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Group 1
Elastic deformation
The material returns to its original
shape when the force is removed.
Materials which is tough and ductile
such as wrought iron, typically have
high elasticity
Plastic deformation
Material is said to be plastic if it is very
soft and easily deformed
The material does not return to its
original shape when the force is
removed (permanent deformation)
DISLOCATION MOVEMENT- Dislocations
occur when the atoms do not arrange
themselves in a perfect regular repeating
pattern when the metal solidifies from the
melt.
Types of Dislocation
1. Edge Dislocation- a portion of an
extra plane of atoms
2. Screw Dislocation- helical atomic
displacement around the line
extending through the crystal.
Strain Hardening
-increase dislocation density by plastic
deformation
-Ductile metals become stronger when they
are deformed plastically at temperatures well
below the melting point (cold working).
Anneling
-reduce dislocation density
-increase grain size
-reduce strength and increase ductility
Alloying
-impurities distort lattice structure and
generate stress
-stress produces barriers to dislocation
motion
Quenching and Tempering
-quenching is a form of heat
treatment performed on various types
of steel.
-tempering is a heat treatment used
to give toughness to steel that has
been hardened through quenching.
-Quenching and tempering heat
treatment is used to adjust the
mechanical properties of the steel,
with the entire series of processes
referred to as thermal refining heat
treatment.
STRENGTHENING, DUCTILITY AND
TOUGHNESS
This is that as yield and tensile strength
increase ductility, toughness and fracture
toughness are reduced.
STRENGTHENING OF METALS
Pure metals in the as-cast condition after
slow cooling are generally soft, have low
yield stresses and are very ductile; this is a
consequence of the ease of dislocation
movement or slip.
We now consider some of these ways
and their consequences.
Grain size
-grain boundaries are barriers to slip
-smaller grains increases barriers to slip
-increasing barriers to slip increases strength
FORMING OF METALS
Metal forming is also known as
mechanical working of metals. Metal
forming operations are frequently desirable
either to produce a new shape or to improve
the properties of the metal.
The main objectives of metal working
processes are to provide the desired shape
and size, under the action of externally
applied forces in metals.
CLASSIFICATION OF METAL FORMING
PROCESSES
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
rolling
forging
extrusion
drawing
Cold
Cold
Limitations
With normal casting process the
dimensional accuracies and surface
finish is less.
Defects are unavoidable.
It is labor intensive.
b. Rolling
Rolling usually is the first step in converting
cast material (ingot) into finished wrought
products. Hot rolled products, such as
sheets, plates, bars, and strips, serve as
input material for further processes, such as
cold forming or machining.
A machine used for rolling metal is
called rolling mill.
A typical rolling mill consists of a pair
of rolls driven by an electric motor
transmitting a torque through a gear
and pair of cardans. The rolls are
equipped with bearings and mounted
in a stand with a screw-down
mechanism.
V Bending
Air Bending
Channel Bending
U Bending
Air bending is a simple
method of creating a bend
without the need for lower die
geometry.