SOCIAL SCIENCES

STUDENT NAME

IRFAN MUNIR

REGISTRATION #

2015-UET-SCET-RYK-CIVIL-19

SESSION #

2015 - 2019

SUBMITTED TO
ASSIGNMENT NO

MEM HAMNA
:

02

SWEDISH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RAHIM YAR KHAN

POPULATION DYNAMICS
Population dynamics is the branch of life sciences that studies the size and age
composition of populations as dynamical systems, and the biological and
environmental processes driving them (such as birth and death rates, and by
immigration and emigration).

(Human Population Dynamics)

EXAMPLE: - Kenya was one of the first countries in sub-Saharan Africa to
experience a demographic transition in the early 1980s. However, the current
situation indicates a stall in fertility decline and an upsurge in mortality
particularly at infancy. On the basis of the KIHBS 2005/06, Kenyas population
in 2006 was projected at 35.51 million. In 2006, 79.9% of the population lived
in rural areas compared with 20.1% in urban areas, which sharply contrasts with
an urbanization rate of 18% in 1989, 15% in1979 and 8% in 1969.

WORLD POPULATION GROWTH

World population refers to the total number of living humans on Earth. World
population 21, July 2015, at 8.46pm

The world population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the
Great Famine and the Black Death in 1350, when it was near 370 million.
Six of Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale.
Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.3 billion inhabitants accounting
for 60% of the world population.

The world's two most populated countries alone, China and India, together
constitute about 37% of the world's population.

Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1 billion people, or
15% of the world's population.

Europe's 733 million people make up 12% of the world's population as of 2012.

Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million (9%).

Northern America (United States and Canada) has a population of around 352
million (5%).

Oceania, the least-populated region, has about 35 million inhabitants (0.5%).

Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population, based mainly in

polar science stations.

POPULATION POLICY IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan is a divided country with different religious groups represented. Since
independence in 1941, the Muslim population has increased more rapidly than
the Hindu population, the West Pakistan population more rapidly and steadily
than the East Pakistan population. In the late 1950s the Pakistan government
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initiated a family planning program. The program has trained medical and
paramedical personnel in family planning, added family planning services to
existing medical centers, planned for a National Research Institute of Family
Planning, employed mobile units to reach outlying areas, conducted limited
clinical studies on some contraceptives, and used mass media advertising. Only
India and Japan are doing more with government-sponsored family planning. A
weak organizational structure and an inadequate number of trained personnel
are the main weakness of the program. It is too early to assess the success of the
program. A 10-point reduction in annual birth rates will be considered
successful.
URBANIZATION
Urbanization is a process whereby populations move from rural to urban area,
enabling cities and towns to grow. It can also be termed as the progressive
increase of the number of people living in towns and cities. It is highly
influenced by the notion that cities and towns have achieved better economic,
political, and social mileages compared to the rural areas.

CAUSES OF URBANIZATION
Industrialization: - Industrialization is a trend representing a shift from the old
agricultural economics to novel non-agricultural economy, which creates a
modernized society. Through industrial revolution, more people have been
attracted to move from rural to urban areas on the account of improved
employment opportunities.
Commercialization: - Commerce and trade play a major role in urbanization.
The distribution of goods and services and commercial transactions in the
modern era has developed modern marketing institutions and exchange methods
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that have tremendously given rise to the growth of towns and cities.
Commercialization and trade comes with the general perception that the towns
and cities offer better commercial opportunities and returns compared to the
rural areas.
Social Benefits and Services: - There are numerous social benefits attributed to
life in the cities and towns. Examples include better educational facilities, better
living standards, better sanitation and housing, better health care, better
recreation facilities, and better social life in general. On this account, more and
more people are prompted to migrate into cities and towns to obtain the wide
variety of social benefits and services which are unavailable in the rural areas.
Employment Opportunities: - In cities and towns, there are ample job
opportunities that continually draw people from the rural areas to seek better
livelihood. Therefore, the majority of people frequently migrate into urban areas
to access well paying jobs as urban areas have countless employment
opportunities in all developmental sectors such as public health, education,
transport, sports and recreation, industries, and business enterprises. Services
and industries generate and increase higher value-added jobs, and this leads to
more employment opportunities.
Rural Urban Transformation: - As localities become more fruitful and
prosperous due to the discovery of minerals, resource exploitation, or
agricultural activities, cities start emerging as the rural areas transform to
urbanism. The increase in productivity leads to economic growth and higher
value-added employment opportunities.

EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION
Positive Effects Of Urbanization: - Urbanization yields several positive effects
if it happens within the appropriate limits. Some of the positive implications of
urbanization

therefore

include

creation

of

employment

opportunities,

technological and infrastructural advancements, improved transportation and

communication, quality educational and medical facilities, and improved
standards of living. However, extensive urbanization mostly results in adverse
effects. Below listed points are few of them.
Housing Problems: - Urbanization attracts people to cities and towns which
lead to high population increase. With the increase in the number of people
living in urban centers, there is continued scarcity of houses. This is due to
insufficient expansion space for housing and public utilities, poverty,
unemployment, and costly building materials which can only be afforded by
few individuals.
Overcrowding: - Overcrowding is a situation whereby a huge number of
people live in a small space. This form of congestion in urban areas is consistent
because of overpopulation and it is an aspect that increases day by day as more
people and immigrants move into cities and towns in search of better life. Most
people from rural or undeveloped areas always have the urge of migrating into
the city that normally leads to congestion of people within a small area.
Unemployment: - The problem of joblessness is highest in urban areas and it is
even higher among the educated people. It is estimated that more than half of
unemployed youths around the globe live in metropolitan cities. And, as much
as income in urban areas is high, the costs of living make the incomes to seem
horribly low. The increasing relocation of people from rural or developing areas
to urban areas is the leading cause of urban unemployment.
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Development Of Slums: - The cost of living in urban areas is very high. When
this is combined with random and unexpected growth as well as unemployment,
there is the spread of unlawful resident settlements represented by slums and
squatters. The growth of slums and squatters in urban areas is even further
exacerbated by fast-paced industrialization, lack of developed land for housing,
large influx of rural immigrants to the cities in search of better life, and the
elevated prices of land beyond the reach of the urban poor.
Water And Sanitation Problems: - Because of overpopulation and rapid
population increase in most urban centers, it is common to find there are
inadequate sewage facilities. Municipalities and local governments are faced
with serious resource crisis in the management of sewage facilities. As a result,
sanitation becomes poor and sewages flow chaotically, and they are drained into
neighboring streams, rivers, lakes, or seas. Eventually, communicable diseases
such as typhoid, dysentery, plague, and diarrhea spread very fast leading to
suffering and even deaths. Overcrowding also highly contributes to water
scarcity as supply falls short of demand.
Poor Health And Spread Of Diseases: - The social, economic and living
conditions in congested urban areas affects access and utilization of public
health care services. Slum areas in particular experience poor sanitation and
insufficient water supply which generally make slum populations susceptible to
communicable

diseases.

The environmental

problems such

as urban

pollution also cause many health problems namely allergies, asthma, infertility,
food poisoning, cancer and even premature deaths.
POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Pakistan, currently with a population of 164.6 million and with a growth rate of
1.7% per annum and an annual addition of 2.8 million persons, presents a
challenge to address the issue of economic development and poverty reduction.
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Such an annual addition to the population, in the backdrop of low socioeconomic indicators, not only dilutes the results of the development efforts but
also creates unbearable level of demand on limited resources to meet the
requirements of additional population. It is estimated that, population of
Pakistan will reach to 193.8 million by 2020. Based on present growth patterns
and trends, the economy will not be able to sustain the growing population, and
hardly any improvement in the quality of life seems possible even under the
most favorable assumptions. This trend is, therefore, a matter of deep concern
and becomes a central issue in the overall planning perspective as well as
poverty reduction strategy. Increase of population in the urban areas (3.1% per
annum) is contributing to the growth of slums, shanty towns, traffic congestion,
and shortage of basic infrastructure and social services. This problem is
becoming un-manageable and it is very difficult to expand urban services and
facilities adequately to cope with the growing pressure of the increasing
population. Beside other factors, it is creating law and order situation. The other
population-related problem is the degradation of environment, which are not
only affecting urban centers but also the rural areas. Forests are being depleted.
Availability of agricultural land per person is as low as about 0.2 hectare and
even that is under stress due to erosion, water logging and salinity. The situation
is further aggravated by fragmentation of land caused by increasing population.
ANTHROPOLOGY
The scientific study of the origin, development, and varieties of human beings
and their societies, particularly so-called primitive societies.
RESEARCH METHODS IN ANTHROPOLOGY
Action Research
Case Study Research
Ethnography
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 Grounded Theory
Action Research: - Action research aims to contribute both to the practical
concerns of people in an immediate problematic situation and to the goals of
social science by joint collaboration within a mutually acceptable ethical
framework.
Case Study Research: - The term Case Study" has multiple meanings. It can
be used to describe a unit of analysis (e.g. a case study of a particular
organization) or to describe a research method.
Ethnography: - Ethnographic research comes purely from the discipline of
social and cultural anthropology where an ethnographer is required to spend a
significant amount of time in the field & conduct an in-depth research.
Grounded Theory: - Grounded theory is a research method that seeks to
develop theory that is grounded in data systematically gathered and analyzed.
THERE ARE MANY AREAS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY
Sociocultural Anthropology - Seeks to understand the internal
logic of societies through ethnography.
Archaeology - Retrieves artifacts from the past and places them in
context to understand our history and its relevance for today.
Physical

Anthropology -

Traces

our

biological

origins,

evolutionary development, and genetic diversity.

Linguistic Anthropology - Seeks to explain the very nature of
language and its use by humans.
Medical Anthropology - Seeks to better understand factors that
influence peoples' health and well being.
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 Forensic Anthropology - Seeks to identify skeletal, or otherwise

decomposed, human remains.
Business Anthropology - Helps businesses gain a better
understanding of their activities and customers.
Visual

Anthropology - Documents

everyday

life

through

filmmaking.
Environmental Anthropology - Believes that the well-being of
the environment goes hand in hand with the well-being of people.
Museum

Anthropology - Interprets

ethnographic

and

archaeological collections to the general public.

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