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SWAP gates, respectively. With these two steps, the bit-flip errors in the three DOFs can be
corrected efficiently. Also, we show that using SWAP gates is a universal method for hyper-EPP
in the polarization DOF and multiple longitudinal momentum DOFs. The implementation of our
hyper-EPP is assisted by nitrogen-vacancy centers in optical microcavities, which could be achieved
with current techniques. It is useful for long-distance high-capacity quantum communication with
two-photon six-qubit hyperentanglement.
errors assisted by nonlinear optical elements. atively charged with two unpaired electrons located at
A nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond is an at- the vacancy. The energy-level structure of the NV center
tractive candidate for quantum information processing coupled to the cavity mode is shown in Fig. 1(a). The
because of its long-lived coherence time at room temper- ground state is a spin triplet with the splitting at 2.87
ature and optical controllability. The coherence time of GHz in a zero external field between levels |0i ≡ |m = 0i
a diamond NV center can continue for 1.8 ms [37]. In and | ± 1i ≡ |m = ±1i owing to spin-spin interaction.
a diamond NV center, the electron spin can be exactly The excited state, which is one of the six eigenstates of
populated by the optical pumping with 532-nm light, and the full Hamiltonian including spin-spin and spin-orbit
it can be easily manipulated [38–41] and readout [42, 43] interactions in the absence of any perturbation, is labeled
by using the microwave excitation. Many interesting ap- as |A2 i = |E− i| + 1i + |E+ i| − 1i, where |E+ i and |E− i
proaches based on an NV center in diamond coupled to are the orbital states with the angular momentum pro-
an optical cavity have been proposed in theory [44–48] jections +1 and −1 along the NV axis, respectively. We
and implemented in experiment [49–53]. encode the qubits on the sublevels | ± 1i as the ground
In this paper, we present a hyper-EPP for non- states, and take |A2 i as an auxiliary excited state. The
local photon systems entangled in three DOFs as- transitions | + 1i ↔ |A2 i and | − 1i ↔ |A2 i in the NV
sisted by nitrogen-vacancy centers in optical mi- center are resonantly coupled to the right (R) and the left
crocavities, including the polarization DOF, the (L) circularly polarized photons with the identical tran-
first-longitudinal-momentum DOF, and the second- sition frequency, respectively. The two transitions take
longitudinal-momentum DOF. Our protocol is completed place with equal probability.
by two steps. The first step resorts to parity-check
quantum nondemolition measurement on the polariza-
tion DOF (P-QND) and the two longitudinal-momentum A2
DOFs (S-QND). The second step resorts to the SWAP
gate between the polarization states of two photons (P-
P-SWAP gate) and the SWAP gate between the polariza- R L
tion state and the spatial state of one photon (P-F-SWAP
gate and P-S-SWAP gate). Also, we show that using the
SWAP gates is a universal method for hyper-EPP in the 1 1
polarization DOF and multiple longitudinal-momentum
DOFs. Our hyper-EPP can effectively improve the en- 0
tanglement of photon systems in long-distance quantum
communication. (a) (b)
This paper is organized as follows: We give the inter-
face between a circularly polarized light and a diamond
FIG. 1: (a) The energy-level diagram of an NV-cavity system.
nitrogen-vacancy center confined in an optical microcav- The qubit is encoded on the ground states | ± 1i and the
ity in Sec. II. Subsequently, we present the polarization- excited state |A2 i. The transitions |±1i ↔ |A2 i are driven by
spatial parity-check QND of two-photon six-qubit sys- the right and light circularly polarized photons, respectively.
tems in Sec. III, and then, we give the principle of our (b) Schematic diagram for an NV center confined inside a
SWAP gate between the polarization states of two pho- single-sided optical resonant microcavity.
tons in Sec. IV A and that of our SWAP gate between
the polarization state and the spatial state of one photon Let us consider the composite unit, a diamond NV cen-
in Sec. IV B. In Sec.V, we propose an efficient hyper- ter confined inside a single-sided resonant microcavity, as
EPP for mixed two-photon six-qubit hyperentangled Bell shown in Fig. 1(b). The Heisenberg equations of motion
states. In Sec. VI, we discuss the expansion for puri- for this system can be written as [54]
fying the two-photon systems in the polarization DOF
and multiple longitudinal momentum DOFs. A discus-
h κi
ȧ(t) = − i(ωc − ωp ) + a(t) − gσ− (t)
sion and a summary are given in Sec. VII. In addition, √ 2
some other cases for our hyper-EPP are discussed in the − κ ain ,
Appendix. h γi
σ̇− (t) = − i(ω0 − ωp ) + σ− (t) − gσz (t) a(t) (1)
2
√
+ γ σz (t)bin (t),
II. THE INTERFACE BETWEEN A √
aout (t) = ain (t) + κ a(t).
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED LIGHT AND A
DIAMOND NITROGEN-VACANCY CENTER Here a(t) and σ− (t) are the annihilation operator of the
CONFINED IN AN OPTICAL MICROCAVITY cavity mode and the transition operator of the diamond
NV center. σz (t) represents the inversion operator of the
A diamond NV center consists of a vacancy adjacent NV center. ωc , ωp , and ω0 are the frequencies of the
to a substitutional nitrogen atom. The NV center is neg- cavity mode, the photon, and the diamond NV center
3
level transition, respectively. g, γ, and κ are the coupling III. POLARIZATION-SPATIAL PARITY-CHECK
strength between a diamond NV center and a cavity, the QND OF TWO-PHOTON SIX-QUBIT SYSTEMS
decay rate of a diamond NV center, and the damping rate
of a cavity, respectively. bin (t) is the vacuum input field A two-photon six-qubit hyperentangled Bell state can
with the commutation relation [bin (t), b†in (t′ )] = δ(t − t′ ). be described as follows:
In the weak excitation limit, hσz i = −1, the reflection
1
coefficient for the NV-cavity unit is [55, 56] |ΨiAB = √ (|HiA |HiB + |V iA |V iB )
2
1
[i(ωc − ωp ) − κ2 ][i(ω0 − ωp ) + γ2 ] + g 2 ⊗ √ (|liA |riB + |riA |liB ) (7)
r(ωp ) = . (2) 2
[i(ωc − ωp ) + κ2 ][i(ω0 − ωp ) + γ2 ] + g 2 1
⊗ √ (|IiA |IiB + |EiA |EiB ).
2
When the diamond NV center is uncoupled to the cav-
ity or coupled to an empty cavity, that is, g = 0, the Here the subscripts A and B represent the two photons.
reflection coefficient can be written as H and V represent the horizontal and the vertical po-
larizations of photons, respectively. r and l represent
i(ωc − ωp ) − κ the right and the left spatial modes of a photon in the
2
r0 (ωp ) = κ . (3) first-longitudinal-momentum DOF, respectively. E and
i(ωc − ωp ) + 2
I denote the external and the internal spatial modes of a
photon in the second-longitudinal-momentum DOF, re-
If ω0 = ωc = ωp , the reflection coefficients can be written spectively, shown in Fig. 2. This two-photon six-qubit
as hyperentangled Bell state can be produced by two 0.5-
mm-thick type I BBO crystal slabs aligning one be-
−κγ + 4g 2 hind the other and an eight-hole screen [23], shown in
r= , r0 = −1. (4) Fig. 2. When a continuous-wave (cw) vertically polarized
κγ + 4g 2
Ar+ laser beam interacts through spontaneous paramet-
ric downconversion (SPDC) with the two BBO crystal
That is, when ω0 = ωc = ωp , the change of the input slabs, the nonlinear interaction between the laser beam
photon can be summarized as and the BBO crystal leads to the production of the de-
generate photon pairs which are entangled in polariza-
|Ri| + 1i → r|Ri| + 1i, |Ri| − 1i → −|Ri| − 1i, tion and belong to the surfaces of two emission cones.
(5) As shown in Fig. 2, the insertion of an eight-hole screen
|Li| + 1i → −|Li| + 1i, |Li| − 1i → r|Li| − 1i.
allows us to achieve the double longitudinal-momentum
√ entanglement.
Considering the condition g ≥ 5 κγ, we can obtain the Generally speaking, an arbitrary two-photon six-qubit
approximate evolution of the system composed of a dia- hyperentangled Bell state for a photon pair AB can be
mond NV center and a photon as follows [45]: written as
|Ri| + 1i → |Ri| + 1i, |Ri| − 1i → −|Ri| − 1i, |Ψ6 iAB = |ψiP ⊗ |ψiF ⊗ |ψiS , (8)
(6)
|Li| + 1i → −|Li| + 1i, |Li| − 1i → |Li| − 1i.
where |ψiP is one of the four Bell states for a two-photon
system in the polarization DOF,
1
|φ± ip = √ (|RRi ± |LLi)AC ,
2
(9)
1
'( |ψ ± ip = √ (|RLi ± |LRi)AC .
*) ') 2
*( '(
')
*( *) |ψiF is one of the four Bell states for a two-photon system
in the first-longitudinal-momentum DOF,
1
!"#$#% !"#$#% & |φ± iF = √ (|rri ± |lli)AC ,
2
(10)
± F 1
FIG. 2: The source of two-photon six-qubit hyperentangle- |ψ i = √ (|rli ± |lri)AC ,
ment. The detailed description is shown in [23]. 2
system in the second-longitudinal-momentum DOF, can distinguish the even-parity Bell states |φ± ip from the
odd-parity Bell states |ψ ± ip of the two-photon system in
1
|φ± iS = √ (|EEi ± |IIi)AC , the polarization DOF without affecting the states of the
2 two-photon systems in the spatial-mode DOFs. That is,
(11)
1 if the NV center is projected into the state |ϕ+ i, the po-
|ψ ± iS = √ (|EIi ± |IEi)AC .
2 larization state of the hyperentangled two-photon system
is |φ± ip . Otherwise, the polarization state of the hyper-
The polarization-spatial parity-check QND is used entangled two-photon system is |ψ ± ip .
to distinguish the odd-parity mode (|ψ ± ip , |ψ ± iF , and
|ψ ± iS ) from the even-parity mode (|φ± ip , |φ± iF , and
rE rE
|φ± iS ) of the hyperentangled Bell states in both the po- SW Z1
SW SW lI Z4 ' lI
Z1 '
rE rE FIG. 4: Schematic diagram of the spatial-mode parity-check
CPBS1 ' CPBS 5 ' QND.
Z2 '
rI rI
CPBS 2 ' CPBS 6 '
C
Z3 '
The schematic diagram of the spatial-mode parity-
lE lE check QND is shown in Fig. 4. It consists of two
CPBS 3 ' CPBS 7 '
Z4 ' NV centers and some half-wave plates Zi (Zi′ ). Each
lI lI
CPBS 4 ' CPBS 8 '
of the two NV centers is prepared in the initial state
|ϕ+ ii = √12 (| + 1i + | − 1i) with i = 1, 2. One can inject
the photons A and C into the quantum circuit sequen-
FIG. 3: Schematic diagram of the polarization parity-check tially. The evolutions of the system composed of the two
QND. CP BSi (CP BSi′ ) (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) is a circularly polar-
photons and the two NV centers are described as:
izing beam splitter which transmits the photon in the right-
circular polarization |Ri and reflects the photon in the left- |ψiP |φ± iF |φ± iS ⊗|ϕ+i1 |ϕ+i2 → |ψiP |φ± iF |φ± iS ⊗|ϕ+i1 |ϕ+i2 ,
circular polarization |Li, respectively. Zi (Zi′ ) (i = 1, 2, 3, 4)
is a half-wave plate which performs a polarization phase-flip |ψiP |φ± iF |ψ ± iS ⊗|ϕ+i1 |ϕ+i2 → |ψiP |φ± iF |ψ ± iS ⊗|ϕ+i1 |ϕ−i2 ,
operation σzP = |RihR|−|LihL| on the photon. SW is an opti- |ψiP |ψ ± iF |φ± iS ⊗|ϕ+i1 |ϕ+i2 → |ψiP |ψ ± iF |φ± iS ⊗|ϕ−i1 |ϕ+i2 ,
cal switch which lets the wave packets of a photon in different
spatial modes pass into and out of the NV center sequentially. |ψiP |ψ ± iF |ψ ± iS ⊗|ϕ+i1 |ϕ+i2 → |ψiP |ψ ± iF |ψ ± iS ⊗|ϕ−i1 |ϕ−i2 .
(13)
The schematic diagram of the polarization parity-check
By measuring the states of two NV centers in the or-
QND is shown in Fig. 3, which consists of some circularly
thogonal basis {|ϕ+ i, |ϕ− i}, one can distinguish the even-
polarizing beam splitters CPBSi , an NV center, and some
parity states |φ± iF from the odd-parity states |ψ ± iF
half-wave plates Zi . The NV center is prepared in the
in the first-longitudinal-momentum DOF and the even-
initial state |ϕ+ i = √12 (| + 1i + | − 1i). If the two-photon
parity states |φ± iS from the odd-parity states |ψ ± iS in
system AC is in a hyperentangled Bell state, one can the second longitudinal momentum DOF, without af-
inject the photons A and C into the quantum circuit fecting the states of the two-photon system in the po-
sequentially. The evolutions of the system consisting of larization DOF. That is, if N V1 is projected into the
the two photons and the NV center are described as state |ϕ+ i1 , the two-photon system is in the state |φ± iF
|φ± ip |ψiF |ψiS ⊗ |ϕ+ i → |φ± ip |ψiF |ψiS ⊗ |ϕ+ i, in the first-longitudinal-momentum DOF and if N V2 is
projected into the state |ϕ+ i2 , the two-photon system is
|ψ ± ip |ψiF |ψiS ⊗ |ϕ+ i → |ψ ± ip |ψiF |ψiS ⊗ |ϕ− i, in the state |φ± iS in the second-longitudinal-momentum
(12) DOF, respectively. If N V1 is projected into the state
|ϕ− i1 , the two-photon system is in the state |ψ ± iF in
where |ϕ− i = √12 (|+1i−|−1i). By measuring the state of the first-longitudinal-momentum DOF and if N V2 is pro-
the NV center in the orthogonal basis {|ϕ+ i, |ϕ− i}, one jected into the state |ϕ− i2 , the two-photon system is
5
in the state |ψ ± iS in the second-longitudinal-momentum First, one injects the photons A and A′ into the quan-
DOF, respectively. tum circuit sequentially, and lets photon A (A′ ) pass
through the circularly polarizing beam splitter CP BS1
(CP BS1′ ), CP BS2 (CP BS2′ ), NV center, CP BS3
H P1
(CP BS3′ ), and CP BS4 (CP BS4′ ) in sequence. Af-
ter performing a Hadamard operation on the NV center
kA CPBS1 CPBS 4 [|+1i → √12 (|+1i+|−1i), |−1i → √12 (|+1i−|−1i)], the
DL whole state of the system composed of two photons and
one NV center is transformed from |Φi0 to |Φi1 . Here
NV kA
CPBS 5 CPBS 2 CPBS 3 CPBS 6 H P2
|Φi0 =|ΦiA ⊗ |ΦiA′ ⊗ |ΦiN V ,
CPBS 5 ' CPBS 2 ' CPBS 3 ' CPBS 6 ' H P 2 ' |Φi1 =[α1 α2 |RiA |RiA′ | + 1i − β1 α2 |LiA |RiA′ | − 1i
k A'
− α1 β2 |RiA |LiA′ | − 1i + β1 β2 |LiA |LiA′ | + 1i]
DL' ⊗ |Φk iA ⊗ |Φk iA′ .
k A' (15)
CPBS1 ' CPBS 4 '
H P1 '
Second, one performs Hadamard operations on pho-
tons A and A′ with the half-wave plates Hp1 and Hp1′ .
The state of the whole system is changed into
FIG. 5: Schematic diagram of the SWAP gate between the
polarization states of photon A and photon A′ (P-P SWAP 1
gate). Hpi (i = 1, 2, 1′ , 2′ ) is a half-wave plate which per- |Φi2 = [α1 α2 (|Ri + |Li)A (|Ri + |Li)A′ | + 1i
2
forms the Hadamard operation |Ri → √12 (|Ri + |Li), |Li → − β1 α2 (|Ri − |Li)A (|Ri + |Li)A′ | − 1i
√1 (|Ri − |Li) on the polarization DOF of a photon. DL (16)
2 − α1 β2 (|Ri + |Li)A (|Ri − |Li)A′ | − 1i
(DL′ ) is a time-delay device which makes the two wave pack-
ets in different paths interfere with each other at last. k + β1 β2 (|Ri − |Li)A (|Ri − |Li)A′ | + 1i]
(k = rE, rI, lE, lI) represents any spatial modes of one ⊗ |Φk iA ⊗ |Φk iA′ .
photon.
Third, one lets photon A (A′ ) pass though CP BS5
(CP BS5′ ), CP BS2 (CP BS2′ ), NV center, CP BS3
(CP BS3′ ), CP BS6 (CP BS6′ ), and Hp2 (Hp2′ ), and the
IV. SWAP GATES state of the whole system is changed from |Φi2 to |Φi3 .
Here
A. SWAP gate between the polarization states of |Φi3 =[α1 α2 |RiA |RiA′ | + 1i − β1 α2 |RiA |LiA′ | − 1i
two photons
− α1 β2 |LiA |RiA′ | − 1i + β1 β2 |LiA |LiA′ | + 1i]
The SWAP gate between the polarization states of two ⊗ |Φk iA ⊗ |Φk iA′ .
photons (P-P-SWAP gate) is used to swap the polariza- (17)
tion states of photon A and photon A′ without affect-
ing their spatial-mode states. The initial states of two Finally, by performing a Hadamard operation on the
photons in the polarization DOF and two longitudinal- NV center, the state of the whole system is transformed
momentum DOFs are into
1
|ΦiA = |Φp iA ⊗ |Φk iA , |Φi4 = √ (α2 |Ri − β2 |Li)A |Φk iA
(14) 2
|ΦiA′ = |Φp iA′ ⊗ |Φk iA′ .
⊗ (α1 |Ri − β1 |Li)A′ |Φk iA′ ⊗ | + 1i
(18)
Here |Φp iA = α1 |Ri + β1 |Li and |Φp iA′ = α2 |Ri + 1
+ √ (α2 |Ri + β2 |Li)A |Φk iA
β2 |Li are the polarization states of the photons A 2
and A′ , respectively. |Φk iA = (γ1 |ri + δ1 |li) ⊗ ⊗ (α1 |Ri + β1 |Li)A′ |Φk iA′ ⊗ | − 1i.
(ε1 |Ei + ξ1 |Ii) and |Φk iA′ = (γ2 |ri + δ2 |li) ⊗ (ε2 |Ei +
ξ2 |Ii) represent the states of the photons A and A′ By measuring the NV center in the orthogonal basis
in both the first-longitudinal-momentum DOF and the {| + 1i, | − 1i}, the polarization state of photon A is
second-longitudinal-momentum DOF, respectively. The swaped with the polarization state of photon A′ with-
schematic diagram of the P-P-SWAP gate is shown in out disturbing their states in the spatial-mode DOFs. If
Fig. 5. Suppose that the NV center is prepared in the the NV center is projected into state | + 1i, phase-flip op-
initial state |ΦiN V = √12 (| + 1i + | − 1i), the SWAP gate erations σzP = |RihR| − |LihL| are performed on the po-
works with the following steps. larization DOF of photons A and A′ . After the phase-flip
6
operations, the state of the two photons is transformed Here |Φif 2 is the objective state of the P-F-SWAP gate.
into The schematic diagram of our SWAP gate between the
polarization state and the spatial-mode state in the sec-
|Φif 1 =(α2 |Ri + β2 |Li)A |Φk iA
(19) ond longitudinal-momentum DOF of one photon (P-S-
⊗ (α1 |Ri + β1 |Li)A′ |Φk iA′ . SWAP gate) is shown in Fig. 6(b). After photon A, whose
initial state is described as Eq. (14), passes through the
Here, |Φif 1 is the objective state of the P-P-SWAP gate.
circuit shown in Fig. 6(b), the state is changed into
If the NV center is projected into state | − 1i, the ob-
jective state can be obtained directly without phase-flip |Φif 3 = (ε1 |Ri + ξ1 |Li) ⊗ (γ1 |ri + δ1 |li)
operations. (21)
⊗ (α1 |Ei + β1 |Ii).
|φ+ ipAB ⊗ |φ+ ipCD , |φ+ ipAB ⊗ |ψ + ipCD , |ψ + ipAB ⊗ |φ+ ipCD , tons AC and performs the Hadamard operations on the
and |ψ + ipAB ⊗ |ψ + ipCD with the probabilities F12 , (1 − polarization DOF and the spatial-mode DOFs of photon
F1 )F1 , (1 − F1 )F1 , and (1 − F1 )2 , respectively. In the C. Bob performs the same operations on photons BD.
first-longitudinal-momentum DOF, it is a mixture of the
states |φ+ iF + F + F + F
AB ⊗ |φ iCD , |φ iAB ⊗ |ψ iCD , |ψ iAB ⊗
+ F
First, Alice and Bob perform the P-S-QNDs on the
|φ+ iFCD , and |ψ + F
iAB ⊗ |ψ + F
iCD with the probabilities two two-photon systems AC and BD, respectively.
F22 , (1 − F2 )F2 , (1 − F2 )F2 , and (1 − F2 )2 , respectively. Based on the results of the P-S-QNDs on the iden-
In the second-longitudinal-momentum DOF, it is a mix- tical two-photon systems, the states can be classified
ture of the states |φ+ iSAB ⊗ |φ+ iSCD , |φ+ iSAB ⊗ |ψ + iSCD , into eight cases. In case (1), the two identical two-
|ψ + iSAB ⊗ |φ+ iSCD , and |ψ + iSAB ⊗ |ψ + iSCD with the prob- photon systems AC and BD are in the same parity-
abilities F32 , (1 − F3 )F3 , (1 − F3 )F3 , and (1 − F3 )2 , re- mode in all of the three DOFs, including the polariza-
spectively. tion DOF, the first-longitudinal-momentum DOF, and
Our hyper-EPP for the nonlocal two-photon six-qubit the second-longitudinal-momentum DOF. This case cor-
systems in hyperentangled Bell states with bit-flip er- responds to the states |φ+ ipAB |φ+ ipCD or |ψ + ipAB |ψ + ipCD
rors in the polarization DOF and the two longitudinal- in the polarization DOF, the states |φ+ iF + F
AB |φ iCD
momentum DOFs can be achieved with two steps in each + F + F
or |ψ iAB |ψ iCD in the first-longitudinal-momentum
round. The first step is completed with polarization and DOF, and the states |φ+ iSAB |φ+ iSCD or |ψ + iSAB |ψ + iSCD
spatial-mode parity-check QNDs introduced in Sec. III. in the second-longitudinal-momentum DOF. The classi-
The second step of our hyper-EPP scheme is completed fication of the eight cases is shown in Table I.
with the SWAP gates introduced in Sec. IV. We discuss
the principles of these two steps in detail as follows.
Now, let us discuss case (1), in which the parity
modes of AC and BD are same in the polarization DOF,
rE rE
the first-longitudinal-momentum DOF, and the second-
longitudinal-momentum DOF, to bring to light of the
rI rI
principle of the first step in our hyper-EPP. Case (2), in
A
which the parity modes of AC and BD are different in
rE rE
the polarization DOF, the first-longitudinal-momentum
DOF, and the second-longitudinal-momentum DOF, is
P-S-QND
lI lI
discussed in the Appendix. The other cases are similar
CPBS1 LrE
L to these two cases with a little modification. When AC
H P1
rE BS1 RrE and BD are both in the even-parity modes in the po-
BS3 CPBS 2 LrI larization DOF, the first-longitudinal-momentum DOF,
H P2
rI RrI and the second longitudinal momentum DOF, Alice and
C LlE Bob obtain the states
CPBS3
lE BS 2 RlE
H P3
BS 4 LlI
CPBS 4
lI RlI
H P4 1
|Φ1 ip = √ (|RRRRi + |LLLLi)ABCD ,
2
FIG. 7: Schematic diagram of the first step of our hyper-EPP 1
for mixed hyperentangled Bell states with bit-flip errors in |Φ2 ip = √ (|RLRLi + |LRLRi)ABCD ,
2
the polarization DOF and the two longitudinal-momentum
F 1
DOFs with P-S-QNDs. A beam splitter BSi (i = 1, 2) is |Φ1 i = √ (|rrrri + |lllli)ABCD ,
used to perform the Hadamard operation [|Ei → √12 (|Ei + 2
(23)
|Ii), |Ii → √12 (|Ei−|Ii)] on the first-longitudinal-momentum 1
|Φ2 iF = √ (|rlrli + |lrlri)ABCD ,
DOF of a photon and BSj (j = 3, 4) is used to perform the 2
Hadamard operation [|ri → √12 (|ri + |li), |li → √12 (|ri − |li)] 1
on the second-longitudinal-momentum DOF of a photon. Dk |Φ1 iS = √ (|EEEEi + |IIIIi)ABCD ,
2
(k = LrE, RrE, LrI, RrI, LlE, RlE, LlI, orRlI) is a single-
S 1
photon detector. |Φ2 i = √ (|EIEIi + |IEIEi)ABCD .
2
TABLE II: The probabilities of different states corresponding to the eight cases, respectively.
Probability
Case
|φ+ ipAB |ψ + ipAB |φ+ iF
AB |ψ + iF
AB |φ+ iSAB |ψ + iS
AB
(1) F12 (1 − F1 )2 F22 (1 − F2 )2 F32 (1 − F3 )2
(2) F1 (1 − F1 ) F1 (1 − F1 ) F2 (1 − F2 ) F2 (1 − F2 ) F3 (1 − F3 ) F3 (1 − F3 )
(3) F1 (1 − F1 ) F1 (1 − F1 ) F22 (1 − F2 )2 (1 − F3 )2 (1 − F3 )2
(4) F12 (1 − F1 )2 F2 (1 − F2 ) F2 (1 − F2 ) F32 (1 − F3 )2
(5) F12 (1 − F1 )2 F22 (1 − F2 )2 F3 (1 − F3 ) F3 (1 − F3 )
(6) F1 (1 − F1 ) F1 (1 − F1 ) F2 (1 − F2 ) F2 (1 − F2 ) F32 (1 − F3 )2
(7) F1 (1 − F1 ) F1 (1 − F1 ) F22 (1 − F2 )2 F3 (1 − F3 ) F3 (1 − F3 )
(8) F12 (1 − F1 )2 F2 (1 − F2 ) F2 (1 − F2 ) F3 (1 − F3 ) F3 (1 − F3 )
(2), Alice and Bob will discard the two photons. Other- from |Φi0 = |ΦiAB0 |ΦiA′ B ′ 0 |φ+ ia |φ+ ib to the state
wise, the second step of hyper-EPP with SWAP gates is 1
required if the two two-photon systems ABCD are pro- |Φi = [−(|RRRLi + |LLRLi
jected into case (i) (i = 3 ∼ 8). 4
+ |RRLRi + |LLLRi)| + 1ia | + 1ib
+ (|RRRLi − |LLRLi
− |RRLRi + |LLLRi)| + 1ia | − 1ib
− (|RRRLi − |LLRLi (26)
− |RRLRi + |LLLRi)| − 1ia | + 1ib
+ (|RRRLi + |LLRLi
+ |RRLRi + |LLLRi)| − 1ia | − 1ib ]
⊗ |φ+ iF + S + F + S
AB |φ iAB |ψ iA′ B ′ |ψ iA′ B ′ .
Here |ΦiAB4 and |ΦiA′ B ′ 4 are the final states of this case without photon loss. The efficiency of our hyper-EPP
in the second step of hyper-EPP. after the first step in the first round is
If the two two-photon systems AB and CD are pro-
jected into the states in case (3), (4), (5), (7), or (8), Y1 = [F12 + (1 − F1 )2 ][F22 + (1 − F2 )2 ][F32 + (1 − F3 )2 ].
the second step of the hyper-EPP can be completed, as (32)
discussed in the Appendix.
After the second step, the efficiency of the first round
1.0 of the hyper-EPP process is
0.6
0.4
[F32 + (1 − F3 )2 ]), ([F12 + (1 − F1 )2 ]
[2F2 (1 − F2 )][2F3 (1 − F3 )])}
0.2
HaL + min{([F12 + (1 − F1 )2 ][2F2 (1 − F2 )]
0.0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 [F32 + (1 − F3 )2 ]), ([2F1 (1 − F1 )]
F [F22 + (1 − F2 )2 ][2F3 (1 − F3 )])}
1.0
+ min{([F12 + (1 − F1 )2 ][F22 + (1 − F2 )2 ]
0.8
[2F3 (1 − F3 )]), ([2F1 (1 − F1 )]
Efficiency
0.6
[2F2 (1 − F2 )][F32 + (1 − F3 )2 ])}.
0.4 (33)
0.2 The efficiencies Y1 and Y2 of our hyper-EPP for the
(b) case with F1 = F2 = F3 = F are shown in Fig. 8(b),
0.0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 respectively. Obviously, the efficiency of our hyper-EPP
F is improved largely with the second step for purification.
two DOFs are lower than the initial ones. Thus, with the DOF is higher. By using the P-P-SWAP gate and the P-
P-P-SWAP gate and the P-F-SWAP gate, the fidelity of T-SWAP gate, the second step of our hyper-EPP can
the two-photon system AB is improved. If we can con- be completed to improve the efficiency of purification
struct the SWAP gate between the polarization state and largely.
arbitrary another longitudinal-momentum state without
affecting the states in other DOFs, the second step can be 1.0
FP-QND
0.6
rifying the two-photon systems in the polarization DOF
0.4
and multiple longitudinal-momentum DOFs.
0.2
HaL
rEu rEu
X1 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
rIu rIu
X2
lEu CPBS1 CPBS5 g ΚΓ
X3 lEu
1.0
lIu CPBS 2 CPBS 6 lIu
X4
rEd CPBS 3 CPBS 7 0.8
rEd
rId CPBS 4 CPBS8 rId
PP-QND
0.6
lEd lEd
0.4
lId lId
0.2
HbL
FIG. 9: Schematic diagram of the SWAP gate between the 0.0
polarization state and the spatial-mode state in the third 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
longitudinal-momentum DOF of one photon. g ΚΓ
We construct a SWAP gate between the polarization FIG. 10: (a) The fidelity of the polarization-parity
state and the state in the third-longitudinal-momentum check QND. (b) The efficiency of the polarization-parity
DOF of a photon (P-T-SWAP gate) of being simulta- check QND. The solid line represents FP 1 (ηP 1 ) for
neously entangled in the polarization DOF and three |φ± ip |φ± iF |φ± iS , |φ± ip |φ± iF |ψ ± iS , |φ± ip |ψ ± iF |φ± iS , and
longitudinal-momentum DOFs as an example. The ini- |φ± ip |ψ ± iF |ψ ± iS . The dashed line represents FP 2 (ηP 2 ) for
|ψ ± ip |φ± iF |φ± iS , |ψ ± ip |φ± iF |ψ ± iS , |ψ ± ip |ψ ± iF |φ± iS , and
tial state of a photon being simultaneously entangled
|ψ ± ip |ψ ± iF |ψ ± iS .
with other photons in the polarization DOF and three
longitudinal-momentum DOFs can be expressed as
Here (a4 |ui + b4 |di) is the state of the photon A being With the P-S-QND and the SWAP gates, we construct
entangled with other photons in the third-longitudinal- our efficient hyper-EPP for the mixed hyperentangled
momentum DOF (a4 and b4 include not only the pa- Bell states in the polarization DOF and two longitudinal-
rameters for photon A but also the states for other pho- momentum DOFs with bit-flip errors. For constructing
tons, so do ai and bi ). u and d represent the upper and the P-S-QND and the SWAP gates, we utilize the re-
the down spatial-mode states of the photon, respectively. flection coefficient produced by the nonlinear interaction
The schematic diagram of the P-T-SWAP gate, which is between the single photon and the NV-cavity system.
constructed with some linear optical elements, is shown Under the resonant condition ω0 = ωp = ωc , the re-
in Fig. 9. After the photon A passes through the quan- flection coefficient of the input photon is affected by the
tum circuit, its state is transformed into coupling strength g, the NV decay rate γ, and the cav-
ity damping rate κ. If we neglect κ and γ, the fideli-
|Φ′ i =(a4 |Ri + b4 |Li) ⊗ (a2 |ri + b2 |li) ties and the efficiencies of the P-S-QND and the SWAP
(35)
⊗ (a3 |Ei + b3 |Ii) ⊗ (a1 |ui + b1 |di). gates can reach 100%. However, in the realistic condi-
tion, the fidelities and the efficiencies are suppressed by
Here |Φ′ i is the objective state of the P-T-SWAP gate. γ and κ. The fidelity is defined as F = |hϕr |ϕi i|2 . Here
After the first step of the hyper-EPP, if the probabil- |ϕi i represents the final state in the ideal condition and
ity of the even-parity Bell state of the system ABCD |ϕr i represents the final state in the realistic condition.
in the third longitudinal-momentum DOF is lower than The efficiency is defined as η = nout /nin , where nout
the initial one, we can seek another system A′ B ′ C ′ D′ represents the number of the output photons and nin
whose probability of the even-parity Bell state in this represents the number of the input photons. For the
12
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
FSWAP
F S -QND 0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.6
PSWAP
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2 HbL 0.2
(b)
0.0 0.0
0 2 4 6 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
g ΚΓ
g ΚΓ
FIG. 11: (a) The fidelity of the spatial-mode-parity check
QND. (b) The efficiency of the spatial-mode-parity check FIG. 12: (a) The fidelity of the P-P-SWAP gate. (b) The
QND. The solid line represents F1 (η1 ) for |φ± ip |φ± iF |φ± iF . efficiency of the P-P-SWAP gate.
The dash-dotted line represents FS2 (ηS2 ) = FS4 (ηS4 ) =
FS6 (ηS6 ) = FS7 (ηS7 ) = FS8 (ηS8 ) for |ψ ± ip |φ± iF |φ± iS ,
|ψ ± ip |φ± iF |ψ ± iS , |ψ ± ip |ψ ± iF |φ± iS , |φ± ip |ψ ± iF |ψ ± iS , and rameters, the fidelities and the efficiencies of our polariza-
|ψ ± ip |ψ ± iF |ψ ± iS . The dashed line represents F3 (η3 ) = tion parity-check QND can reach Fp1,2 = 99.76%, 99.91%
F5 (η5 ) for |φ± ip |φ± iF |ψ ± iS and |φ± ip |ψ ± iF |φ± iS . and ηp1,2 = 94.84%, 94.54%, respectively. The fideli-
ties and the efficiencies of our spatial-mode parity-check
QND can reach FS1,2,3 = 99.53%, 99.83%, 99.68% and
polarization parity-check QND, there exist two fidelities ηS1,2,3 = 89.95%, 89.38%, 89.66%, respectively. The fi-
FP i (i = 1, 2) and two efficiencies ηpi (i = 1, 2) corre- delity and the efficiency of the P-P-SWAP gate can reach
sponding to the two different polarization states |φ± ip FSW AP = 99.46% and ηSW AP = 90.08%, respectively.
and |ψ ± ip . For the spatial-mode parity-check QND, In our proposal, the two cavity modes with right- and
there exist eight fidelities FSi (i = 1 ∼ 8) and eight left- circular polarizations, which couple to the two tran-
efficiencies ηSi (i = 1 ∼ 8) corresponding to the states sitions |+i ↔ |A2 i and |−i ↔ |A2 i respectively, are re-
|φ± ip |φ± iF |φ± iS , |ψ ± ip |φ± iF |φ± iS , |φ± ip |φ± iF |ψ ± iS , quired. Many good experiments that provide a cavity
|ψ ± ip |φ± iF |ψ ± iS , |φ± ip |ψ ± iF |φ± iS , |ψ ± ip |ψ ± iF |φ± iS , supporting both of two circularly-polarized modes with
|φ± ip |ψ ± iF |ψ ± iS , and |ψ ± ip |ψ ± iF |ψ ± iS , respectively. the same frequency have been realized [57–63]. For ex-
As r0 is not affected by g, κ, nor γ, we have FS2 (ηS2 ) = ample, Luxmoore et al. [57] presented a technique for
FS4 (ηS4 ) = FS6 (ηS6 ) = FS7 (ηS7 ) = FS8 (ηS8 ) and fine tuning of the energy split between the two circularly-
FS3 (ηS3 ) = FS5 (ηS5 ). The fidelities and the efficiencies polarized modes to just 0.15nm in 2012.
(discussed the detail in the Appendix) of the polarization In summary, we have proposed a hyper-EPP for
parity-check QND, spatial parity-check QND, and the P- the mixed hyperentangled Bell states with bit-flip er-
√
P-SWAP gate, which vary with the parameter g/ κγ, rors in three DOFs, including the polarization and two
are shown in Fig. 10, Figs. 11, and 12, respectively. longitudinal-momentum DOFs. Our hyper-EPP is com-
By far, several groups have experimentally demon- pleted with one or two steps. In the first step, Alice and
strated the coupling between a diamond NV center and a Bob perform the P-S-QNDs and Hadamard operations
microcavity [49–52]. In 2009, Barclay et al. [49] reported on their own photons. If the states of the two photon
their experiment with the parameters [g, κ, γtot , γ]/2π = pairs are projected into the states in case (1), the hyper-
[0.30, 26, 0.013, 0.0004]GHz for coupling the diamond NV entanglement purification process is accomplished and it
centers to a chip-based microcavity. This experiment is costs one photon pair to purify another one. If the states
implemented in a weak coupling regime with a low-Q fac- of the two photon pairs are projected into cases (3), (4),
tor. In their experiment, the NV center coherent coupling (5), (6), (7) and (8), the second step of our hyper-EPP
rate within the narrow-band zero phonon line (ZPL) is is needed. In the second step, Alice and Bob swap the
almost one-third of the total coupling rate. We have r = states between two-photon systems in the same DOF or
0.94 at ω0 = ωp = ωc . Based on their experimental pa- between different DOFs of the one photon by the method
13
On the contrary, when the photons AC are in the Finally, the photons C and D are detected by single-
odd-parity modes and BD are in the even-parity modes photon detectors, respectively. If the photons CD
at the same time in the polarization DOF, in the are in the even-parity mode in the polarization DOF
first-longitudinal-momentum DOF or in the second- (the first-longitudinal-momentum DOF or the second-
longitudinal-momentum DOF, Alice and Bob obtain the longitudinal-momentum DOF), nothing is needed to be
14
There exist two fidelities FP 1,2 and efficiencies ηP 1,2 of the polarization parity-check QND. The fidelity (efficiency)
FP 1 (ηP 1 ) corresponds to the states |φ± ip |φ± iF |φ± iS , |φ± ip |φ± iF |ψ ± iS , |φ± ip |ψ ± iF |φ± iS , and |φ± ip |ψ ± iF |ψ ± iS .
The fidelity (efficiency) FP 2 (ηP 2 ) corresponds to the states |ψ ± ip |φ± iF |φ± iS , |ψ ± ip |φ± iF |ψ ± iS , |ψ ± ip |ψ ± iF |φ± iS ,
and |ψ ± ip |ψ ± iF |ψ ± iS . The fidelities of the polarization parity-check QND can be expressed as
|2 + r2 + r02 |2 |r − r0 |2
FP 1 = , FP 2 = . (44)
4[2 + |r2 |2 + |r02 |2 ] 2[|r|2 + |r0 |2 ]
The efficiencies of the polarization parity-check QND can be expressed as
1 1
ηp1 = [2 + |r2 |2 + |r02 |2 ], ηP 2 = [|r0 |2 + |r|2 ]. (45)
4 2
√
The fidelity and the efficiency of the polarization parity-check QND, which vary with the parameter g/ κγ, are shown
in Figs. 9(a) and 9(b), respectively.
For the spatial-mode parity-check QND, there exist eight fidelities FSi (i = 1, 2, · · · , 8) and eight efficiencies ηSi (i =
1, 2, · · · , 8) corresponding to the states |φ± ip |φ± iF |φ± iF , |ψ ± ip |φ± iF |φ± iF , |φ± ip |φ± iF |ψ ± iF , |ψ ± ip |φ± iF |ψ ± iF ,
|φ± ip |ψ ± iF |φ± iF , |ψ ± ip |ψ ± iF |φ± iF , |φ± ip |ψ ± iF |ψ ± iF , and |ψ ± ip |ψ ± iF |ψ ± iF , respectively. The fidelities of the
spatial-mode parity-check QND can be expressed as
|(r2 + r02 )2 + 4(r2 + r02 ) + 4|2
FS1 = ,
16[4(|r2 |2 + |r02 |2 ) + (|r4 |2 + 2|r2 r02 |2 + |r04 |2 ) + 4]
|r2 r02 − 2rr0 + 1|2
FS2 = ,
4[|r2 r02 |2 + 2|rr0 |2 + 1]
|(r2 + r02 )(r − r0 ) + 2(r − r0 )|2
FS3 = ,
8[(|r3 |2 + |r03 |2 + |r0 r2 |2 + |r02 r|2 ) + 2(|r|2 + |r0 |2 )]
|(r − r0 )(1 − rr0 )|2
FS4 = 2 ,
4[|rr0 |2 + |r0 r2 |2 + |r|2 + |r0 |2 ]
(46)
|(r2 + r02 )(r − r0 ) + 2(r − r0 )|2
FS5 = ,
8[(|r3 |2 + |rr02 |2 + |r0 r2 |2 + |r03 |2 ) + 2(|r|2 + |r0 |2 )]
|(r − r0 )(1 − rr0 )|2
FS6 = ,
4[|r|2 + |r0 |2 + |rr02 |2 + |r0 r2 |2 ]
|r2 + r02 − 2rr0 |2
FS7 = ,
4[|r2 |2 + 2|rr0 |2 + |r02 |2 ]
|r2 + r02 − 2rr0 |2
FS8 = .
4[|r2 |2 + 2|rr0 |2 + |r02 |2 ]
The efficiencies of the spatial-mode parity-check QND can be expressed as
1
ηS1 = [4(|r2 |2 + |r02 |2 ) + (|r4 |2 + 2|r2 r02 |2 + |r04 |2 ) + 4],
16
1 2 22
ηS2 = [|r r0 | + 2|rr0 |2 + 1],
4
1
ηS3 = [(|r3 |2 + |r03 |2 + |r0 r2 |2 + |r02 r|2 ) + 2(|r|2 + |r0 |2 )],
8
1
ηS4 = [|rr02 |2 + |r0 r2 |2 + |r|2 + |r0 |2 ],
4 (47)
1
ηS5 = [(|r3 |2 + |rr02 |2 + |r0 r2 |2 + |r03 |2 ) + 2(|r|2 + |r0 |2 )],
8
1 2
ηS6 = [|r| + |r0 |2 + |rr02 |2 + |r0 r2 |2 ],
4
1 22
ηS7 = [|r | + 2|rr0 |2 + |r02 |2 ],
4
1 22
ηS8 = [|r | + 2|rr0 |2 + |r02 |2 ].
4
16
As r0 = −1 is an exact value, we have FS2 (ηS2 ) = FS4 (ηS4 ) = FS6 (ηS6 ) = FS7 (ηS7 ) = FS8 (ηS8 ) and FS3 (ηS3 ) =
FS5 (ηS5 ). The fidelities and the efficiencies of the spatial-mode parity-check QND, which vary with the parameter
√
g/ κγ, are shown in Figs. 10(a) and 10(b), respectively.
The fidelity and the efficiency of the P-P-SWAP gate proposed in Sec.IV(A) can be expressed as
′ |f1′ + f2′ + f3′ + f4′ + f4′ + f5′ + f6′ + f7′ + f8′ |2
FSW AP = ′ ,
ηSW AP
1
′
ηSW AP = [|2α1 α2 r2 + (α1 β2 + β1 α2 )(r2 r0 + r3 + r03 − r02 r) + β1 β2 (r4 + r04 )|2
32
+ |2α1 α2 r2 + (α1 β2 + β1 α2 )(r2 r0 + r3 − r03 + r02 r) + β1 β2 (r4 − r04 + 2r2 r02 )|2
+ |2α1 α2 r − (α1 β2 − β1 α2 )(r2 + r02 ) − β1 β2 (rr02 + r3 + r03 − r0 r2 )|2
(48)
+ |2α1 α2 r − (α1 β2 − β1 α2 )(2rr0 + r2 − r02 ) − β1 β2 (rr02 + r3 − r03 + r0 r2 )|2
+ |2α1 α2 r + (α1 β2 − β1 α2 )(r2 + r02 ) − β1 β2 (rr02 + r3 + r03 − r0 r2 )|2
+ |2α1 α2 r + (α1 β2 − β1 α2 )(2rr0 + r2 − r02 ) − β1 β2 (rr02 + r3 − r03 + r0 r2 )|2
+ |2α1 α2 − 2(α1 β2 + β1 α2 )r0 + 2β1 β2 r02 |2
+ |2α1 α2 − 2(α1 β2 + β1 α2 )r + 2β1 β2 r2 |2 ].
Here,
1
f1′ = [2α1 α2 r2 + (α1 β2 + β1 α2 )(r2 r0 + r3 + r03 − r02 r) + β1 β2 (r4 + r04 )](α1 − β1 )(α2 − β2 ),
16
1
f2′ = [2α1 α2 r2 + (α1 β2 + β1 α2 )(r2 r0 + r3 − r03 + r02 r) + β1 β2 (r4 − r04 + 2r2 r02 )](α1 + β1 )(α2 + β2 ),
16
1
f3′ = [2α1 α2 r − (α1 β2 − β1 α2 )(r2 + r02 ) − β1 β2 (rr02 + r3 + r03 − r0 r2 )](α1 + β1 )(α2 − β2 ),
16
1
f4′ = [2α1 α2 r − (α1 β2 − β1 α2 )(2rr0 + r2 − r02 ) − β1 β2 (rr02 + r3 − r03 + r0 r2 )](α1 − β1 )(α2 + β2 ),
16 (49)
′ 1 2 2 2 3 3 2
f5 = [2α1 α2 r + (α1 β2 − β1 α2 )(r + r0 ) − β1 β2 (rr0 + r + r0 − r0 r )](α1 − β1 )(α2 + β2 ),
16
1
f6′ = [2α1 α2 r + (α1 β2 − β1 α2 )(2rr0 + r2 − r02 ) − β1 β2 (rr02 + r3 − r03 + r0 r2 )](α1 + β1 )(α2 − β2 ),
16
1
f7′ = [2α1 α2 − 2(α1 β2 + β1 α2 )r0 + 2β1 β2 r02 ](α1 + β1 )(α2 + β2 ),
16
1
f8′ = [2α1 α2 − 2(α1 β2 + β1 α2 )r + 2β1 β2 r2 ](α1 − β1 )(α2 − β2 ).
16
In our hyper-EPP, our P-P-SWAP gate is used to swap the maximally entangled states between two photon pairs,
and α1 = β1 = α2 = β2 . Thus, the fidelity and efficiency of the P-P-SWAP gate can be expressed as
|f1 + f2 |2
FSW AP = ,
ηSW AP
1 1
ηSW AP = [|r2 + r2 r0 + r3 + r03 − r02 r + (r4 + r04 )|2
32 2
1 (50)
+ |r2 + r2 r0 + r3 − r03 + r02 r + (r4 − r04 + 2r2 r02 )|2
2
1 1
+ 2|r − (rr02 + r3 + r03 − r0 r2 )|2 + 2|r − (rr02 + r3 − r03 + r0 r2 )|2
2 2
+ |1 − 2r0 + r02 |2 + |1 − 2r + r2 |2 ].
1
Here f1 = 16 [2r2 + 2(r2 r0 + r3 − r03 + r02 r) + r4 − r04 + 2r2 r02 ] and f2 = 81 (r0 − 1)2 . The fidelity and the efficiency of
√
our P-P-SWAP gate varying with the parameter g/ κγ are shown in Figs. 11(a) and 11(b), respectively.
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