Geodetic Control Network

Kandiah Power Corridor

TECHNICAL PROPOSAL
1.1

INTRODUCTION

Geodetic control surveys are usually performed to establish a basic control network
(framework) from which supplemental surveying and mapping work. These surveys must
be performed to far more rigorous accuracy and quality assurance standards than those
for control surveys for general engineering, construction, or topographic mapping
purposes.
Requirements for geodetic control surveys are most critical where intense development
is taking place, particularly areas, where surveys are used in the multiple hydropower
projects, roads projects and irrigation projects.
Accurate network control may also be required for controlling interstate transportation
corridors (highways, pipelines, railroads, etc.); long-span bridge construction alignment;
geophysical studies; structural deformation monitoring of dams, buildings, and similar
facilities.
There are multiple power projects planned and being studies for design, construction
and implementation in Kandia Valley. These projects are adjacent and connected to
each other geographically. The area is now termed as Kandiah Power Corridor. The
potential planned projects are listed below:
1. 545 MW Kaigah-I Hydro Power Project
2. 80 MW Kaigah-II Hydro Power Project
3. Karrang Sumi Hydro Power Project
The surveys for these projects have conducted in the past in a discrete way. The
different control reference were used for topographic survey and other studies.
Since these projects are connected and have dependence on each other in the
perspective of hydrology, topography, geology, access routes, ecology etc. hence it is
vital to establish a homogenous and standardized control network for topographic
survey, hydrologic studies, geologic studies, geotechnical investigations and other
design strategies.

Geodetic Control Network

Kandiah Power Corridor

Six permanent control monuments will installed at different locations in Kandiah Valley (2
monuments at Kaigah-I HPP Dam site, 2 monuments at Thauthi Village and 2
monuments at Kaigah-II HPP Dam site)
A technical proposal for establishment of survey control is presented here.

1.2

REFERENCE COORDINATE SYSTEM AND DATUM

In surveying and mapping large areas, it is first necessary to establish frameworks of

horizontal and vertical control. These provide a common basis for all surveying and
mapping operations to ensure a coherent product. A reference system, or datum, is the
set of numerical quantities that serves as a common basis. We proposed WGS 84
datum with UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) projection as the coordinate system
for the establishment of precise control network. This is proposed because of the
following reasons:
1. The international construction and development companies feel comfortable to
use this datum and CRS.
2. The external remote sensing data is available only in this system.
3.

It is global and globally used.

4. WGS 84 is native system adopted by GNSS systems.

However, the transformation parameters will be derived from the Survey Of Pakistan
(SOP) bench marks by tying up the control network. These transformation parameters
will be applicable for all type of surveys in Kandia Power Corridor. The transformation
parameters to be derived may include

The definition of ellipsoid i-e semi major and semi minor axes of the local
ellipsoid Everest (SOP system is based on Everest ellipsoid but there are many
variants of Everest ellipsoid being used by different organizations now a days).

The projection system. SOP uses Lambert Conformal Conic (LCC) projection.
The SOP grid system is divided into two grids. Northern and southern grid.
Kandia Power Corridor falls in northern grid. But the parameters specially scale
factor at origin and standard parallels are not adopted uniquely. These will be
redefined.

It may be suggested to apply a custom projection with customized parameters

based on geodetic observations and all the design and implementation be done
that custom projection. This projection system will be named as Project
Coordinate System (PCS) and datum. The PCS will be compatible and
transformable with all global coordinate systems.

Geodetic Control Network

1.3

Kandiah Power Corridor

MONUMENTATION

The most effective precaution that can be taken to assure a marks stability and survival
is to choose an appropriate location so it is imperative that good judgment be exercised.
Since the control will be established with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), a
location that is both protected and that provides a clear view of the sky is desired but
may be difficult to find.
A reconnaissance survey will be done to select the suitable place for survey monuments.
The site selection for a survey monument will be done based on following parameters:

Sites that provide maximum visibility above the horizon, plus 15 degrees, will be
preferred.

Floodplains will be avoided to keep the monuments safe and intact when there is
a flood.

Monuments should be easily accessible.

Reference techniques will be applied to access the markers. The prominent

features in the vicinity (say 100 m) will be used to reference the monument.

Since the monuments are subject to the effects of geologic and soil activity and
monuments are particularly vulnerable in vertical movement than horizontal
motion hence effects of soil grain size, effects of vegetation, geological effects
will be kept in mind to select the site for monument.

The monument should be kept at a distance of proposed reservoir or water body

so that there should not be any chance of damage due to water.
The monument size is proposed in following sketch.

Figure-1 Proposed Monument Structure

Geodetic Control Network

Kandiah Power Corridor

1.4 CONTROL NETWORK STANDARDS AND METHODOLOGY

1.4.1 HORIZONTAL CONTROL NETWORK SURVEY
Horizontal control is established to serve as a basic framework for the topographic
survey and to further densify existing horizontal control in the project area. We propose
first order horizontal control having accuracy of 1:100,000. The horizontal control
network will be established by dual frequency GNSS units. Three GPS /GNSS units will
be deployed in order to establish it by triangulation in static mode.
Following are the international standards and specifications used in practice.

GPS vectors will be measured in three dimensional geocentric coordinates and the
horizontal accuracy will be determined by disclosure as shown in the above table.

1.4.2 VERTICAL CONTROL NETWORK SURVEY

The vertical control network will be established by tying up it with the SOP bench mark
found in vicinity. The GPS derived orthometric heights will not be used, rather closed
leveling will be done between all control points.
We propose industry standards and specifications as listed in following table.

Geodetic Control Network

Kandiah Power Corridor

The first order class I or class II leveling will be done using Digital Auto Levels.

1.5

SURVEY COMPUTATIONS, ADJUSTMENTS AND QUALITY CHECK

Survey computations, adjustments and quality assurance will be performed according to

the standards and specifications in practice. The point closure standards of internal
loops will be checked according to the standards and specifications described in Table- .
If more than one reference bench marks available in the vicinity of project area, the
assessment will be based on internal loops as well as external loops too. Least-squares
adjustment methods will be used for adjustment of the control networks. For this, the
commercial survey data processing software will be used.
Most of the survey data will be recorded electronically. However, the survey forms along
with GPS data logs and leveling books will be maintained manually too. Manual
recordation will follow standard industry practice using field book formats generally used
in practice.

1.6

SURVEY REPORT AND DELIVERABLES

Following will be delivered to client.

Detailed report of Geodetic Control Network according to International

Standards and Specifications.

Description of Geodetic Control Points.

Description Transformation Parameters and development of web based

Coordinate conversion interface.

FINANCIAL PROPOSAL
ESTABLISHMENT OF GEODETIC CONTROL NETWORK
KANDIAH POWER CORRIDOR

Sr.
No.

Activity Description

Unit

Establishment of Horizontal Geodetic Control

Network with highly accurate Dual frequency GPS
referenced with Survey of Pakistan Datum. (6 Poin

Establishment of Vertical Control

Network using Digital auto Level referenced with
Survey of Pakistan Datum. (6 Points)

Detailed report of Geodetic Control Network

according to International
Standards and Specifications.

Description of Geodetic Control Points.

Description Transformation Parameters and

development of web based Coordinate
conversion interface.

Rate (Rs.)

lump sum

Total Amount:
(One Million Rupees)

(Imran Anees)
Chief Executive

Amount
(Rs.)

1,000,000

1000,000/-