Cuadernillo Ejercicios y Solucionario Tema 4 IPA

Esta obra est bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribucin-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional.
Autores: Eva Samaniego Fernndez, Mara Beatriz Prez Cabello de Alba e Ismael Ivn Teomiro Garca
INGLS
PROFESIONAL
ACADMICO
Tema 4:
El ingls cientfico-tcnico
CUADERNILLO DE EJERCICIOS Y
SOLUCIONARIO
EJERCICIO 1
1. Convierta las siguientes oraciones de activa a pasiva:
We use the heart-lung machine for maintaining the circulation of the patients blood.
We pump oxygen through the cylinder.
Friction generates heat.
When we cool a substance, the molecules slow down.
We must deliver large quantities of lead.
A flexible belt drives the motor.
The combustion of the fuel produces smoke.
A chemical analysis must determine the elements of the liquid.
Customers must specify the codes for purchases.
Heat dissipation brings about loss of efficiency.
He should use lubricating oil to prevent friction wear.
They must use insulating gloves for handling electric wires.
The strip bends as we heat it.
2. Incluya las nominalizaciones correctas en los huecos

marcados, utilizando la pista que se facilita entre parntesis:
[From Linebarger, Marcia C. (1995) Agrammatism as Evidence about Grammar (1.
Introduction), Brain and Language 50:52-91]
My purpose here is to examine this interesting claim and a larger claim which it
presupposes: that agrammatic _____________ [comprehend] is, at base, a
syntactic deficit. I will contrast three accounts of agrammatism which differ in
the extent to which they invoke representational ___________ [fail] as the
source of the comprehension difficulties in these patients.
The chain-disruption hypotheses (Grodzinsky, 1986, 1990; Hickok, 1992;
Hickok, Zurif, & Canseco-Gonzales, 1993; Mauner, Fromkin, & Cornell, 1993)
claim that agrammatic comprehension is caused by the underrepresentation of
traces (and, in Mauner et al.'s _____________ [propose], other referentially
dependent elements) in the syntactic ______________ [represent, plural
form] constructed by these subjects.The trade-off hypothesis, which has
recently received a careful ___________ [articulate] in Frazier and Friederici
(1991), also attributes agrammatic comprehension ___________ [fail, plural
2
form] to impaired parsing. In this account, resource _____________

[compete] between parsing and semantic ______________ [interpret]
underlies agrammatic comprehension failures by degrading syntactic
_________ [analyse] in all but the least demanding tasks.
The mapping hypothesis (Linebarger, Schwartz, & Saffran, 1983a; Saf- fran,
Schwartz, & Marin, 1980) claims that agrammatics perform a normal "first-pass
parse" but fail to exploit it for further interpretive processes. The mapping
hypothesis and the chain-disruption accounts attribute similar (and in some
variants identical) syntactic ____________ [capable, plural form] to
agrammatics, but differ in their views about whether ___________
[inadequate, plural form] in the structural ________________ [represent,
plural form] computed by agrammatics are the cause of agrammatic
comprehension.
3. Convierta las siguientes oraciones en activa o pasiva, segn

corresponda:
These three accounts share the assumption that agrammatism does not
represent a complete loss of all syntactic ability under all circumstances.
The assumption _______________________________________
They share the expectation that agrammatism can provide evidence about the
interface between syntactic and semantic processing.
The expectation _______________________________________
The purest selective loss argument from agrammatism is proposed in
Caramazza & Zurif (1976).
Caramazza & Zurif (1976) _________________________________
Agrammatism provides compelling evidence for syntax as a psychologically
distinct information type.
Compelling evidence _____________________________________
Asyntactic comprehenders experience difficulty with reversible sentences.
Difficulty _____________________________________________
Agrammatism reveals syntactic modularity.

Syntactic ______________________________________________
The trade-off hypothesis argues that agrammatic parsing varies quite
significantly across different tasks.
It is _________________________________________________
The discussion here will be restricted to receptive language processing.
We _________________________________________________
The core data of this pattern include good performance on comprehension
tasks.
Good performance ______________________________________
Can these theories adequately explain the core data over which they have been
developed and articulated?
Can the core data ______________________________________?
4. Indique el contrario de las palabras subrayadas, utilizando o

eliminando para ello un prefijo:
Ejemplo: happy - unhappy
Despite their differences, these three accounts share the assumption that
agrammatism does not represent a complete loss of all syntactic ability under all
circumstances. Since agrammatic sentence interpretation is unquestionably
"asyntactic" in certain respects, they share the expectation that agrammatism
can provide evidence about the interface between syntactic and semantic
processing unavailable from normal speakers in whom parsing and
interpretation are seamlessly integrated. They differ, however, in their claims
about the nature of this evidence. The chain-disruption accounts pinpoint an
impairment underlying agrammatic comprehension which can be described
most parsimoniously in the vocabulary of government binding theory, thereby
providing evidence for the psychological reality of this theory. The mapping
hypothesis takes the agrammatic data as evidence for the modularity of

syntactic processing, because of the disparity between subjects' ability to parse
certain structures and their impaired interpretation of these same structures.
The trade-off hypothesis is the most conservative of the three hypotheses with
regard to this question because it argues that agrammatic parsing varies
quite significantly across different tasks.
5. Incluya las preposiciones que faltan. Algunas de ellas se usan

ms de una vez:
at, between, by, for, from, in, of, on, upon, to, with
[From The MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences: Neurosciences by Thomas D- Albright
and Helen J. Neville]
The term alone suggests a field of study that is pregnant and full of promise. It
is a large field of study, uniting concepts and techniques ___________ many
disciplines, and its boundaries are rangy and often loosely defined.
_____________ the heart of cognitive neuroscience, however, lies the
fundamental question __________ knowledge and its representation by the
braina relationship characterized not inappropriately ___________
WILLIAM JAMES (18421910) as the most mysterious thing ____________
the world (James 1890 vol. 1, 216). Cognitive neuroscience is thus a science of
information processing. Viewed as such, one can identify key experimental
questions and classical areas _________ study: How is information acquired
(sensation), interpreted to confer meaning (perception and recognition),
stored or modified (learning and memory), used to ruminate (thinking and
consciousness), to predict the future state of the environment and the
consequences of action (decision making), to guide behavior (motor control),
and to communicate (language)? These questions are, of course, foundational
_______ cognitive science generally, and it is instructive to consider what
distinguishes cognitive neuroscience ___________ cognitive science and
psychology, _________ the one hand, and the larger field of neuroscience,
_______ the other.
The former distinction is perhaps the fuzzier, depending heavily as it does
___________ how one defines cognitive science. A neurobiologist might
adopt the progressive (or naive) view that the workings of the brain are the
subject matter ________ both, and the distinction is therefore moot. But this
view evidently has not prevailed (witness the fact that neuroscience is but one of
the subdivisions of this volume); indeed the field of cognitive science was
founded upon and continues to press the distinction between software (the
5
content of cognition) and hardware (the physical stuff, for example, the brain)
_________ which cognitive processes are implemented. Much has been
written ________ this topic, and one who pokes at the distinction too hard is
likely to unshelve as much dusty political discourse as true science. ________
any case, _______ present purposes, we will consider both the biological
hardware and the extent ________ which it constrains the software, and in
doing so we will discuss answers _________ the questions of cognitive science
that are rooted _________ the elements of biological systems.
The relationship between cognitive neuroscience and the umbrella of modern
neuroscience is more straightforward and less embattled. While the former is
clearly a subdivision _________ the latter, the questions of cognitive
neuroscience lie ___________ the root of much of neurosciences turf. Where
distinctions are often made, they arise _________ the fact that cognitive
neuroscience is a functional neuroscienceparticular structures and signals of
the nervous system are _______ interest inasmuch as they can be used to
explain cognitive functions.
There being many levels of explanation in biological systemsranging from
cellular and molecular events __________ complex behaviora key challenge
of the field of cognitive neuroscience has been to identify the relationships
__________ different levels and the train of causality. In certain limited
domains, this challenge has met with spectacular success; in others, it is clear
that the relevant concepts have only begun to take shape and the necessary
experimental tools are far behind. Using examples drawn _________ welldeveloped areas of research, such as vision, memory, and language, we illustrate
concepts, experimental approaches, and general principles that have emerged
and, more specifically, how the work has answered many of the information
processing questions identified above. Our contemporary view of cognitive
neuroscience owes much ________ the heights attained ________ our
predecessors; to appreciate the state of this field fully, it is useful to begin
_________ a consideration of how we reached this vantage point.
6. Proporcione la forma correcta de las palabras que se indican:

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1205114
Outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae Infection Associated with Tattoo Ink
N Engl J Med 2012; 367:1020-1024, September 13, 2012
BACKGROUND
In January 2012, on the basis of an ________ [initiate] report from a
dermatologist, we began to investigate an outbreak of tattoo-associated
Mycobacterium chelonae skin and soft-tissue _________________ [infect,
plural form] in Rochester, New York. The main goals were to ___________
[identity] the extent, cause, and form of ___________[transmit] of the

outbreak and to prevent further cases of infection.
METHODS
We analyzed data from structured interviews with the patients,
histopathological testing of skin-biopsy specimens, acid-fast bacilli smears, and
__________________
[microbe]
cultures
and
antimicrobial
____________________ [susceptible] testing. We also performed DNA
sequencing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), cultures of the ink and
ingredients used in the _____________ [prepare] and packaging of the ink,
__________ [assess] of source water and faucets at tattoo parlors, and
investigation of the ink manufacturer.
RESULTS
Between October and December 2011, a ___________ [persist], raised,
erythematous rash in the tattoo area developed in 19 persons (13 men and 6
women) within 3 weeks after they received a tattoo from a single artist who
used premixed gray ink; the highest ___________ [occur] of tattooing and
rash onset was in November (accounting for 15 and 12 patients, respectively).
The average age of the patients was 35 years (range, 18 to 48). Skin-biopsy
specimens, obtained from 17 patients, showed ___________ [abnormal,
plural form] in all 17, with M. chelonae isolated from 14 and confirmed by
means of DNA sequencing. PFGE analysis showed indistinguishable patterns in
11 clinical isolates and one of three unopened bottles of premixed ink. Eighteen
of the 19 patients were _________ [treat] with appropriate antibiotics, and
their condition improved.
7. Proporcione trminos en ingls equivalentes a los que estn

subrayados.
Human responses to stress and trauma vary widely. Some people develop
trauma-related psychological disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) and depression; others develop mild to moderate psychological
symptoms that resolve rapidly; still others report no new psychological
symptoms in response to traumatic stress. Individual variability in how animals
and humans respond to stress and trauma depends on numerous genetic,
developmental, cognitive, psychological, and neurobiological risk and protective
factors. (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6103/79)
Scientists already knew that duckbill teeth made them formidable chewing
machines. Earlier research had shown that the creatures had up to 1400 of the
choppers, which they shed and replaced over the course of a year much as
sharks do. The surfaces of their teeth were flat, like those of horses and cows,
7
rather than sharp and pointed like the tooth surfaces of most reptiles. Studies of
the fossilized stomach contents of hadrosaurids, as well as microscopic
wear patterns on their teeth, suggested that the animals ate low-lying grasses,
the tough leaves of plants such as horsetails and ferns, and the woody parts of
newly evolved conifer trees. All of these features have earned the hadrosaurs the
nickname
"cows
of
the
Cretaceous."
(http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/10/cows-of-thecretaceous.html)
8. Incluya en los huecos una de las partculas conectoras que se

facilitan:
As (x2), but (x2), however, nevertheless, whereas, while
__________ the Earth spins each day, the new heat swirls with it, picking up
moisture over the oceans, rising here, settling there.
________ we struggle to figure it all out, the face of the Earth as we know it
coasts, forests, farms and snow-capped mountainshangs in the balance.
____________, for thousands of years now, emissions of GHGs to the
atmosphere have been balanced out by GHGs that are naturally absorbed.
Volcanic eruptions, for example, emit particles that temporarily cool the Earth's
surface. ______________ these have no lasting effect beyond a few years.
________________ the mercury rises, the climate can change in unexpected
ways. In addition to sea levels rising, weather can become more extreme.
True,
towards
the
end,
there
were
campus
confrontations;
__________________ our earlier chapters ______________________

tell a story of the establishment of a new discipline with increasing numbers of
staff, students, and research projects throughout the growing university system.
Last year, the same team from Mitinori Saitous lab at Kyoto University in
Japan successfully used mouse stem cells to make functional sperm.
___________________ sperm cells are some of the simpler cells in the
body, oocytes are much more complex.
9. Reescriba las siguientes oraciones usando los trminos

facilitados:
If he had succeeded, perhaps Americans could have claimed the field originated
in the United States.
Had _________________________________________________
The brain is not only the most complex organ in the body, but it's also harder to
study.
Not only _______________________________________________
The potential of an increased risk of breast cancer in women with diabetes has
been the subject of a great deal of recent research.
A great deal ____________________________________________
Stem-cell scientists have derived many types of cells from stem-cell precursors.
Many types of cells ______________________________________
PGCs are difficult to isolate from mice.
Isolation _____________________________________________
The researchers wont obtain human ovary tissue with which to culture the cells.
Human ovary tissue ______________________________________
The average global temperature and concentrations of carbon dioxide (one of
the major greenhouse gases) have fluctuated on a cycle of hundreds of
thousands of years as the Earth's position relative to the sun has varied. As a
result, ice ages have come and gone
Ice ages ______________________________________________
Were they to do so, he says, they would derive energy, meaning and
imagination (2005a: 15) from one anotherdevelop a variety of synergies and
fruitful engagements (2005a: 18)while holding each other mutually
accountable (2005a: 17).
If ___________________________________________________
10. Haga oraciones de relativo con las siguientes frases (Aguado

& Prez-Llantada 1992):
1) The team designed a new template. This template was compatible with
project requirements.
2) Speech and music produce audio frequencies. We cannot transmit these
frequencies directly.
3) A body is in stress when forces are applied to it. These forces cause its size
and shape to change.
4) The cells are installed in the equipment. The equipment may be damaged
by leaking electrolyte.
5) The piston must be well designed. The piston is subjected to compressive
strength.
6) Many cars have a revolution counter. The revolution counter is used to
indicate the engine speed in r.p.m.
7) The points are 600mm apart. The one kilogramme masses are suspended
from these points.
8) The powder becomes liquid plastic. The space between the moulds is
filled with liquid plastic.
9) Ammonium chloride solidifies at 0F. Ammonium chloride is commonly
known as salammonite.
10)
Cracking is usually associated with elastic deformation. Cracking
results from external loads.

10
11) The Wankel engine is a form of heat engine. The engine has a rotary
piston.
12) Manufacturers, distributors and suppliers provide the materials. These
materials will be used in welding and joining programs.
13) The tube is filled with mercury vapour. A small amount of argon is added
to mercury vapour.
14) Hydro-electricity is a kind of power. Hydro-electricity is produced by
water.
15) A zinc case is used as the negative electrode. The zinc case acts as a
container.
16) Computers have magnetic disks. Data is stored on magnetic disks.
17) An air-conditioning system has a supply air-line. The cool air flows from
the supply-air.
11. Indique las formas que se piden a continuacin:

Verb
Adjective
To effect
To avoid
To gravitate
To differ
To control
To attract
To rotate
To excess
To absorb
To explain
To sense
11
12. Aada el prefijo correcto en funcin del significado indicado

entre parntesis:
Prefijos: inter-, re-, counter- over-, under-, out-, super-
Sonic (above)
Connect (between, among)
Generate (again)
Active (above, more than)
Load (excess)
Let (external)
Balance (against, opposite)
Size (below, too little)
Face (between, among)
Put (external)
Weight (against, opposite)
Heat (excess)
13. Aada el opuesto de los siguientes trminos mediante un

prefijo (Aguado & Prez-Llantada 1992):
stable
avoidable
certain
elastic
similar
possible
12
connect
perceptible
limited
attainable
accurate
reversible
relevant
14. Aada el modal ms apropiado (Aguado & Prez-Llantada

1992):
If the bearings are not lubricated, they _________ become damaged.
Power plants ___________ generate thousands of watts of electric power.
This problem ________ approached from several points of view.
The reactions of chemical substances _______ be represented by chemical
equations.
If the oil filter is not changed regularly, it ________________ become
blocked.
Some materials _______________ resist the passage of electric current
through them.
In order for the program to run, the computer _________ be switched on.
13
15. Aada artculos definidos o indefinidos slo cuando sea

necesario (adaptado de Gonzlez Pueyo et al. 1992):
1) ______ water expands when it is heated in ________ container.____
energy occurs in several forms. For example, _____ kinetic energy due to
_____ mass movement of _____ air has been used for the production of
work.
2) _______ nuclear fission process causes _______ heat energy to be
released.
3) _______ scientists are experimenting with _____ new vaccine in
_____ laboratory.
4) ______ compass is _____ device to determine ______ direction.
5) Repairing _________ engine is __________ best solution.
6) Using filters is ________ best way to keep _________ system clean.
7) __________ crane can lift very heavy loads, which is why it is used by
many companies.
8) _______ force can cause ________ object to shift its position.
9) ____ combustion produces ______ waste gases.
10)
When _______ surface moves on another surface, _______ heat
is produced.
14
EJERCICIO 2
1. Explique en ingls en sus propias palabras el significado de las
expresiones subrayadas y busque sinnimos coloquiales para los
trminos marcados en rojo:
Arsenic-life bacterium prefers phosphorus after all

Daniel Cressey, 3 October 2012
Nature, http://www.nature.com/news/arsenic-life-bacterium-prefers-phosphorusafter-all-1.11520
A bacterium that some scientists thought could use arsenic in place of phosphorus in
its DNA actually goes to extreme lengths to grab any traces of phosphorus it can find.
The finding clears up a lingering question sparked by a controversial study, published
in Science in 2010, which claimed that the GFAJ-1 microbe could thrive in the higharsenic conditions of Mono Lake in California without metabolizing phosphorus an
element that is essential for all forms of life.
Although this and other key claims of the paper were later undermined, it was not
clear how bacteria discriminate between nearly identical molecules of phosphate
(PO43-) and arsenate (AsO 43-).
[]
Their threshold for when discrimination broke down was when 50% of the proteins
ended up bound to arsenate indicating that the ability to discriminate had been
overwhelmed. Even in solutions containing 500-fold more arsenate than phosphate,
all five proteins were still able to preferentially bind phosphate. And one protein, from
the Mono Lake bacterium, could do so at arsenate excesses of up to 4,500-fold over
phosphate.
Detailed structures of a phosphate-binding protein from one bacterium
Pseudomonas fluorescens showed that the arsenate molecule, which is slightly
larger than phosphate, distorts and weakens bonds around a hydrogen atom that
forms a bridge to the protein. The researchers also found that a mutated version of the
protein, in which this bond is altered, was less able to discriminate between phosphate
and arsenate.
15
Tawfik says that he was shocked by how good the proteins were at discriminating
between the essential phosphate and the deadly arsenate. This does not mean that
arsenate does not get into the bacteria, he points out. It just shows that this bacterium
has evolved to extract phosphate under almost all circumstances.
The exceedingly high preference for phosphorus found in the key proteins in that
species represent just the last nail in the coffin of the hypothesis that GFAJ-1 uses
arsenic in its DNA, says Tawfik.
The latest paper shows that the arsenic monster GFAJ-1 goes to a huge amount of
effort, even more than other life, to avoid arsenate, says Wolfgang Nitschke from the
Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology in Marseilles, France, who co-authored a
commentary questioning the conclusion that GFAJ-1 could replace phosphate with
arsenate. This shows clearly that life doesnt like arsenate in cytoplasm, he says.
Felisa Wolfe-Simon, lead author on the original Science paper and now at Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, says that the new paper
represents the kind of careful study that really helps the community. However, she
points out that this work doesnt necessarily rule out an entirely novel mechanism
for arsenate getting into cells. Theres still a lot of interesting open questions, she
says.
2. El texto anterior termina con la frase Theres still a lot of

interesting open questions. Es correcta esta estructura?
Busque informacin y ejemplos sobre esta estructura y sobre
cundo y por qu se usa.
16
EJERCICIO 3
1. Busque en el texto que aparece despus de la tabla ejemplos de
premodificacin de tres tipos: 15 ejemplos de premodificacin
adjetiva, 8 de compuestos nominales, y 3 ejemplos de mezcla de
ambas. Se incluyen ejemplos:
Adjectival
premodification
True colors
Noun compound
Skin pigmentation
17
Mixed type
Major urban public-school
system
True Colors
The biological and social ramifications of skin pigmentation are too often ignored by
scientists, teachers, and the general public.
By Nina G. Jablonski | October 1, 2012
Nature, http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/32655
Skin color is one of humankinds most important physical traits, because it affects so
many aspects of our health and social well-being. It is also one of the most interesting
attributes to study because of its dynamic evolutionary history and its cultural
transformation, in recent times, into a determinant of human interactions and
destinies. So why dont more people, especially scientists and educators, talk about it?
Skin color is one of the most actively avoided topics in polite conversation, and it
effectively doesnt exist as a topic of instruction or discussion in most classrooms.
Recently, before I began a lecture to an audience of middle- and high-school teachers
from a major urban public-school system, I asked the teachers how often each week
they formally introduced issues related to race, including skin color, into classroom
lessons. I also asked how many times per week kids in their classes raised questions
related to race, including skin color. The answers to the questions were sobering:
issues related to race and skin color were completely absent from the organized
classroom instruction of 85 percent of the teachers present, but questions about race
and skin color came up more than five times each week in 85 percent of the teachers
classes. This situation is not just bad, it is unforgivable, and we must fix it. My latest
book, Living Color, is a blueprint for achieving this transformation.
Skin color is one of the best examples of evolution by natural selection acting on the
human body. Thanks to research on the physiology of different skin-color phenotypes
and on the genetic basis of skin pigmentation, we know two important facts; that the
earliest Homo sapiens had dark skin, rich in protective melanin and that as small
groups of modern humans dispersed out of the African tropics into less intensely
sunny parts of Africa and Eurasia and into profoundly gloomy reaches of the Northern
Hemisphere, they underwent genetic changes leading to the loss of melanin
pigmentation.
Melanin-rich skin protects against the manifold harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation
(UVR), and the African environments in which we evolved experienced high levels of
UVR year-round. Among darkly pigmented African people today, little genetic
18
variation occurs in MC1R, the primary pigmentation gene responsible for this
protection, because a built-in defense against strong sun has been so important to
health and normal reproduction. Lightly or moderately pigmented skin is actually
depigmented skin, made so by genetic mutations which determine how much melanin
is produced and packaged in skin cells. Depigmentation evolved at least twice in Homo
sapienss history, as populations dispersed out of Africa. Repigmentation, including
the evolution of enhanced tanning abilities, occurred at least as many times as
populations spread into places with intense UVR, such as central India, Melanesia,
and the Neotropics. Human skin pigmentation can be described as a marvelous
demonstration of a labile trait.
But in the last few thousand years, and especially in the last few centuries, people have
moved, voluntarily or otherwise, into places far removed from their ancestral
homelands and solar regimes, and many are reaping the sad rewards of the mismatch.
People of northern European ancestry, for instance, living in Florida or Australia
confront intense UVR conditions with pale, melanin-poor skin and suffer from
sunburns, high rates of skin cancer, and accelerated skin aging. People of central
African or southern Indian ancestry living in Wisconsin or Wales face low and highly
seasonal UVR conditions with exquisitely sun-protected skin and suffer from vitamin
D deficiencies as a result.
Fortunately, these problems are easy to understand and will be easy to treat once
education about skin pigmentation and its relationship to health becomes more
widespread. Social injustices that result from peoples of different colors meeting each
other suddenly and on an unequal social footing are far more intractable. The
association of skin color with human worth was probably humanitys most perfidious
myth and has proven to be its most persistent meme. It is now time to examine it and
thoroughly overturn it
19
EJERCICIO 4
1. Lea el siguiente texto y conteste las preguntas que se formulan
al final:
Crisis deepens for UK's young
One person in five in 16-to-24 age group is unemployed as record numbers to miss out
on university places
SEAN O'GRADY, RICHARD GARNER
THE INDEPENDENT THURSHURSDAY 18 AUGUST 2011
1
2
3
Record numbers of A-level candidates are expected to end up without a university

place today as the latest unemployment numbers underline the bleak prospects of
them finding a job.
4
5
More than one in five of Britain's young people (those aged 16 to 24) are out of work
and almost 100,000 of them have been on the dole for two years or more.
6
7
The youth unemployment rate rose to 20.2 per cent this spring, according to the Office
for National Statistics one of the highest in the European Union.
8
9
10
11
12
There are 949,000 16 to 24-year-olds without work, a rise of 15,000 on the last quarter,
and approaching levels last seen in the 1980s. Overall, unemployment rose by an
unexpectedly high 39,000 in the three months to June this year, to top almost 2.5
million. The number of jobless women benefit claimants rose by 15,600 to 512,700,
the highest since 1996.
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
The youth unemployment situation will be compounded by the number of teenagers

who will not get into university this year. The number applying has reached an all-time
high of 669,956 as candidates try to beat the rise in fees of up to 9,000 a year,
coming in September 2012. Today's A-level results will likely see about 250,000
people chasing just over 40,000 places in clearing, meaning a record 210,000 will
miss out. Many of them will face a dilemma over whether to hunt for scarce jobs,
volunteer as unpaid interns, take gap years or seek university places overseas.
20
21
Sally Hunt, general secretary of the University and College Union, described the
Government's fees policy as "a clumsy disaster".
22
23
24
25
26
The increase in youth unemployment is especially worrying because of the strong

evidence that if young people can't establish themselves in the world of work early in
their careers they will find it much more difficult later on the "lost-generation"
phenomenon that marked out the 1980s, when youth unemployment was even higher
than today.
27
28
29
The jobs misery is not confined to the young. Reflecting the sharp rise in
unemployment when the recession began in 2008, and the faltering recovery since
then, the number of long-term unemployed those without work for more than two
20
30
31
years is up 30 per cent. For those over 50, the rise is 38 per cent suggesting that, as
in previous downturns, many may simply never find work again.
32
33
34
35
36
Economists predict that general unemployment will see a further 250,000 out of work,
and perhaps more, within months. The rate jumped from 7.7 per cent to 7.9 per cent,
reversing recent declines. The more timely claimant count which comprises those of
the unemployed who are eligible for jobseekers allowance jumped by 37,100 in July
to 1,564,000.
37
38
39
40
Some of the rise in the number of jobless women benefit claimants was due to their
being moved from other benefits on to jobseekers allowance as part of the
Government's welfare reforms. However, the high proportion of females employed in
the public sector suggests there may be more of this to come.
41
42
43
44
The official figures also understate the extent to which people can find work that they
find suitable hidden unemployment. As many as 1.26 million of those in work are in
temporary and part-time jobs because they could not find a full-time position the
highest number since records began in 1992.
45
46
47
48
What may well be happening here is that skilled employees in the public sector and
before that in industrial jobs are forced into casual labouring or bar work. While that
keeps them engaged in the world of work and off jobseekers allowance, but represents
a potentially vast waste of human skills.
49
50
51
52
Disappointingly for ministers anxious for the private sector to generate jobs to
compensate for those being shed in the public sector around half a million over the
next five years employment growth has virtually ground to a halt and the number of
vacancies has fallen to recession levels.
53
54
55
There were 154,000 redundancies a rise of more than a quarter. Although there are
250,000 more people in jobs than a year ago, that progress seems to have ground to a
halt just 25,000 more found themselves in work in the spring.
56
57
Of those, some 20,000 were temporary jobs and 4,000 part time, leaving only around
1,000 new full-time jobs.
58
59
60
61
62
63
The "rebalancing" of the economy seems to be stumbling along with the recovery; the
latest survey data from business organisations suggests the manufacturing revival has
run out of momentum, even as businesses complain about engineering skill shortages.
The unemployment rate remained the highest in the north-east of England, at 10 per
cent: in the south-east, especially in places such as Reading, Oxford and Cambridge,
low unemployment is the rule a regional rate of 5.8 per cent.
64
65
66
67
The fear is that the "labour hoarding" that occurred during the recession, where
employers retained skilled workers for fear of losing them forever, and pay restraint
helped to protect jobs, may now be coming to an end as employers conclude that the
upturn won't come soon enough for them to justify keeping their staff on any longer.
68
69
70
71
By the same token British business is sitting on 60bn, waiting to be invested in new
machinery, but which is not being spent because of weak confidence. This continues to
undermine the Government "plans for growth", the next instalment of which is due
with the Chancellor's autumn statement.
21
1. What is a bleak prospect (line 2)?

2. Give a synonym for out of work (line 4).
3. What is to be on the dole (line 5)?
4. What does will be compounded mean (line 13)?
5. What is an all-time high (lines 14 and 15)?
6. Give a synonym for likely (line 16).
7. What is a dilemma (line 18)?
8. Say your opinion about this statement (lines 22-24): The increase in youth
unemployment is especially worrying because of the strong evidence that if
young people can't establish themselves in the world of work early in their
careers they will find it much more difficult later on.
9. Explain in your own words what the lost generation is (line 24).
10. What is a downturn (line 31)?
11. What is the claimant count (line 34).
12. Why is there a rise in the number of jobless women benefit claimants
(lines 37-40)?
13. What is to understate (line 41)?
14. What is the reason suggested in lines 45-46 for what is happening with
figures?
15. What is a vacancy (Line 52)?
16. What are redundancies (line 53)?
17. Explain in your own words the difference between temporary jobs and parttime jobs (line 56).
18. What does low unemployment is the rule mean (line 56)?
19. What is an upturn (line 57)?
20. What does by the same token mean?
22
21. Compare the situation described in the text to the situation described in the
following article on Spain, published in The New York Times (19 September
2012). Point out differences and similarities between the circumstances in both
countries. (PERSONAL OPINION; NO ANSWER PROVIDED):
The Jobless Increasingly Rely on Family
As the effects of years of recession pile up, more and more Spanish families with
unemployment checks running out and stuck with mortgages they cannot pay are leaning
hard on their elderly relatives. And there is little relief in sight employment statistics
released in late July 2012 showed that the jobless rate had risen to a record 25 percent.
Pensions for the elderly are among the few benefits that have not been slashed, though they
have been frozen since 2011. The Spanish are known for their strong family networks, and
most grandparents are eager to help, unwilling to admit to outsiders what is going on, experts
say. But those who work with older people say it has not been easy. Many struggle to feed three
generations now, their homes overcrowded and the tensions of the situation sometimes
turning their lives to misery.
In some cases, families are removing their relatives from nursing homes so they can collect
their pensions. It is a trend that has advocates concerned about whether the younger
generations are going too far, even if grandparents agree to the move or are too infirm to
notice.
A 2012 survey by Simple Lgica, Gallups partner in Spain, found a sharp increase in the
number of older people supporting family members. In a telephone survey conducted in
February 2010, 15 percent of adults 65 and older said they supported at least one younger
relative. In the survey conducted 2012, that number had risen to 40 percent. Data compiled by
an association of private nursing homes, inforesidencias.com, found that in 2009, 76 percent
of its member homes said they had vacancies. In 2011, 98 percent of them did.
Such numbers, experts say, reflect growing desperation in Spain, which has the highest
unemployment rate in the euro zone. According to recent government figures, about 1 in 10
households now has no working adults.
Some experts say they believe that retired people, sharing their pensions and dipping into
their savings, have been the silent heroes of the economic crisis, and that without them Spain
would be seeing far more social unrest.
23
EJERCICIO 5 (sin solucionario)

1.
Proporcione
ejemplos
de
uso
en
ingls
de
las
expresiones/trminos subrayados, que son muy utilizadas en

artculos acadmicos:
Our results demonstrate that CI in adults aged 60 years consistently improved

speech understanding scores, with a mean increase of 60.0% (SD 24.1) on
HINT (Hearing in Noise Test) sentences in quiet.
These results suggest that older adult CI candidates who are younger at
implantation and with higher preoperative speech scores obtain the highest
speech understanding scores after CI, with possible implications for current
United States Medicare policy.
Future research should expand beyond simple speech outcomes to take into
account the broad cognitive, social, and physical functioning outcomes that are
likely detrimentally affected by hearing loss and may be mitigated by CI.
The present study explores whether this subset of patients is also more likely to
experience recurrence or worsening of these symptoms during a second
treatment trial with a different antidepressant.
We examined data collected between July 2001 and September 2006 from the
Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study.
The major goal of this paper is to provide a descriptively-adequate account of

Italian restructuring.
We show that lexical verbs are associated with a position for clitic pronouns and
a head realized by an infinitive-final [e] in Italian, as in, e.g., leggere.
In our view, the optionality of restructuring is to be understood as follows: one

and the same verb can be used either as a lexical or as a functional verb.
24
2. Proporcione ejemplos de uso en ingls de las siguientes

expresiones, que se utilizan en los siguientes casos:
Exemplification: such as, like, for example.
Contrast: although, unlike, on the other hand, but, whereas, while,

however, in contrast to, by contrast.
Deduction/result: therefore, thus, consequently, then, hence, for this

reason, .
-Cause-effect: because, since, as, on account of, due to.
Temporality: since, when, before, after, while.
Similarity: in comparison with, the same, like, similar to, identical to

equally, likewise.
Purpose: in order to, so that, so as to.
3. Las estructuras de los siguientes ejemplos son estativas.

Busque ejemplos de pasivas:
Pumps which obtain a higher specific speed through the action of a propeller
are called axial-flow pumps.
A compass is used for determining direction.
Heat treatment is known as the number of different procedures in which the

properties of metals and alloys are changed.
Control systems are used to monitor and control pressure.
Audio signals are transformed in to a series of pulses.
The reproduction is achieved by use of an assemblage of high-quality

components.
25
26
SOLUCIONARIO
27
28
EJERCICIO 1
1. Convierta las siguientes oraciones de activa a pasiva:
We use the heart-lung machine for maintaining the circulation of the patients blood.
The hear-lung machine is used for maintaining the circulation of the patients blood.
We pump oxygen through the cylinder.
Oxygen is pumped through the cylinder.
Friction generates heat.
Heat is generated by friction.
When we cool a substance, the molecules slow down.
When a substance is cooled, the molecules slow down.
We must deliver large quantities of liquid nitrogen.
Large quantities of liquid nitrogen must be delivered
A flexible belt drives the motor.
The motor is driven by a flexible belt
The combustion of the fuel produces smoke.
Smoke is produced by the combustion of fuel.
A chemical analysis must determine the elements of the liquid.
The elements of the liquid must be determined by a chemical analysis
Customers must specify the codes for purchases.
The codes for purchases must be specified by customers.
Heat dissipation brings about loss of efficiency.
Loss of efficiency is brought about by heat dissipation.
He should use lubricating oil to prevent friction wear.
Lubricating oil should be used to prevent friction wear.
29
They must use insulating gloves for handling electric wires.

Insulating gloves must be used for handling electric wires.
The strip bends as we heat it.
The strip bends as it is heated.
2. Incluya las nominalizaciones correctas en los huecos

marcados, utilizando la pista que se facilita entre parntesis:
My purpose here is to examine this interesting claim and a larger claim which it
presupposes: that agrammatic COMPREHENSION [comprehend] is, at base, a
syntactic deficit. I will contrast three accounts of agrammatism which differ in
the extent to which they invoke representational FAILURE [fail] as the source
of the comprehension difficulties in these patients.
The chain-disruption hypotheses (Grodzinsky, 1986, 1990; Hickok, 1992;
Hickok, Zurif, & Canseco-Gonzales, 1993; Mauner, Fromkin, & Cornell, 1993)
claim that agrammatic comprehension is caused by the underrepresentation of
traces (and, in Mauner et al.'s PROPOSAL [propose], other referentially
dependent elements) in the syntactic REPRESENTATIONS [represent, plural
form] constructed by these subjects.The trade-off hypothesis, which has
recently received a careful ARTICULATION [articulate] in Frazier and
Friederici (1991), also attributes agrammatic comprehension FAILURES [fail,
plural form] to impaired parsing. In this account, resource COMPETITION
[compete] between parsing and semantic INTERPRETATION [interpret]
underlies agrammatic comprehension failures by degrading syntactic
ANALYSIS [analyse] in all but the least demanding tasks.
The mapping hypothesis (Linebarger, Schwartz, & Saffran, 1983a; Saf- fran,
Schwartz, & Marin, 1980) claims that agrammatics perform a normal "first-pass
parse" but fail to exploit it for further interpretive processes. The mapping
hypothesis and the chain-disruption accounts attribute similar (and in some
variants identical) syntactic CAPABILITIES [capable, plural form] to
agrammatics, but differ in their views about whether INADEQUACIES
[inadequate, plural form] in the structural REPRESENTATIONS [represent,
plural form] computed by agrammatics are the cause of agrammatic
comprehension.
30
3. Convierta las siguientes oraciones en activa o pasiva, segn

corresponda:
These three accounts share the assumption that agrammatism does not
represent a complete loss of all syntactic ability under all circumstances.
The assumption that agrammatism does not represent a complete loss of all
syntactic ability under all circumstances is shared by these three accounts.
They share the expectation that agrammatism can provide evidence about the
interface between syntactic and semantic processing.
The expectation that agrammatism can provide evidence about the interface
between syntactic and semantic processing is shared.
The purest selective loss argument from agrammatism is proposed in
Caramazza & Zurif (1976).
Caramazza & Zurif (1976) propose/proposed the purest selective loss argument
from agrammatism.
Agrammatism provides compelling evidence for syntax as a psychologically
distinct information type.
Compelling evidence for syntax as a psychologically distinct information type is
provided by agrammatism.
Asyntactic comprehenders experience difficulty with reversible sentences.
Difficulty with
comprehenders.
reversible
sentences
is
experienced
by
asyntactic
Agrammatism reveals syntactic modularity.

Syntactic modularity is revealed by agrammatism.
The trade-off hypothesis argues that agrammatic parsing varies quite
It is argued by the trade-off hypothesis that agrammatic parsing varies quite
31
The discussion here will be restricted to receptive language processing.

We will restrict the discussion here to receptive language processing.
The core data of this pattern include 1 good performance on comprehension
tasks.
Good performance on comprehension tasks is included in the core data of this
pattern.
Can these theories adequately explain the core data over which they have been
developed and articulated?
Can the core data over which they have been developed and articulated be
adequately explained by these theories?
4. Indique el contrario de las palabras subrayadas, utilizando o

eliminando para ello un prefijo:
Ejemplo: happy - unhappy
Despite their differences, these three accounts share the assumption that
agrammatism does not represent a(n) INcomplete loss of all syntactic ability
under
all
circumstances.
Since
agrammatic
sentence
interpretation
is unquestionably "asyntactic" in UNcertain respects, they share the expectation

that agrammatism can provide evidence about the interface between syntactic
and semantic processing unavailable from ABnormal speakers in whom parsing
and interpretation are seamlessly integrated. They differ, however, in their
claims about the nature of this evidence. The chain-disruption accounts
pinpoint an impairment underlying agrammatic comprehension which can be
described most parsimoniously in the vocabulary of government binding theory,
thereby providing evidence for the psychological reality of this theory. The
mapping hypothesis takes the agrammatic data as evidence for the modularity
of syntactic processing, because of the disparity between subjects' INability to
parse certain structures and their impaired interpretation of these same
structures. The trade-off hypothesis is the most UNconservative of the three
1
Ver http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/jul/16/data-plural-singular
32
hypotheses with regard to this question because it argues that agrammatic

parsing varies quite INsignificantly across different tasks.
5. Incluya las preposiciones que faltan. Algunas de ellas se usan

ms de una vez:
at, between, by, for, from, in, of, on, upon, to, with
[From The MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences: Neurosciences by Thomas D- Albright
and Helen J. Neville]
The term alone suggests a field of study that is pregnant and full of promise. It
is a large field of study, uniting concepts and techniques FROM many
disciplines, and its boundaries are rangy and often loosely defined. AT the heart
of cognitive neuroscience, however, lies the fundamental question OF
knowledge and its representation by the braina relationship characterized not
inappropriately BY WILLIAM JAMES (18421910) as the most mysterious
thing IN the world (James 1890 vol. 1, 216). Cognitive neuroscience is thus a
science of information processing. Viewed as such, one can identify key
experimental questions and classical areas OF study: How is information
acquired (sensation), interpreted to confer meaning (perception and recognition), stored or modified (learning and memory), used to ruminate (thinking
and consciousness), to predict the future state of the environment and the
consequences of action (decision making), to guide behavior (motor control),
and to communicate (language)? These questions are, of course, foundational
IN cognitive science generally, and it is instructive to consider what
distinguishes cognitive neuroscience FROM cognitive science and psychology,
ON the one hand, and the larger field of neuroscience, ON the other.
The former distinction is perhaps the fuzzier, depending heavily as it does ON
how one defines cognitive science. A neurobiologist might adopt the progressive
(or naive) view that the workings of the brain are the subject matter OF both,
and the distinction is therefore moot. But this view evidently has not prevailed
(witness the fact that neuroscience is but one of the subdivisions of this
volume); indeed the field of cognitive science was founded upon and continues
to press the distinction between software (the content of cognition) and
hardware (the physical stuff, for example, the brain) UPON which cognitive
processes are implemented. Much has been written ON this topic, and one who
pokes at the distinction too hard is likely to unshelve as much dusty political
discourse as true science. IN any case, FOR present purposes, we will consider
both the biological hardware and the extent TO which it constrains the software,
and in doing so we will discuss answers TO the questions of cognitive science
that are rooted IN the elements of biological systems.
33
The relationship between cognitive neuroscience and the umbrella of modern

neuroscience is more straightforward and less embattled. While the former is
clearly a subdivision OF the latter, the questions of cognitive neuroscience lie
AT the root of much of neurosciences turf. Where distinctions are often made,
they arise FROM the fact that cognitive neuroscience is a functional
neuroscienceparticular structures and signals of the nervous system are OF
interest inasmuch as they can be used to explain cognitive functions.
There being many levels of explanation in biological systemsranging from
cellular and molecular events TO complex behaviora key challenge of the field
of cognitive neuroscience has been to identify the relationships BETWEEN
different levels and the train of causality. In certain limited domains, this
challenge has met with spectacular success; in others, it is clear that the
relevant concepts have only begun to take shape and the necessary
experimental tools are far behind. Using examples drawn FROM well-developed
areas of research, such as vision, memory, and language, we illustrate concepts,
experimental approaches, and general principles that have emergedand, more
specifically, how the work has answered many of the information processing
questions identified above. Our contemporary view of cognitive neuroscience
owes much TO the heights attained BY our predecessors; to appreciate the state
of this field fully, it is useful to begin WITH a consideration of how we reached
this vantage point.
6. Proporcione la forma correcta de las palabras que se indican:

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1205114
Outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae Infection Associated with Tattoo Ink
N Engl J Med 2012; 367:1020-1024, September 13, 2012
BACKGROUND
In January 2012, on the basis of an INITIAL [initiate] report from a
dermatologist, we began to investigate an outbreak of tattoo-associated
Mycobacterium chelonae skin and soft-tissue INFECTIONS [infect, plural
form] in Rochester, New York. The main goals were to IDENTIFY [identity] the
extent, cause, and form of TRANSMISSION [transmit] of the outbreak and to
prevent further cases of infection.
METHODS
We analyzed data from structured interviews with the patients,
histopathological testing of skin-biopsy specimens, acid-fast bacilli smears, and
MICROBIAL [microbe] cultures and antimicrobial SUSCEPTIBILITY
[susceptible] testing. We also performed DNA sequencing, pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis (PFGE), cultures of the ink and ingredients used in the
PREPARATION [prepare] and packaging of the ink, ASSESSMENT [assess] of
34
source water and faucets at tattoo parlors, and investigation of the ink
manufacturer.
RESULTS
Between October and December 2011, a PERSISTENT [persist], raised,
erythematous rash in the tattoo area developed in 19 persons (13 men and 6
women) within 3 weeks after they received a tattoo from a single artist who
used premixed gray ink; the highest OCCURRENCE [occur] of tattooing and
rash onset was in November (accounting for 15 and 12 patients, respectively).
The average age of the patients was 35 years (range, 18 to 48). Skin-biopsy
specimens, obtained from 17 patients, showed ABNORMALITIES [abnormal,
plural form] in all 17, with M. chelonae isolated from 14 and confirmed by
means of DNA sequencing. PFGE analysis showed indistinguishable patterns in
11 clinical isolates and one of three unopened bottles of premixed ink. Eighteen
of the 19 patients were TREATED [treat] with appropriate antibiotics, and their
condition improved.
7. Proporcione trminos en ingls equivalentes a los que estn

subrayados:
Human responses to stress and trauma vary widely. Some people develop
trauma-related psychological disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) and depression; others develop mild to moderate psychological
symptoms that resolve rapidly; still others report no new psychological
symptoms in response to traumatic stress. Individual variability in how animals
and humans respond to stress and trauma depends on numerous genetic,
developmental, cognitive, psychological, and neurobiological risk and protective
factors. (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6103/79)
RESPONSE: ANSWER, FEEDBACK
WIDELY: AMPLY, LARGELY, CONSIDERABLY
MILD: MODERATE, BLAND
RAPIDLY: FAST, QUICKLY
NUMEROUS: ABUNDANT, PLENTIFUL
Scientists already knew that duckbill teeth made them formidable chewing
machines. Earlier research had shown that the creatures had up to 1400 of the
choppers, which they shed and replaced over the course of a year much as
sharks do. The surfaces of their teeth were flat, like those of horses and cows,
rather than sharp and pointed like the tooth surfaces of most reptiles. Studies of
35
the fossilized stomach contents of hadrosaurids, as well as microscopic

wear patterns on their teeth, suggested that the animals ate low-lying grasses,
the tough leaves of plants such as horsetails and ferns, and the woody parts of
newly evolved conifer trees. All of these features have earned the hadrosaurs the
nickname
"cows
of
the
Cretaceous."
(http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/10/cows-of-thecretaceous.html)
FORMIDABLE: AWESOME, GREAT, IMPRESSIVE
REPLACE: RESTORE, SUBSTITUTE
COURSE: PASSAGE, DURATION
SHARP: JAGGED, CUTTING, SHARPENED
PATTERN: MARKS, SHAPES, DESIGNS
TOUGH: HARD
8. Incluya en los huecos una de las partculas conectoras que se

facilitan:
As (x2), but (x2), however, nevertheless, whereas, while
AS the Earth spins each day, the new heat swirls with it, picking up moisture
over the oceans, rising here, settling there.
WHILE we struggle to figure it all out, the face of the Earth as we know it
coasts, forests, farms and snow-capped mountainshangs in the balance.
HOWEVER, for thousands of years now, emissions of GHGs to the atmosphere
have been balanced out by GHGs that are naturally absorbed.
Volcanic eruptions, for example, emit particles that temporarily cool the Earth's
surface. BUT these have no lasting effect beyond a few years.
AS the mercury rises, the climate can change in unexpected ways. In addition to
sea levels rising, weather can become more extreme.
True, towards the end, there were campus confrontations; BUT our earlier
chapters NEVERTHELESS tell a story of the establishment of a new discipline
36
with increasing numbers of staff, students, and research projects throughout

the growing university system.
Last year, the same team from Mitinori Saitous lab at Kyoto University in
Japan successfully used mouse stem cells to make functional sperm. WHEREAS
sperm cells are some of the simpler cells in the body, oocytes are much more
complex.
9. Reescriba las siguientes oraciones usando el comienzo

facilitado:
If he had succeeded, perhaps Americans could have claimed the field originated
Had he succeeded, perhaps Americans could have claimed the field originated
The brain is not only the most complex organ in the body, but it's also harder to
study.
Not only is the brain the most complex organ in the body, but it's also harder to
study.
The potential of an increased risk of breast cancer in women with diabetes has
been the subject of a great deal of recent research.
A great deal of recent research has focused on thee potential of an increased risk
of breast cancer in women with diabetes.
Stem-cell scientists have derived many types of cells from stem-cell precursors.
Many types of cells from stem-cell precursors have been derived by stem-cell
scientists.
37
PGCs are difficult to isolate from mice.

Isolation of PGCs from mice is difficult.
The researchers wont obtain human ovary tissue with which to culture the cells.
Human ovary tissue with which to culture the cells wont be obtained by the
researchers.
The average global temperature and concentrations of carbon dioxide (one of
the major greenhouse gases) have fluctuated on a cycle of hundreds of
thousands of years as the Earth's position relative to the sun has varied. As a
result, ice ages have come and gone
Ice ages have come and gone because the average global temperature and
concentrations of carbon dioxide (one of the major greenhouse gases) have
fluctuated on a cycle of hundreds of thousands of years as the Earth's position
relative to the sun has varied.
Were they to do so, he says, they would derive energy, meaning and
imagination (2005a: 15) from one anotherdevelop a variety of synergies and
fruitful engagements (2005a: 18)while holding each other mutually
accountable (2005a: 17).
If they did so, he says, they would derive energy, meaning and imagination
(2005a: 15) from one anotherdevelop a variety of synergies and fruitful
engagements (2005a: 18)while holding each other mutually accountable
(2005a: 17).
10. Haga oraciones de relativo con las siguientes oraciones

(Aguado & Prez-Llantada 1992):
1. The team designed a new template, which/that was compatible with project
requirements.
38
2. Speech and music produce audio frequencies, which/that we cannot transmit

directly. We cannot transmit these frequencies directly.
3. A body is in stress when forces which/that cause its size and shape to change
are applied to it.
4. The cells are installed in the equipment, which/that may be damaged by
leaking electrolyte.
5. The piston, which/that is subjected to compressive strength, must be well
designed.
6. Many cars have a revolution counter, which/that is used to indicate the
engine speed in r.p.m.
7. The points, from which the one kilogramme masses are suspended, are
600mm apart.
8. The powder becomes liquid plastic, which fills the space between the moulds.
9. Ammonium chloride, which is commonly known as salammonite, solidifies at
0F.
10. Cracking, which is usually associated with elastic deformation, results from
external loads.
11. The Wankel engine, which/that has a rotary piston, is a form of heat engine.
12. Manufacturers, distributors and suppliers provide the materials, which/that
will be used in welding and joining programs.
13. The tube is filled with mercury vapour, to which a small amount of argon is
added.
14. Hydro-electricity is a kind of power which/that is produced by water.
15. A zinc case, which acts as a container, is used as the negative electrode.
16. Computers have magnetic disks, on which data is stored.
17. An air-conditioning system has a supply air-line, from which the cool air
flows.
39
11. Indique las formas que se piden a continuacin:

Verb
Adjective
To effect
effective
To avoid
avoidable
To gravitate
gravitational
To differ
different
To control
controllable
To attract
attractive
To rotate
rotatory
To excess
excessive
To absorb
absorbent
To explain
explanatory
To sense
sensitive
12. Aada el prefijo correcto en funcin del significado indicado

entre parntesis:
Prefijos: inter-, re-, counter- over-, under-, out-, superSonic (above)
supersonic
Connect (between, among)
interconnect
Generate (again)
regenerate
Active (above, more than)
superactive
Load (excess)
overload
Let (external)
outlet
Balance (against, opposite)
counterbalance
Size (below, too little)
undersize
Face (between, among)
interface
Put (external)
output
Weight (against, opposite)
counterweight
Heat (excess)
overheat
40
13. Aada el opuesto de los siguientes trminos mediante un

prefijo (Aguado & Prez-Llantada 1992):
stable
unstable
avoidable
unavoidable
certain
uncertain
elastic
inelastic
similar
dissimilar
possible
impossible
connect
disconnect
perceptible
imperceptible
limited
unlimited
attainable
unattainable
accurate
inaccurate
reversible
irreversible
relevant
irrelevant
14. Aada el modal ms apropiado (Aguado & Prez-Llantada

1992):
If the bearings are not lubricated, they MAY become damaged.
Power plants CAN generate thousands of watts of electric power.
This problem MAY approached from several points of view.
The reactions of chemical substances CAN be represented by chemical equations.
If the oil filter is not changed regularly, it MAY become blocked.
Some materials CAN resist the passage of electric current through them.
In order for the program to run, the computer MUST be switched on.
41
15. Aada artculos definidos o indefinidos slo cuando sea

necesario (adaptado de Gonzlez Pueyo et al. 1992):
1) water expands when it is heated in A container energy occurs in several
forms. For example, THE/ kinetic energy due to THE mass movement of
air has been used for the production of work.
2) THE nuclear fission process causes heat energy to be released.
3) scientists are experimenting with A new vaccine in A laboratory.
4) A compass is A device to determine direction.
5) Repairing THE engine is THE best solution.
6) Using filters is THE best way to keep THE system clean.
7) A crane can lift very heavy loads, which is why it is used by many companies.
8) A force can cause AN object to shift its position.
9) combustion produces waste gases.
10) When A surface moves on another surface, heat is produced.
42
EJERCICIO 2
1. Busque sinnimos coloquiales para los trminos marcados en
rojo:
Arsenic-life bacterium prefers phosphorus after all

Daniel Cressey, 3 October 2012
Nature, http://www.nature.com/news/arsenic-life-bacterium-prefers-phosphorusafter-all-1.11520
A bacterium that some scientists thought could use arsenic in place of (INSTEAD OF)
phosphorus in its DNA actually goes to extreme lengths to grab (CAPTURE, GRASP)
any traces (EVIDENCE, REMAINS) of phosphorus it can find.
The finding clears up a lingering question sparked (EXCITED, INSPIRED) by a
controversial study, published in Science in 2010, which claimed (ALLEGE, ASSERT)
that the GFAJ-1 microbe could thrive (BLOOM; SUCCEED) in the high-arsenic
conditions of Mono Lake in California without metabolizing phosphorus an element
that is essential (CRUCIAL, VITAL) for all forms of life.
Although this and other key claims of the paper were later undermined, it was not
clear how bacteria discriminate between nearly identical (EQUAL, MATCHING)
molecules of phosphate (PO43-) and arsenate (AsO 43-).
[]
Their threshold for when discrimination broke down was when 50% of the proteins
ended up bound to arsenate indicating that the ability (CAPACITY, SKILL) to
discriminate (DIFFERENTIATE, DISTINGUISH) had been overwhelmed. Even in
solutions containing 500-fold more arsenate than phosphate, all five proteins were
still able to preferentially bind phosphate. And one protein, from the Mono Lake
bacterium, could do so at arsenate excesses of up to 4,500-fold over phosphate.
Detailed structures of a phosphate-binding protein from one bacterium
Pseudomonas fluorescens showed that the arsenate molecule, which is slightly
larger than phosphate, distorts (BENDS, DEFORMS) and weakens bonds around a
hydrogen atom that forms a bridge to the protein. The researchers also found that a
mutated version of the protein, in which this bond is altered (CHANGED, AMENDED),
was less able to discriminate between phosphate and arsenate.
Tawfik says that he was shocked by how good the proteins were at discriminating
between the essential phosphate and the deadly (LETHAL) arsenate. This does not
43
mean that arsenate does not get into the bacteria, he points out (REMARKS, STATES).
It just shows that this bacterium has evolved to extract phosphate under almost all
circumstances.
The exceedingly high preference (PARTIALITY, OPTION. CHOICE) for phosphorus
found in the key proteins in that species represent just the last nail in the coffin of
the hypothesis that GFAJ-1 uses arsenic in its DNA, says Tawfik.
The latest paper shows that the arsenic monster GFAJ-1 goes to a huge (LARGE,
ENORMOUS, COLOSSAL) amount of effort, even more than other life, to avoid
arsenate, says Wolfgang Nitschke from the Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology in
Marseilles, France, who co-authored a commentary questioning (DISPUTING,
CHALLENGING) the conclusion that GFAJ-1 could replace phosphate with arsenate.
This shows clearly that life doesnt like arsenate in cytoplasm, he says.
Felisa Wolfe-Simon, lead author on the original Science paper and now at Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, says that the new paper
represents the kind of careful (ACCURATE, SCRUPULOUS) study that really helps
the community. However, she points out that this work doesnt necessarily rule out
(EXCLUDE, ELIMINATE, PREVENT) an entirely novel mechanism for arsenate
getting into cells. Theres still a lot of interesting open questions, she says.
2. El texto anterior termina con la frase Theres still a lot of

interesting open questions. Es correcta esta estructura?
Busque informacin y ejemplos sobre esta estructura y sobre
cundo y por qu se usa.
Desde el punto de vista de la gramtica es incorrecta, pues deben concordar en
nmero: There ARE still a lot of interesting questions. Sin embargo, desde el punto
de vista del uso es aceptable y muy frecuente coloquialmente: Theres many things I
dont know, Theres many trains in the morning, Theres things we need to talk
about, etc.
44
EJERCICIO 3
1. Busque en el texto que aparece despus de la tabla ejemplos de
premodificacin de tres tipos: 15 ejemplos de premodificacin
adjetiva, 8 de compuestos nominales, y 3 ejemplos de mezcla de
ambas.
Adjectival
premodification
Noun compound
Mixed type
True colors
Skin pigmentation
Major urban public-school

system
Biological and social

ramifications
Skin color
Organized classroom
instruction
General public
Middle- and high-school

teachers
Melanin-rich skin
Most impostant physical

traits
Classroom lessons
Accelerated skin aging
Human interactions
Skin-color phenotypes
Highly seasonal UVR

conditions
Social well-being
Melanin pigmentation
ETC.
Cultutal transformation
Skin cells
Recent times
Human skin pigmentation
Polite conversation
Skin cancer
Natural selection
Vitamin D deficiencies
Genetic basis
ETC.
Important facts
earliest Homo sapiens
Dark skin
Protective melanin
ETC.
45
EJERCICIO 4
1. Lea el siguiente texto y conteste las preguntas que se formulan
al final:
Crisis deepens for UK's young
One person in five in 16-to-24 age group is unemployed as record numbers to miss out
on university places
SEAN O'GRADY, RICHARD GARNER
THE INDEPENDENT THURSHURSDAY 18 AUGUST 2011
1
2
3
Record numbers of A-level candidates are expected to end up without a university

place today as the latest unemployment numbers underline the bleak prospects of
them finding a job.
4
5
More than one in five of Britain's young people (those aged 16 to 24) are out of work
and almost 100,000 of them have been on the dole for two years or more.
6
7
The youth unemployment rate rose to 20.2 per cent this spring, according to the Office
for National Statistics one of the highest in the European Union.
8
9
10
11
12
There are 949,000 16 to 24-year-olds without work, a rise of 15,000 on the last quarter,
and approaching levels last seen in the 1980s. Overall, unemployment rose by an
unexpectedly high 39,000 in the three months to June this year, to top almost 2.5
million. The number of jobless women benefit claimants rose by 15,600 to 512,700,
the highest since 1996.
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
The youth unemployment situation will be compounded by the number of teenagers

who will not get into university this year. The number applying has reached an all-time
high of 669,956 as candidates try to beat the rise in fees of up to 9,000 a year,
coming in September 2012. Today's A-level results will likely see about 250,000
people chasing just over 40,000 places in clearing, meaning a record 210,000 will
miss out. Many of them will face a dilemma over whether to hunt for scarce jobs,
volunteer as unpaid interns, take gap years or seek university places overseas.
20
21
Sally Hunt, general secretary of the University and College Union, described the
Government's fees policy as "a clumsy disaster".
22
23
24
25
26
The increase in youth unemployment is especially worrying because of the strong

evidence that if young people can't establish themselves in the world of work early in
their careers they will find it much more difficult later on the "lost-generation"
phenomenon that marked out the 1980s, when youth unemployment was even higher
than today.
27
28
29
The jobs misery is not confined to the young. Reflecting the sharp rise in
unemployment when the recession began in 2008, and the faltering recovery since
then, the number of long-term unemployed those without work for more than two
46
30
31
years is up 30 per cent. For those over 50, the rise is 38 per cent suggesting that, as
in previous downturns, many may simply never find work again.
32
33
34
35
36
Economists predict that general unemployment will see a further 250,000 out of work,
and perhaps more, within months. The rate jumped from 7.7 per cent to 7.9 per cent,
reversing recent declines. The more timely claimant count which comprises those of
the unemployed who are eligible for jobseekers allowance jumped by 37,100 in July
to 1,564,000.
37
38
39
40
Some of the rise in the number of jobless women benefit claimants was due to their
being moved from other benefits on to jobseekers allowance as part of the
Government's welfare reforms. However, the high proportion of females employed in
the public sector suggests there may be more of this to come.
41
42
43
44
The official figures also understate the extent to which people can find work that they
find suitable hidden unemployment. As many as 1.26 million of those in work are in
temporary and part-time jobs because they could not find a full-time position the
highest number since records began in 1992.
45
46
47
48
What may well be happening here is that skilled employees in the public sector and
before that in industrial jobs are forced into casual labouring or bar work. While that
keeps them engaged in the world of work and off jobseekers allowance, but represents
a potentially vast waste of human skills.
49
50
51
52
Disappointingly for ministers anxious for the private sector to generate jobs to
compensate for those being shed in the public sector around half a million over the
next five years employment growth has virtually ground to a halt and the number of
vacancies has fallen to recession levels.
53
54
55
There were 154,000 redundancies a rise of more than a quarter. Although there are
250,000 more people in jobs than a year ago, that progress seems to have ground to a
halt just 25,000 more found themselves in work in the spring.
56
57
Of those, some 20,000 were temporary jobs and 4,000 part time, leaving only around
1,000 new full-time jobs.
58
59
60
61
62
63
The "rebalancing" of the economy seems to be stumbling along with the recovery; the
latest survey data from business organisations suggests the manufacturing revival has
run out of momentum, even as businesses complain about engineering skill shortages.
The unemployment rate remained the highest in the north-east of England, at 10 per
cent: in the south-east, especially in places such as Reading, Oxford and Cambridge,
low unemployment is the rule a regional rate of 5.8 per cent.
64
65
66
67
The fear is that the "labour hoarding" that occurred during the recession, where
employers retained skilled workers for fear of losing them forever, and pay restraint
helped to protect jobs, may now be coming to an end as employers conclude that the
upturn won't come soon enough for them to justify keeping their staff on any longer.
68
69
70
71
By the same token British business is sitting on 60bn, waiting to be invested in new
machinery, but which is not being spent because of weak confidence. This continues to
undermine the Government "plans for growth", the next instalment of which is due
with the Chancellor's autumn statement.
47
1. What is a bleak prospect (line 2)? Depressing, disheartening.

2. Give a synonym for out of work (line 4). Unemployed.
3. What is to be on the dole (line 5)? Getting unemployment benefit.
4. What does will be compounded mean (line 13)? Aggravated, complicated,
worsened, intensified.
5. What is an all-time high (lines 14 and 15)? The highest figure ever.
6. Give a synonym for likely (line 16). Probably, presumably.
7. What is a dilemma (line 18)? A very difficult choice.
8. Say your opinion about this statement (lines 22-24): The increase in youth
unemployment is especially worrying because of the strong evidence that if
young people can't establish themselves in the world of work early in their
careers they will find it much more difficult later on.
9. Explain in your own words what the lost generation is (line 24). It refers to
a generation of youngsters who cannot find a job and cannot thus join the
labour market.
10. What is a downturn (line 31)? A decline in economic business or other
activity.
11. What is the claimant count (line 34). The number of unemployed who are
eligible for jobseekers allowance.
12. Why is there a rise in the number of jobless women benefit claimants
(lines 37-40)? Because changes in welfare have been brought by the
Government and these women have moved benefit categories.
13. What is to understate (line 41)? To describe or represent something as
being smaller or less important than it really is.
48
14. What is the reason suggested in lines 45-46 for what is happening with
figures? That perhaps skilled employees in the public sector and in industrial
jobs are doing casual labouring or bar work.
15. What is a vacancy (Line 52)? An unoccupied position or job.
16. What are redundancies (line 53)? Being no longer in employment because
there is no more work available.
17. Explain in your own words the difference between temporary jobs and parttime jobs (line 56). In temporary jobs the contract has a limited duration, and in
part-time jobs you work fewer hours than in a full-time job.
18. What does low unemployment is the rule mean (line 56)? It means that it
is the most common situation.
19. What is an upturn (line 57)? An improvement or upward trend, especially
in economic conditions.
20. What does by the same token mean? In the same way or for the same
reason.
21. Compare the situation described in the text to the situation described in the
following article on Spain, published in The New York Times (19 September
2012). Point out differences and similarities between the circumstances in both
countries. (PERSONAL OPINION; NO ANSWER PROVIDED):
The Jobless Increasingly Rely on Family
As the effects of years of recession pile up, more and more Spanish families with
unemployment checks running out and stuck with mortgages they cannot pay are leaning
hard on their elderly relatives. And there is little relief in sight employment statistics
released in late July 2012 showed that the jobless rate had risen to a record 25 percent.
Pensions for the elderly are among the few benefits that have not been slashed, though they
have been frozen since 2011. The Spanish are known for their strong family networks, and
most grandparents are eager to help, unwilling to admit to outsiders what is going on, experts
say. But those who work with older people say it has not been easy. Many struggle to feed three
generations now, their homes overcrowded and the tensions of the situation sometimes
turning their lives to misery.
In some cases, families are removing their relatives from nursing homes so they can collect
their pensions. It is a trend that has advocates concerned about whether the younger
49
generations are going too far, even if grandparents agree to the move or are too infirm to
notice.
A 2012 survey by Simple Lgica, Gallups partner in Spain, found a sharp increase in the
number of older people supporting family members. In a telephone survey conducted in
February 2010, 15 percent of adults 65 and older said they supported at least one younger
relative. In the survey conducted 2012, that number had risen to 40 percent. Data compiled by
an association of private nursing homes, inforesidencias.com, found that in 2009, 76 percent
of its member homes said they had vacancies. In 2011, 98 percent of them did.
Such numbers, experts say, reflect growing desperation in Spain, which has the highest
unemployment rate in the euro zone. According to recent government figures, about 1 in 10
households now has no working adults.
Some experts say they believe that retired people, sharing their pensions and dipping into
their savings, have been the silent heroes of the economic crisis, and that without them Spain
would be seeing far more social unrest.
50
EJERCICIO 5 (sin solucionario)

1.
Proporcione
ejemplos
de
uso
en
ingls
de
las
expresiones/trminos subrayados, que son muy utilizadas en

artculos acadmicos:
Our results demonstrate that CI in adults aged 60 years consistently improved

speech understanding scores, with a mean increase of 60.0% (SD 24.1) on
HINT (Hearing in Noise Test) sentences in quiet.
These results suggest that older adult CI candidates who are younger at
implantation and with higher preoperative speech scores obtain the highest
speech understanding scores after CI, with possible implications for current
United States Medicare policy.
Future research should expand beyond simple speech outcomes to take into
account the broad cognitive, social, and physical functioning outcomes that are
likely detrimentally affected by hearing loss and may be mitigated by CI.
The present study explores whether this subset of patients is also more likely to
experience recurrence or worsening of these symptoms during a second
treatment trial with a different antidepressant.
We examined data collected between July 2001 and September 2006 from the
Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study.
The major goal of this paper is to provide a descriptively-adequate account of

Italian restructuring.
We show that lexical verbs are associated with a position for clitic pronouns and
a head realized by an infinitive-final [e] in Italian, as in, e.g., leggere.
In our view, the optionality of restructuring is to be understood as follows: one

and the same verb can be used either as a lexical or as a functional verb.
2. Proporcione ejemplos de uso en ingls de las siguientes

expresiones, que se utilizan en los siguientes casos:
Exemplification: such as, like, for example.
51
Contrast: although, unlike, on the other hand, but, whereas, while,

however, in contrast to, by contrast.
Deduction/result: therefore, thus, consequently, then, hence, for this

reason, .
-Cause-effect: because, since, as, on account of, due to.
Temporality: since, when, before, after, while.
Similarity: in comparison with, the same, like, similar to, identical to

equally, likewise.
Purpose: in order to, so that, so as to.
3. Las estructuras de los siguientes ejemplos son estativas.

Busque ejemplos de pasivas:
Pumps which obtain a higher specific speed through the action of a propeller
are called axial-flow pumps.
A compass is used for determining direction.
Heat treatment is known as the number of different procedures in which the

properties of metals and alloys are changed.
Control systems are used to monitor and control pressure.
Audio signals are transformed in to a series of pulses.
The reproduction is achieved by use of an assemblage of high-quality

components.
52

Cuadernillo Ejercicios y Solucionario Tema 4 IPA

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Esta obra est bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribucin-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional.

2. Incluya las nominalizaciones correctas en los huecos

form] to impaired parsing. In this account, resource _____________

3. Convierta las siguientes oraciones en activa o pasiva, segn

Agrammatism reveals syntactic modularity.

4. Indique el contrario de las palabras subrayadas, utilizando o

hypothesis takes the agrammatic data as evidence for the modularity of

5. Incluya las preposiciones que faltan. Algunas de ellas se usan

6. Proporcione la forma correcta de las palabras que se indican:

[identity] the extent, cause, and form of ___________[transmit] of the

7. Proporcione trminos en ingls equivalentes a los que estn

8. Incluya en los huecos una de las partculas conectoras que se

__________________ our earlier chapters ______________________

9. Reescriba las siguientes oraciones usando los trminos

10. Haga oraciones de relativo con las siguientes frases (Aguado

Cracking is usually associated with elastic deformation. Cracking

results from external loads.

11. Indique las formas que se piden a continuacin:

12. Aada el prefijo correcto en funcin del significado indicado

13. Aada el opuesto de los siguientes trminos mediante un

14. Aada el modal ms apropiado (Aguado & Prez-Llantada

15. Aada artculos definidos o indefinidos slo cuando sea

When _______ surface moves on another surface, _______ heat

Arsenic-life bacterium prefers phosphorus after all

2. El texto anterior termina con la frase Theres still a lot of

Record numbers of A-level candidates are expected to end up without a university

The youth unemployment situation will be compounded by the number of teenagers

The increase in youth unemployment is especially worrying because of the strong

1. What is a bleak prospect (line 2)?

EJERCICIO 5 (sin solucionario)

expresiones/trminos subrayados, que son muy utilizadas en

Our results demonstrate that CI in adults aged 60 years consistently improved

The major goal of this paper is to provide a descriptively-adequate account of

In our view, the optionality of restructuring is to be understood as follows: one

2. Proporcione ejemplos de uso en ingls de las siguientes

Exemplification: such as, like, for example.

Contrast: although, unlike, on the other hand, but, whereas, while,

Deduction/result: therefore, thus, consequently, then, hence, for this

-Cause-effect: because, since, as, on account of, due to.

Temporality: since, when, before, after, while.

Similarity: in comparison with, the same, like, similar to, identical to

Purpose: in order to, so that, so as to.

3. Las estructuras de los siguientes ejemplos son estativas.

A compass is used for determining direction.

Heat treatment is known as the number of different procedures in which the

Control systems are used to monitor and control pressure.

Audio signals are transformed in to a series of pulses.

The reproduction is achieved by use of an assemblage of high-quality

They must use insulating gloves for handling electric wires.

2. Incluya las nominalizaciones correctas en los huecos

3. Convierta las siguientes oraciones en activa o pasiva, segn

Agrammatism reveals syntactic modularity.

The discussion here will be restricted to receptive language processing.

4. Indique el contrario de las palabras subrayadas, utilizando o

is unquestionably "asyntactic" in UNcertain respects, they share the expectation

hypotheses with regard to this question because it argues that agrammatic

5. Incluya las preposiciones que faltan. Algunas de ellas se usan

The relationship between cognitive neuroscience and the umbrella of modern

6. Proporcione la forma correcta de las palabras que se indican:

7. Proporcione trminos en ingls equivalentes a los que estn

the fossilized stomach contents of hadrosaurids, as well as microscopic

8. Incluya en los huecos una de las partculas conectoras que se

with increasing numbers of staff, students, and research projects throughout

our earlier chapters ____

When _ surface moves on another surface, _ heat