouldbetakenwithoutparallaxerror.
GEARPROFILEFIGURE:

EXPERIMENTALSETUP:

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

OBSERVATIONS:

Leastcountofverniercaliper

OuterCirculardiameterofgear(Do)

NoofteethongearN

=
Tangentlength

No.ofteeth
l
m
n

Basecircularpitch

x
y
z

x
;
y
lm

b1

b2

y
;
z
mn

P P P

1.TheaveragebasecircularpitchwasPb

Db

2.BaseCircularDiameter

b1 b2 b3

3
Pb*N

3.Do=Dp+2m(Assumeaddendum=module)=mN+2m=m(N+2)

Do
4.

m=

N2
Pd Do

N2

5.Diametralpitch

6.Pitchcirculardiameter
7.Pressureangle

=Cos1

Dp

D
D

N2
Do
N
Pd

b
p

8.Tooththickness

W=

DpSin

90

b3

zx
nl

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

VIVAQUESTIONS
1. ExplainDifferentimportantparametersinspargear?
2. DefinepitchcircleandExplainproceduretomeasurepitchcircle?
3. Define****angleandexplainproceduretomeasure****angle?
4. Definecircularpitchandexplainproceduretomeasurecircularpitch?
5. Definetooththicknessandexplainproceduretomeasuretooththickness?
6. Howprofileofthespargearismeasured?
7. *****angleinspargeariscont(or)****?
8. Explainaddendemandredendem?
9. Explainblacklash?
10. Whatisfaceandflank?
11. Whichinstrumentissuedtomeasuretoolthickness?

Signature of facultySIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU
11.MEASUREMENTOFSCREWTHREADPARAMETERSBYOPTICAL
PROJECTOR
AIM:Tomeasurethescrewthreadparametersofthegivengrubscrewviz.Pitch,root
diameter,threadangleandmajordiameterusingopticalprofileprojector.
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTSANDTOOLS:
1. Profileprojector
Specification:Screendiameter=300mm
Magnification=20X
Tabletravel=25x25mm
ScreenrotationL.C=2min
THEORY:Profileprojectorsareprecisioninspectionandmeasuringmachinesthatprovide
fast,simplereliablequalitycontrol.Theprofileprojectorutilizestheprincipleofoptical
projectiontoformanimageoftheilluminatedobjectatthedesiredmagnification.The
projectionlensrendersgeometricallyaccurate&brightimageonagroundglassservingas
ascreen.
CONSTRUCTIONDETAILS:Thesystemconsistsofaprojectionlensincombination
withacondenserunit,microstageandgroundedglassasviewingscreenasshowninfigure.
Theilluminatingsystemconsistsofalightsourceandacollimatingoptics,whicharefree
fromsphericalaberration.Themicrocontrolstagebelowthecondenserunitwasprovided
withXandYdisplacementstoanaccuracyoftenmicrons.Theprojectionlensfixedbelow
themicrostagehas20Xmagnificationandisdesignedfordistortionfreeimage.Movingthe
stageupanddownwilldofocusingoftheobjectplacedonthestage.Theclearimageofthe
objectwillbeseenontheprojectionscreenwiththehelpofafrontcoatedreflectingglass
providedintheprojectionsystem.
PROCEDURE:
1. Thepowersupplytotheprofileprojectorwasswitchedon.
2. Themicrostagewasmadefreefromdustandthegivengrubscrewwasplacedonit.
3. Theheightofthemicrostagewasadjustedtofocustheobjecttogetclearand
sharpimageontheprojectionscreen.
4. Themicrometerheadsofthestagewereadjustedtohavetheimageatthecenterofthe
projectionscreen.
5. Thescrewthreadparametersarefoundbyadjustingthemicrometerheadsprovidedfor
thetablemovementandtheprotractorfittedtotheprojectionscreen.

6. Theimageonthescreenwastracedonatracingpaperorgraphsheet.
7. Knowingthemagnification,theparameters,pitch,threadangle,rootdiameterandmajor
diameterwerefoundfromthedrawing.
8. Boththereadingsarecomparedandnoteddown.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Thespecimenshouldbecleanedbeforeplacing
2. Thespecimenaxisshouldbeparalleltostagesurface
3. Thetracingpapershouldbefixedsecurelyonthescreen
4. Onthesharpimageafterproperfocusingshouldbetraced.
RESULT:
Pitch
Threadangle
Root diameter
Majordiameter

VIVAQUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Whatisopticalprojection?
Explainconstructionofopticalprojector?
Threadisspecifiedwithwhichdiameter?
Explainpitch?
Explainthreadangle?
Discussthreadclassificationaccordingtothreadangle?
WhatisRootdiameter?
WhatisMaferdiameter?
Whatiserrorcommonlyencountedinscrewthreads?

Signatureoffaculty

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,

12.DETERMINATIONOFOUTOFROUNDNESS
AIM:Tocheckthegivencylindricalspecimenforroundnessandfindtherunoutfromthe
graphicalrepresentation.
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTSANDTOOLS:
1. Benchcenters
2. Dialindicator
3. Dialindicatorstand
THEORY:Inanymanufacturingindustrytheaccuracyandprecisionoftheassembliesmade
willdependonthegeometricaltoleranceanddimensionaltoleranceofthevarious
componentsinvolvedintheassembly.Geometricaltolerancesarerelatedtotheshapeofthe
componentanddimensionaltolerancesarerelatedthesizeofthecomponents.Someofthe
geometricaltolerancesare:1)Straightness2)Roundness3)Parallelism4)Squareness5)
Flatness.Forcylindricalelementsandshaftsroundnessandparallelismaremoreimportant.
Hencecylindricalcomponentsshouldbecheckedforroundnessandparallelismandrunout
shouldbefound.Thereferencethatwasconsideredisintrinsicdatum.
ROUNDNESS:Itistheconditionofsurfaceofrevolution.Anelementissaidtoberoundif
allthepointsonthesurfaceintersectingwithanyplaneperpendiculartoacommonaxisand
passingthroughacommoncenterareequidistantfromtheaxis.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

PROCEDURE:
1. Thecylindricalmandrelwassetonthebenchcentersandfreerotationwasensured.
2. Thedialgaugewasfixedtothemagneticstandandwasplacedbehindthespecimenso
thattheprobejusttouchthesurfaceofthespecimenatthehighestpointbyhaving
initialcompression.
3. Atleast5circlesweremarkedalongthelengthofthespecimentocheckroundness.
4. Ateachcircleafteradjustingthedialgaugetoreadtozerowithinitialcompression
thespecimenisrotatedonceandchangeinthedialgaugereadingwasnotedat4to6
differentpoints.
5. Theprocedurewasrepeatedatallthe5circlesandthereadingsweretabulatedtofindthe
outofroundness.
6. Forallthe5circlesthereadingsofdialgaugewereplottedgraphicallyandtherunout
wasfound.Themaximumrunoutofthe5circleswillbetherunoutofthespecimen.
RESULT:Runoutofthegivenspecimenwasfoundtobe____________

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

VIVAQUESTIONS
DefineRandom?
WhatisDialindicator?
Explainworkingprincipleofdialindicator?
WhatisStraightness?
Whatisparallelism?
Whatissquareness?
Forcylindricalelementswhichparametersaremostimportant?

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

13.MEASUREMENTOFCENTRALDISTANCEBETWEEN
TWOHOLES
AIM:Tomeasurethecentraldistancebetweenthetwoholesofthetemplateusing
vernierheightgauge.
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS&TOOLS:
Vernierheightgauge
Surfaceplate
Angleplatewithclamps
Bevelprotractor
THEORY:Vernierheightgaugewillbeusedtomeasureandmarkverticaldistancesabove
areferencesurfacewiththehelpofknifeedgeorlevertypedialindicatorfittedtothe
measuringjaw.Withthiscapabilitytheutilityofvernierheightgaugecanbeextendedto
measurethecentraldistancebetweenthetwoholesofatemplate.Thetemplateshouldhave
twoadjacentsidescorrectedtorightangleaccurately,whichwillbethereferencesides.
FIGURE:

PROCEDURE:
1. Thetemplatesideswerecheckedfor90oangleusingabevelprotractor.
2. Anytwosidesatrightanglewereselectedandthetemplatewasfixedtotheangleplate
sothatoneofthesidesunderconsiderationtouchingthesurfaceplate.
3. Theheightsofthelowestandhighestpointsofthetwoholesunderconsiderationwere
foundusingvernierheightgaugewithreferencetothesurfaceplate.
4. Theprocedurewasrepeatedandtheheightsofthesameholesweremeasuredwith
referencetothesecondsideofthetemplate.
5. Allthereadingsweretabulatedandcentraldistancebetweenthetwoholeswasfoundby
findingthecoordinatesofthesameholes.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Vernierheightgaugeshouldbesettoreadzeroonthesurfaceplate.
2. Thetemplateshouldbeclampedproperlytoangleplatetoensuretheplanoftheplate
perpendiculartothesurfaceplate.
3. Careshouldbetakenwhileseeingthecoincidenceoftheknifeedgewiththeedgesofthe
holes.
OBSERVATIONS:
L.Cofthevernierheightgauge=
REFERENCESIDESOFTEMPLATE:
S.
Refe x1
x2
x3
x4
X1
No renc
e
mm mm mm mm mm
side

y1

y2

mm

Mm mm

y3

y4

Y1

Y2

mm

mm

mm

mm

x1x2
2
x3x4

X1

X2

Distance

y y
Y1 1 2
2
Y y3y4
2
2

X2X12Y2Y12

DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING

35

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

VIVAQUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Whatisangularplate?
Whatareapplicationsofangularplate?
Explainexpressionforcentredistancebetweentwoholes?
Explainusingbyaffectiveslipgauge?
Usingeffectisdesirable(or)not?

DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING

36

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

14.MEASUREMENTOFSTRAIGHTNESS/FLATNESSOFASURFACEBYAUTO
COLLIMATOR
AIM:TochecktheflatnessorstraightnessofagivensurfaceplateusingAutoCollimator
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS&TOOLS:
Autocollimator
Specification:
Objectivefocallength

220mm

Clearaperture

40mm

Magnification

11X

Measuringrange

6006060onxyaxis

L.C

Lengthoftestblock

78mm

THEORY:Autocollimatorisbasicallyatelescopepermanentlyfocusedforinfinity.Thisis
asensitiveextremelyaccurateopticalinstrumentwhichisusedinworkshopsforinspecting
straightness,squarenessandparallelism.Theinstrumentusesthebasicprincipleofreflection.
Aplaneparallelbeamoflightprojectedontoaplanereflectingsurfaceplacednormaltothe
beamisreflectedbackalongthesamepath.Whenthesurfaceisslightlytiltedthereflected
beamreturnsbutindeviatedpath.Theangleofdirectionistakenasameasuretocheckthe
straightness.

CONSTRUCTION:Acollimatorisatubeusedforprojectingparallelraysoflight.It
consistsofalightsourceandacollimatinglens.Autocollimatorconsistsofacollimator
andtelescopeinoneunitswithaneyepieceprovidedwithamicrometer.Autocollimator
alongwithatestblockcanbeusedforinspectionofstraightness.Thebaseofthetestblock
isflatwithitsworkingsurfacevertical,flatandhighlypolishedtoformareflectingsurface.

Inprincipleifistheangleofdeviationofthereflectionsurfacethen2willbethe
angleofdeviationofthereflectedbeamofthelight.

DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING

37

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

Ifdbedeviationofthereflectedbeam;
f=focallengthofthelensand
=angleoftiltofthetestblock.

Thend=2f

Letlbethelengthofthetestblockandhbetheverticaldeviationofthesurfaceovera
lengthlthen
h=ltan
FIGURE:

Autocollimator

Testblock

SurfacePlate

Experimentalsetup
PROCEDURE:
1. Thesurfacetobecheckediscleanedandmadefreeofdustandgrease.
2. Autocollimatorismountedonarigidstand.SothattheaxisofAutocollimator
isparalleltothetestsurface.
3. Asperthelengthofthetestblockdistancesaremarkedonthetestsurfaceparalleltothe
axiscollimator.
4. Thepointsaremarkedwithnumbersstartingfrom0.
5. The test block is placed onthe test surface at 01 marks withits reflecting surface
normaltothecollimatoraxis.
6. Thecollimatorisadjusteduntilthecrosswireanditsreflectedimagearecoincidentas
seenthroughtheeyepiece.
7. Thetestblockisthenmovedtoanotherposition12onthetestsurfacekeeping
itsreflectingsurfaceperpendicularwiththedirectionofmovement.
8. Thenoncoincidenceofcrosswireandimagewillconfirmthatthetestsurfaceisuneven.
Thescaleincollimatorwillgivethedirectmeasureofangleofdeviationofthereflected
surfaceofthetestblock(i.e.).
9. Repeattheprocedurealongtheentirelengthofthetestsurfaceandanglesatevery
pointarenoteddown.
10. Thedeviationfromstraightnessorflatnessateverypointwithreferencetothe1 stpoint
isfoundbyh=ltanandareplottedtofindtheerrorinstraightness.

DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING

38

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

PRECAUTIONS:
1.

Thesurfacetobecheckedshouldbefreeofdust.

2.

Autocollimatorpositionshouldnotbedisturbeduntiltheinspectioniscompleted.

3.

Themicrometerofthecollimatorshouldbeatmeanpositionwhenthecrosswireand
imagearecoincident.

VIVAQUESTIONS
1. Whatisstraightness?
2. Explainaboutautocolliometer?
3. Whatisthebasicprincipleinvolvesinthisexperiment?

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

15.MEASUREMENTOFCUTTINGTOOLANGLESBY
TOOLMAKERSMICROSCOPE
AIM:Tomeasurethecuttingtoolanglesofasinglepointcuttingtoolviz.Rakeangle,Relief
angle,wedgeangleetcusingatoolmakersmicroscope.
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS&TOOLS:
Toolmakersmicroscope
Specification:
Magnification
30X
Objective
2Xor3X
Eyepiece
10X
Measuringstage
150x150mm
MicrometerheadL.C0.001mm
Eyepieceprotractor0360owithL.C6
SwivelingcentresupportL.C
THEORY: AToolmakersmicroscopeisahighlyversatileinstrumentandisusedinthe
toolroomandinspectionareas.Itisspeciallyusefulincheckingfromtools,toolangles,
shoulderdistances,radiusandteethprofileetc.Atoolmakersmicroscopeprovidesdirect
readingmeasurementofanglesandlineardimensionsbymeansofeyepieceprotractorandx
yslidingtable.
CONSTRUCTIONDETAILS: Thetoolmakersmicroscopeconsistsofanopticalhead
fittedtoaverticalcolumn.Opticalheadconsistsofeyepieceandobjectivewithasuitable
magnification.Bymovingtheopticalheadupanddowntheobjectsthatareplacedonthe
tablecanbefocused.Thetableconsistsofaglassplateandisprovidedwithbackground
illuminationsystemtoenabletheinspectionofthecontours.Twomicrometerheadsprovided
to thetablewillenablethe movementofthe jobinxydirection. Furtherforsurface
illuminationofjobspotlightsareprovidedoneithersideoftheopticalhead.Eyepiecewith
theprotractorandcrosswireswillenabletheangularmeasurementsdirectly.Inbetweenthe
headandthetableaswivelingcentersupportisprovidedtoholdthejobsbetweencentresfor
angularmeasurements.

DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING

40

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

FIGURE:

PROCEDURE:
1. Therigidityofthetoolmakersmicroscopeplacedontheworkbenchhastobeensured.
2. Thejobiseitherplacedontheglassplateorheldbetweenthecentresoftheswiveling
supportbasedontheparameterstobemeasured.
3. Thejobisperfectlyfocusedbyadjustingtheheightoftheopticalhead.
4. Theobjectisilluminatedbysurfacelightorbackgroundbasedontheneed.
5. Linearmeasurementsaremadebythemovementofmicrometerheads.
6. Angularmeasurementsaremadebythemovementofeyeprotractor.
7. Foragivensinglepointcuttingtool,rackangle,reliefangle,wedgeangleandtooldepth
arefound.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Thespecimenandthestagearetobecleanedbeforetakingthemeasurement.
2. Theaxisofthespecimenshouldbeparalleltothemovementofthestage.
3. Measurementsaretobemadeonlyafterensuringaclearandsharpimageoftheobject.

DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING

41

SIRC.R.REDDYCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,ELURU

VIVAQUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Whatiscuttingtool?
DefineRaceangle?
Definereliefangle?
Definewedgeangle?
Explainworkingprincipleoftoolmakerssmicroscope?
Whatissinglepointcuttingtool?
Whatismultipointcuttingtool?

Signature of faculty

VIVAQUESTIONS
1. WhatisCalibration?
2. WhatisMeasurement?
3. Whatisinstrument?
4. ExplainaccuracyandwriteaboutMicrometeraccuracy?
5. Whatisleastcount?
6. Explainleastcountformicrometer.
7. Whatisbasicprincipleofthemicrometer?
8. Mainscaleismeasuredon?
9. Thimblecontains(or)dividedintohowmanyequalparts?
10. Howfinaldiameterismeasuredinmicrometer?
11. VernierCaliperscontainshowmanyscales?
12. Whatisrepeatability?
13. HowmuchVerniercallipersleastcount?
14. InternaldimensionsaremeasuredusingVernierCalipersisittrue(or)not?
15. HowinternaldimensionsaremeasuredusingVernierCallipers?
16. Vernierscaleis******fixed(or)Movablescale?
17. Explainaboutslipgauges?
18. WhatErrormeasuresinMeasurement?
19. VernierCalipersisusefulfordepthmeasurement(or)nothow?
20. Whichmaterialisusedforslipgaugemanufacturing?
21. ExplainDifferentimportantparametersinspargear?
22. DefinepitchcircleandExplainproceduretomeasurepitchcircle?
23. Define****angleandexplainproceduretomeasure****angle?
24. Definecircularpitchandexplainproceduretomeasurecircularpitch?
25. Definetooththicknessandexplainproceduretomeasuretooththickness?
26. Howprofileofthespargearismeasured?
27. Explainblacklash?
28. Whatisfaceandflank?
29. Whichinstrumentissuedtomeasuretoolthickness?
30. Whatisopticalprojection?
31. Explainconstructionofopticalprojector?
32. Threadisspecifiedwithwhichdiameter?
33. Explainpitch?
34. Explainthreadangle?
35. Discussthreadclassificationaccordingtothreadangle?
36. WhatisRootdiameter?
37. Whatiserrorcommonlyencounteredinscrewthreads?
38. Whatiscuttingtool?
39. DefineRaceangle?
40. Definereliefangle?
41. Definewedgeangle?
42. Explainworkingprincipleoftoolmakersmicroscope?
43. Whatissinglepointcuttingtool?
44. Whatismultipointcuttingtool?