f zosio by Allan LytelThis handy reference is @ compilation of transstorized and sold-stte circuits, in- cluding ciruits for power-supplies, converters, inverters, voltage regulators, ond lectronic ripple filters. Some ofthe cireis vie ranistor, others vto alien rectfers,and @ few use both. ‘Other semicondvetor devices used includ> Thyrector diodes, SCRs, zener diodes, power diodes, ete. An introductory section gives helpful information on certain precautions to be taken ‘when you ore constructing the various circuits Also included in ths section is @ chart on the cvaracteratice of common recifer circuits, plus three rectiferselection hosts. ‘Solid-State Pows: Supplies and Convertors is on eaty-o-vse source of information ‘onthe operation end application af sld-sate power supplies. Engineers, techricians, ‘experimenters, students, ond hobbyists will oll find the circuits of intrest and the material of valve in research, development, experimentation, end general studies of circuitry, land Syracuse Universities. lechnlesl afcas. He also prepared and conductea.« course on sigal ‘computers. Mr. Lys last postion was an information officer of Syra- use University Rosearch Gorp.and a staf member of the Syracuse Uni Seri Seal ot dounaon Former, he wax presto Alan Ue ‘and. manager of U. 5. Electronic Publicalons: he also held boaters wih Conera’ Elctde Company. Radio Cororeton ot Aercs, Sno Aveo Corp. Ho was a member ofthe Insie ot lectcal and Elec: ttonios Enginaere and a senior member of the Society of Techical Weitere tha Publlners. Other SAMS books by Mr. Lyel Include: Mandbook of ‘Transistor Circus, ABC's of Siicon Cantoed Rectiiers, ABC's of Com puters, and many mere.} SOLID-STATE | POWER SUPPLIES } AND CONVERTERS by Allan Lytel Howord W, Sams 6.60.06:© 198 Hamad WS 4 Ca Set poctai oir opulent {rar of Corps Caaog Cae Note 629008 PREFACE io ms of venoms dvi i ie 3 proving ow spi rae Saisie power supls Yo power eee cree ae as ‘ing drelpeUalte tage vacuum abe powersuply cei Sine cei aze sr an compar thin Sle ot ‘nly th soltate power upry ta comer, “Ti wok hm calanoid powersupy cect ek lings to nite ale the exiting seen ones A te led epee ccs ef each of the Be drat etc has treme with thomat iprams, pars vals, nd all ecesary ‘ds wo surance caw, Anon erences thi book pos or manatee "Aclnoredgment mst te gen 10 the flowing tmaneactres, she rppac eho hs tl nach an Yo wes ret” Beat Carp CBS Elestronks Dvson, CS, Ie; Doe Radi Di ‘Geert Maton Carp: Conrad Eiees Co Ines Reciee (Corp Moors Semiconductor Prose’ Radio Corporation ot ‘mee Sires Taran, Ie; Tex Instrrmenty, Is Tad rnsCONTENTSstcnion & vena PSE bd dala atv ere hoe irene Botan loess hq in ieee co Se eee ee ——— INTRODUCTION “This book cove 4 wide ene of sostate rete wd power sup icin ed ileum, hth ce od pars viuc ead ath lnforiton oseary to tal the poet Sp tious power tmsisor nd retire very raed dees iat cae sep comes ugh este omonry mechan {et Soci tte molded Hs importa fo sold exten shock rex bending revising othe device leds hen they a ag sldred "When operated win tno rags ase anpcoets il prove long and wl Me Wm pwc, howe ‘Ser tat een sm etae vstage cee pont des ‘may nisuncoualy dos unt sch 2 power Wanton “When you ry Welding or eaperinetng oh ae een important tke sen peste. TRe plac of the fae ‘ply welt forthe cecal soul be chched ad then dele helte An crest unt eam dame the esastas we ‘iy cnc cyan ed tn he cae Afra mew coe ‘oan bel tee the vlog should We spied es) ‘ag begening hs val blow nema che he bec Feb sei the teat operation coe Is inpratt ery ft Ngsolnge surge tne Ean utreplted 12clerni power sulcatus posible la his power Spy ik astrge atey nero sta he vlge ‘fie powcesoply scat appr to be opening prope, secer caret aod ir stent i he overran ge ‘ha epsor, were sme wed boul be eased td the Ss ‘Shastry. Thr wl prevent any Tomeom Garage ‘peang traitor beyond ts Bema Cates "Aol cas eben tented ey hve bre comet ested and wl provide aceleatpetamance No yeas ted ‘technol deals Se pen ince ey ary wey wih cerca ‘Roemer wel ssa ess abd shapes af the components ‘anoyed The Gok of component puts very importa sos {he petoranc tne siete dpe 0 he qual the am ‘oes tnd te core taken yout aswell ate cae taken In ‘Sncrcon Io at cans, tadarmers canbe otlaed fm Sect pans eae by specting th equ character, The trois tings gen fr os ae bed co eho of cons ‘eta provide neque wettn, ad compat nto th ‘oulaon les tan hrmal may rue resto of pe waage ‘alee. ‘Cerin tag ig ee inom wei was requ, Paper, mica oF ceanie captors wh High ‘Se thn thw pn my be df he pec we, of eh poston wil ec ate te equipment layout. Where selyic seca win moc pier vag rats canto en ed {hey my nt or comply at he reat operating sla, a Soe cn pcan inh a toll es 7 Beane Gorgon Dee” ‘ber Sea New York (so Garaoa Pace Sega ‘New York, New York ‘angers exemes ca be damaging ta war, Power traits shoud el be mounted ona et ik edit, od re sor ep pte e S head e Shih wah imelocsd bt and ee awather between anna ‘ad choss TEncive heat i an enemy of power transi. Since tet i eae i lect co cures, wich fuss the onerous er heat hen devoped hb posse hat th raph va {Sarma ronmvay, cco cin be aaa by ng hero ‘riemperatre ive estore ne cre so a aces Siemperawre dare he turtrsmier volage, tue bina ‘eee cal cael Samir bat ike are mecesry in sust powertrain ap- pletion ig 1 sbovs the Doep 720951 Bet sak made fet ied duninum Ths bart aomial weight of © ounce and Ste {ice ata of about 100 agar nn. The mula 0 Wo erent (pps of aneon ins Beats ie shorn Fg The we ot ‘RE fnownng his wil alow the ied outing of tains Ao hc hn sk The fective of + partir Bet lk Sependscn the ovat interfce neen the taser andthe Heatsink ‘Slices We satya he mow mascot be ate for either tnd the cecvene oh cota pends on he Trigg te sate de prscre lig tim fpr The {Sra gree or of ene char fo minnie he et ‘ay ses iuplniy whce te tro une mec A ape ‘jy alono tpe 200 (Dem Coctng Corp Md Mcheon Teen te et ee Cau pe fn sw Fig 3 Ts ope hen sk as sled spe a wed {iby lan ofthe ate Sessa te hao oe nme on Be mound fe at ae ‘suicon atcrens Stzon rats can be ome por dis sng sion Aco mvterals Tey have so Yona rssanc snd gh back ‘ebtanes tee rvfrs con be operated a terres ep 10 [TapC and mah comes of 100 pers or more vag els St 100 sl. Tere re many sas ud shapes of sk eer, alg We mae pes rly ned for omer supe (Tp 4) ese ss ‘Got bine pal eae Plog pes (Fg 5) he hg aia ‘han the legge The ne ttt cer se shown te Fig. 6 For sever sas, ate sucha how shove in Fg 7 fe ‘Sikon roils provide Nghwctcaton ciency Decne of na igh frwardoevene cant atx wen ee propels ‘tym esl vec in power-up ccs Aleugh thy an eptte at Na empties son feet we etre Sapam a onc anader fae Bring vver arama out creo oat = sige eves volage depending on the ype of doe iere Ber ‘ip ncsae it evene rea. satage Kowa theavalanche, breshdors, or ner vole. This eet or a ener ‘Seder for elton. “Salen fier normally requies forward voltage of beween (04 and 0.7 wa depending on te reer pe. ice te eet faa soil mash th forward vokape drop mus be cae trols to prevent enweding fhe mati vale fr the pares Seon ree were oignally developed for we in eo-de con sete baer charges, mobe pore supplies, a he ape. Ting Doomse of tite exseent Character, ty are now Beng {akin omer suptes for al yes of stole equlsat Tnaldton tote weal dod eee, he seen coal st Set tBCR) 6 postal ik if wc vats poe Ee points onthe ac cick, SCR are gery td In power ng! cela, whe siandud power-supel) dient oie uss ‘odeCaren wualyspcie ia thee dierent ways, The mama coor formar erent tha tr erent which w aoe 10 ‘low inthe foward ection t's pei amblet or esetempeae fire Average caren are typical tom 0.8 ampere 19 8 RED 15750 smers for speci eter yes. The minum reouren Toward eaen he masimam tepetineivtantncous cre forward tren ander specie conden. The maximum sue “ane preset nonreptve peak crea hal can oor In 2 Single forward jee Surge curent or peak cute sch a9 rly cvur won the equipment Is taed on or when thre et ‘mal anesthe ie "To pennt exe hes esc eter an be mounted on eats ataced to the he-cnducing de of he rece. A eat Aint wil lw the rter to dante rg amount of Bet (hs Pyolecting the rectifer cent agaist damage. The sue of eat Tink Yor‘ aps applcaton depends on the matoum sterape Keeward cat and he awate fect temperature Tie ponble tue leon reir in sees when the expected amped Tevene wget preter than the manamum peak evese ‘elng rating or» polar recs cel. Whom cls teased In ‘Sec very portant tha tho applied ogee died aly ‘ros the Indl reser; etbervne an ineanancos volage ‘ester han the rated msnimam sight be applied srs a nial ci For ths purpose shot resto And shust capac te wed ‘b equalan the ola spe to theses restos bth restos hd eapoctor shoud be ses ina ect He going t Be ching Teciies can te ase in parallel when the maximum weroge forward coreat routed for price applesion gente an ‘he matinum average forward cron rating for annul eter (SILA reo or vir shoud be ai oss ith each cel In over to avoid dieenes in Vln oa appearing sou te sis vee ‘Charceratis of vere basic retier ccs at showa ia Chat 1 ‘Asuming aco lowardvaloe drop And of reverse Set ‘he sees the tate compares the feven les for vas Dorameers ‘There 8 small ear sp eung thi able, but tis te foward de. “espe heme get A) Seles oe aca fered of ewes Te sage rose el hs te (Shoe custt tow nd te spe al of cpt ipl, A ro i yn py ri pi aetna eae ret eas Ee se ee ae rere et ee ee air cement mennioes ae S Peete mast aero erare et ase oe ae ee pce arene ce ere . at aan ee sin ah eerie oe ear elena Oe ec ee errs Reon re : See a eee mre fe tne figs cee naeeaaes Scent cerca cere | ee oe eee are en tan Pe er soe a el ree ee ei eae Do eee aa), etree ener eee Sos oe nee Poe ee oe os ace mem se coe oe een eee tomas nee SS erieen er ee Pa can cerns ec le ea rei nea Se Se al ee ee et cc ea ance ro"MOIAYMBOSNI TWHONIGQY 20 e4t 40) |J99 pesos wnudo oy! #1 40P oy MOIOq sgiuowennbes (Ad) B04 esieass yoad ueunae1 yyy yueuesnbes usu eBoiend jo uowDeriow of Ajeainen eno @ spt [pisezo4 uo 92 s94201 J0d | sHeuIM> eSoH0ND 010907 woe egoatce 29105 © SLNINOWOD UIHILDTY WHINVIWR9 ONY NODITIS OL LUVHD NOLLDIHS AGNVH VY & eeenSection 1 POWER SUPPLIES [UNREGULATIO PowER SUPPLIES “Two dierent types of vnteguaed pover mpl ar shown bere a Fig A, fll ave lie eter shaw sing four sen ds, ech lode having» 100 peakivese aig. ‘There ae ‘ur fren nae thatthe cco in Fig A may be conned sig rimay terms 1 and'3 ote Wanforer with te Sex ‘oda teins conested le pra! at the coke terminals con tected in pars te diode rating mse be 1.3 amperes, and the pesteeecs Valac & 70 ches. Untes se con te oupet Bate at 23 amperes with 175 ‘With pinary veins | nod 2 being used, and the secondary rat ofthe trsntormer ae athe choke termina coon in poral the dogs cary 1.3 amperes, and he restanse should ‘el cme: Unser tits soadton te outta t 25 ampere wih a 12% regan ‘Using terminals I and ofthe primary, with the sconary minds oamected in eric and ie choke terminals conoeted feos each doe wil sondut 0.78 ampere andthe esac aegee e275 15 gi peace ric gra we oo ae eta Sisco Reese eee mecae prea oa sce come coe toa Ve pao sien eras sae emer nenleetopeeds 32 ae at 8 te eo ti ee mea Secheat ee eta baa eae ah pee cand ee type stay Eee crccecnsseinie epee paseo escent ome Sig Say Toge oot oe Se Feds anion Seat ve arse ASIC LOW-VOLTAGE SUPPLIES ‘Thee hate low-voltage power supplies are shown. Fig. A shows 4 hatrwave suppy, Fig Babows # ulave sappy. snd Fig C ‘hows voltage doubler Tig. isa Sop bana creu, With a poveragsormer with ees neem pe eee a ‘duces from 270 to 290 volts de. - BS eee sma a x weterin ane EES a ee See erate a each ine pete ence i Sen es eee Foote BE wires, mais a elaine leet =) Se ee ae pes © eee Ry cca wr eacee Saleem Seen ee eee aeR 40H, ihe F-4, ore STL Thee reser have & maximum peak “nets tltage of 400 vel, «mata ras volge of 280, und fT tnnimum € current of 150-ma- EQUATED POWER SUPPLY ‘This crt shows a reputed power suply wit» 15. sv 300030; ie 4) 154 100 PIV INIGIS 02(1).75A 100 PIV INa4OB 21 Sav ZENER (ints20) 4 beuco anaai sim 7270725) ‘82 Rea. g030n (HEAT SKI tnd pom oneA regulator is wed 0 correct the ne-atge vations oad ‘ats. The ouput vtage canbe ard fram V3 fo 123 oh Sy mam of the contol inthe base of transon Q2 Oxipet ‘arent con vay fom Oo 2 amperes tse Smile ipl Bec The plan Yc Hc vs tom 18 1 12 ole ‘This i a simple cepted power spp operating tom 15 vos ‘and wing a single oes ttmor,Te eccrdee (.) to So-ma slim recites ia paral, ov the equhlen. This 6a seis type of regulated pover supply where te ouput vlog Ins Srstat for wide vratons the put The conde wl 1 aoa ever exceed 25 ve rms ‘Ar shown, 1 Gol butery ud for sefeese; however, the ety heey er de trl Te ASB te ual). is alo ponte to iain cio ales capa ok $B 6 vats, owe i hey ie eae ages or a ferent tener diode. The oui volage ths Ci SLI fst ot high han he reece Sure patents the ton 8 3 wah 2 016% ep rm ‘REOULATED POWER SUPPLY ‘Tis crt hows a elated power supply, wih 9 11S input ‘to termina and? ofthe tantormer Opa varie fom 26 {io 20 vad; for the adjustment seth control ne se te Shoe 08 "Atria th tpt fom the edge recessed woe ‘euisonsveat which compares the utp valage toa ecence ‘olage The postive endef he eutpu gruded and he negate ‘utp wtage canbe ward from 26 0 50 vie: Te te the ‘cups = O12. mlivlt. Regulsion with » ine vege aron rom 105 128 wae O15. Zon nen.Sw cw 20 win 16.784 Too iv. (IN 4408) 21 24V ZENER M2921 22 12V ZENER (INDI3) 41 Palco ane? wear EK) {2 O€LEo waa (sin 727o72s) 5 Texas anis7r ee eed poe wr.[REOULATID POWER SUPPLY This cist shows reputed over sippy fad fom 2 15.7 tine; the ouput from IH to 13 vl Se (the poste eI ‘Eounded) vita curest of Oto 2 amperes ‘Abia rifle sed with a choke td filter capacitor. The replatae ick compares the culpa volage wil the micreree ‘olla ad compensator any varios of ad etn Thee ee "pple of 0.5 rant. Wit ie ohage virion af 108 to 19S ‘sth meplton 0.196. Note the apc nture ofthe pound om the postive side; aches of N33 aa we, +d TeRow daa oa aw ww) D114) 54,100Lv.- INi6I3 _D2'.78A.100 RIy.-1NAOB 212 ZENER (isis) 22 39¥ ZENERUINISO?] {1 Pnicco 2N67! wear Sie) {2 DELco 2waat (Sine F2vOT2S) os Tetas 2nis7? ne poe nem com noe cheaper coe eee ieee a eee re Se Se ee as Pres se eae eek wen te ope ence renmemca Sa Saseremecaneeos a H-143# 1 (5) 75a 100 Pi (iN4408) 21 ey 2eNER (sw 08z) 01 Detco ened! (si 7270728), ‘22 REA. N30 [MEAT SINK) pee2-v0ur necuLaTED suppiy This cel shows 412 read powe styly wing wane tor types 2NI274 and T1300 The NIETO bw ea anal wavon whe the T1307 a poner wanton a gma cet hn ee de ‘tang in ouput volte fom so-oad toa full {Sampo tee Yo wie the pleat fad 30 hs Te oe inthe ostpt voage with «10% chang in he ine alge from the normal 117 vole ery soa Owe” a id ay 430/e00.voUr suppty 7h du-volgepoversuply that proves two vets out Bs on out 00 vet ot 179 ma i'n 1 pea oe ‘ood regulon such a is ele for» raioretcaey pone impr, and» wectnd output 450 vals a 25 ms Cates GTS, "pole, such ass eqied fora preamplier orev sens chose a & | __sg=_t tee‘Thre isn mmo ni fi atl ets To pov 6 Yale 4 volage cup an sda line former con be ted Poe the stopep tansormer. “ax thw, he tracer i aa a bie sser ceterssppe sw four sion Glos fn cach leg i ted for the ibe {usp The same transom used wth he rcie dods In the ‘mr igchand fps fo provide a fllwate recter forte lower ‘tage power tapi. The pb-vaape power suply we 3 choke Input filer, whe the low-volsge power spp ue # apastor inp fer. ded, he 4500 supply maybe reduced to 375 yb ‘etovagcapestor C3 tm the eu Transom separ ioe (C2) i ed to poet the eon rece sgit the voage tases ple arp i alo shown, Sed sugested sn safety prctton since in the ste of Smet 11 tana pot el rom pec then he ‘This cect shows 3 taiformeses dc pone supoly table fo ein ighweght equipment single cone ctf ss wit saan es momen Rita ft Tue Birat) in eas ‘ui «unintelligent fom he ine sure A apied wo he ce ssw, Thre aa ase delay ec he ten seule, one of whieh hr esbor R. ad cpacte Ci, Whe fhe other eitor Re and capactor Cy. The rete dies we Jo prvet rene caret fow oe ‘Renny Rite the olge which & phased to he pt ofthe combed rete changed: hee tb on te of Ered scr cn be vane. Capactor Cr i he euput te “eapuctor. At 100s of expt cute, is coupes 10 vols ‘Stpts st 00 ma of ute cre the cast Wola eros ‘pprocimely 6 ot [REQULATED A.C POWER SUPPLY “Tis cei shows regulator fore power andi performs he same fenton arr constants tanormer comer es nt aod ia sh ier spas. The line noiage ses with te 1554 St the git. shown Reto Ry i wed fades {0 sow the pak vokage pat 1 ieease when thee wet 1S ince Unsly sounding the Sing angie of he come esis snd causing» reduction Inthe vos applie 10 te look. ‘Restor Ry wd fo ada the creat for any dred ot ‘votge Current oop decried by the ring fe conte AEE aed fee recites hom i the cake coe etbe as much a6 32 ampere. Functionally bid tie is wid 1 provide de pome for jenn anion 2NIGTIA, whos Out is Yd the gt leads ofthe cota rcs TRANSFORMERLESS D.C POWER SUPPLY “This iat shows a lghweaht power supply deed 0 pro ace «Irae ott a 10 ma rom amanda le vl soe, ‘oot rt nition rar a i. Reh in the cet, restora aad Ry a wll capstone {0 male up the time delay. wich pa ofthe unjuncton tra sor sett tis tine delay determizes th enjencon itching. tthe vate of rsitor yi nce the utp slags of ‘eat deress. ‘The ge ples fom the uncon trast ‘Maple tthe gate othe conaed rece. Thess then {ued of aad By he unjunctoe tani and te chopped oe Ie tered by means of caparaor C.Whew this cxpcior 21000 ‘mistotrah, Showa i the eacuk 2 25% pple volge wl ap. Pear acon the loud restance tthe designed Senter vale of 1 ‘Sit and 100 milsmpees. Tia powersuppy efiserey i abut a Mee = z x“This cut shows a regulitd poner apply wing rete types INI, INTe}4 or IN, "A inp tthe dg eters 108 Ys maximum nd 68 vote minimums, both ofthese vlages ae ts vals. Outs 90 vats tment a op e100 mimpers A wana repltr fellows ey sue Tan ST the bridge fv Ts conentonal rece whee the 281041 om ‘Eompars« porn of the ouput vata tothe vlogs developed Se oor Stow the INT609 zener coe; ths tltags, by meas of he mine SNTIBAD want, & med fo cnt the aera testance ofthe ‘tansstors trough which the output cutent Sows Silene ASIC HIOHLVOLTAGE POWER SUPPLIES ae “Tne bas high-voluge power suppis ae shows. Fig. A sbows 1 halewane 10000 supply wing the S552 reir woe peak fave wage 3000 elt matinam mt vung: i 2100 ant ‘txinun caret 130 ba "A fulevave S000 Soply ule a edge recite is shown ia Fig The gested sicon dhe the ©9831 which hos 2 as itm peal-avene vgs of 000 vos, a maximum rs value of 000 Wo, snd a maim are 25 ma Tig shows a teephase 75000 suply wih a ftlaave scr inet The mee ie eto rscane Teoma C1 ne oat Bee ‘ pie ‘se u ; eseere Vio SmS do segece (2p pow we caer eee “0 meee tan aSection 2 VOLTAGE REGULATORS "wanior ety m the cent pth ofthe lod, pote ‘sreqied fs vr short ting Thee metods of prtecton (1) prtesan by fou svitcg, (2) preetcn By cureat on ofthe load chet an be obtaied ele thee 8 damage te rasios ving as regulstr.The eat shows compete or with» Sol inpt to 2 20 sepdown power tan pat of tis egal 6 vat nthe cst te 2NTWOI contol retir wil const win Imirosecond ater a short ct paced actos the feustr Me Vomys ay pen mite Se ty Faranthe same oe tation te comer ptt the same ampere fre woul need abot 400 mlecoes in {0 open, and byt tine the wassto woul probably be mage "Tyo, tr erent roves veut th ptt for the is team whch the NSA. Te ees rene tht tht ta tor preset fo he cet depends on te 2Mes6 whch mpi the ‘ror wap ssn fom the 2NGARB. The 2N34AB compares ton ofthe ouput vlog wih de ylage developed aeons he Inst ner ode ng meth ed anc [SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATOR {A propetoalvolagecoustor i Showa i Fig. A. i hice ‘ut volage proportional othe opt compared fo vl of ‘he retereoce loge (CR,) inthe emer elt of trnssor Oy ‘Avge proportonl 1 the outp Ylage fs cbained across te {ip on rsttr Re A diferent sonal amplied by tanior {the cup sigan of hs deta spies tad to conta {he coat mses ramsstor O, O efostay variable Secs feeiance. Than for this cei 217! ipa wit provide 4 Fes ‘ud otpt of 12 tls aD ampetes Fig. B toc shows the same cc except hata itnce (Lj) esque (C2), and dose (CH) Bre aed othe chess ndions Shang: the eeu no = sci ype a ce rf im Fg B capactor Cb dnconntes, te 5 mo eeback ike seman cca willbe fropena vag: reat one, hs capac conte im the coat the opert= Bon win te svicing ode since ere a pose fetack oop xsi: wal st The bse curest of waste O, has Yeo edi componets~one the charge and dha of castor nile the second component propriona tthe difernce ‘ollager Vy and Vy Transton Oy apd Oy tote wi actor Cj, frm 2 re runing miter "TAs sar, fet fs 0 ad off asst Oy, whe the eis rasan, idee this the ching ode o operation for thi verter. Fiterenctans Ly eto ae ens O, fom i apc (, so tat rolagesatrated operation 8 poate, Testor Ry determi Dae cue of aso Oy, and the tor the ress teria By Sing te pot wl by the ate cen forma oad Resse Ry pat of te ine an eter tat eons the gue of exec, while r= tt of the oat vetage, Resor Ry ‘oageeerense dade CR, wher limes the sen thou wanestor Oya tee eS i rnsior Oy Capac Cs es capacitor, espacio Ci feedback capa et which determines the frequeny of osllaton, wile capacor C, conti the frequency of ssaton st wel a having the fe [ton of suppesing any prassic clio. "Tare oe tour ddee ttn ces CR, prowess for tra “00 ad alow Os apy rye tn Ons CRe cami cl whe CRy resnce helehage in tramsor Oy CR, ftspceoe Gos ea is Ste ba fede tebe fics “The repulaton characterises for this cet are shown i Fi: StmIts VOLTAGE REGULATOR “This cet shows three tans i 2 ser vtlageegulitr woof thn wanes ar ype ANIA, we one 8 7 2Ni089" nse sage regulators hs ype, a easade ea ir wed to amply aiference signal osm enor which ned ty mean of 3 ompaon been par ofthe apt Woeos is io 1 Our (aMPenes) TI" 6 05 19) 1s 20 1 OUT (AMPERES) 25°C Tevineur TY ee re a {OUT (AMPERES) 40% rein testi peed eaniret, ee, sien whose ‘apa he dierece between to ference vole and te ‘age which eoportoal wo he eps. Tras OF, a oft, ‘Soe ses tramior 8, which provides thence feplton, “his chew as shown, aceps vokape input of 43 oly =5 “This eu hows series typeof vgs regulator with an aj aie ott Tap oth ct 0 fo 30 vt wie the oupat {am be aut frm 231630 ols defor seuent fom 0 110 {mre Line regulation i wha 1%, and oad repltion son ‘OS. A Lov terene Ge sed to prove velop wb 1 ceopared to a portion of the output vette thi erence, ot ‘ror vlog ample apd ied to control he te ers ta stor ype 2N2016, + pice et an ni SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR ‘This cic stows a cro-tacior sunt voliags rear sng east ype 2N1485, tn one ype 2N1481 Shunt pts eels compos thn sees regulars abo the fhe A shit regular tes vole eters 7 iW "rie cco bv ep 49 vote 27 woke and am ovtpt of 2s alas shown. The eres restaneerequed in isco 18'*Sousce mesisTaNce, rpsicoba, O88 set sap mon seRus VOLTAGE REoULATOR “Tis ut shows a imple thre-ransiior eis vlage relator vi voltage repeaion af 350. The input to hn cei i ron {o'o 30 vols of whie the ctput 28 sls de, with a crest up te tampere A i2vok setecene ioe eed to provide a waage ‘ich E compurod tot ponion a he supa vttage: The deren Teltage ten mpd by the 2NIABT and ppd to He base the ene ant 281483 eens Eee SHRI VOLTAGE nEGULATOR ‘This cel shows six tania ated ina ses ype of vont soo produce gunn wabia 25% np rem 75 6 ats de, and he oapa 7 99 for current fom 0 1 4 ampere. A Sian tetereee Gse ed roid comparson to peace he eres vee th lage Smplied deo to conol the ee amen pe 2NI4S9 rough ubich the os crest ds, neSection 3 CONVERTERS SERIES CONNECTED D¢-T0.0¢ CONVERTIR “This rt shows ares connected desde converter sing four castors pe 2N1100 In din fo he schematic i ae ter cures sowing how va gens, and cen say for the difret amie temperate,29,200, wire mound stor 0,026, C,— 25m 50 datmyi caper = 9 il, AV electri apace / D, Bae DuPy. De Ds Das de arts fara M80 or ease) 0,0. @,—2N110 al HEP ‘ee 1T\— Tamla, cree Wetngowe RIED | ‘Toa etelent pry a Ce Socks ilarthe caren dough these Bes of the primary wings icone ‘Sul sctpe ie inden all nda” of te Censfrmer wet ‘Etcaton i esced, he induced voinge Is decreaed to wre, When {he vatage ince the fodback wings ceases and se ‘wo tansitor ze oot strated, tbe caller current decrees, ‘hing the ere x to desea. Ths derease induces lage in tie mtorr wdags of polar whch oposte to the erie {nal indoed wotge. The olage ths ined aes Q, anf O, (0 ‘Stet, and O, ae eriven to aeration, up Yolags fom ‘he oct squire wave erste fequeny and spd 6 ‘end on the ume ef tras the nso, the soppy Rags, nd'the dx desu of he cove mac Resotos Ry though Ry hip to slat ciation, capacors Ci teruph Cy ate wad poet the anasto, whe io te odes tot the creo re cnsctad ia’ bide. Wil two Side ‘ck brige eg to provide fllorne recienion, Wid an utp wer of 175 wats, feeb an cup watage of 30 ws 23°C bit temperate igh-voLtaeE convERTER “This cout shows a wosrunstor conver tht wil change 2 ‘saute input tom hghsolage a suput Am oupetof op 1 21) vote ae an be obtain’ fom this converter Wah hs put vel. ‘We sich SW1 closed, the hater voltage appears ars he mary of the anlar T1.The ese loop pair's compl by {Be leskap comet fo tran O2, and tas tage the te dive eamizor Ql to the on condom, casing to tog ‘eeacton “When Oi uncon provides sien rive to turn on at sisor 02, andthe pear) vag of transformer TT wil decene nan cxponentalfaon, When the platy vole eps slow {he rgued lage Be treo? Ol on hs tansr as (fhe magne ldo he anton callapce, aed hs ati ‘cee vl el in he peimary of TIAL the ame Ce, ths ‘Produces the necay igh 'volage, whi is about 2000 vol {he secondary” At ths ne OL trom again so thatthe ee ‘epeatee Dade Dl is «posse sha ia te cuit so hat {REowepe the pemary not posed acs the base oer Jct ef tain O1 se oi a8 OL cra 70 ALRESSTORS age #1 vewWAT De msiswcr Pala ec{225.WATT 10.KE CONVERTER This et shows wo pe 2N19N6 wanes wed in a deto-de ‘comer opening a 10 Ke This cut epee wih ane) ‘E208 and an caput ipl of las than T vol provides 150- {ott ouput fom a 2bwo net source. Thi 2 Sviching type of ‘Soto converte The pone tansnor and the oer mart hve ‘Seqome et inks foc rope operation “This es etearting ewig eae wbere the conducting tat sisor bags up 2 maghete ld ntl stration reached, ed he ‘lle magnet fd wre the ater ania on. Both ansisars {he montted oo a duatrmmsor beat snk ma ero-0¢ conveRrER 120-wat deans convener wag to type 21722 tan site i the antching dros Four INOB6 sicorvetier eces fe td inthe bridget oupt to provide 00 vas at 120 ‘rit This covet cit hs a input even of 5 amped ‘Bout pple of 08 vot maximum Toe overall cu een) wasee {Stamey gg AE rem 143/228.warr convenrEn “Tis rat shows a twortaminor power comer wih an opt ‘of TAS wats whan pat of 14 0 anda power cup of 225, ‘Sats wih an np of 28 vols, Informaton on Both of thse apie ‘Shion sown the part it‘Thi cut, tke many cher canteen, euemly = power [ptlop whete one waite conductng we the oti te Of. ‘Threat sunr-vae ctpt na shown the cat, oper ti tat abou 800 jes Resor Rl and R2 afe wed to Sar ‘elise by isis the ansors, wie the four eet form nde ear wo predic the de output Copacte ering ed {0 provde beth t 130 anda SOD ouput sees) {in hr appicaon tht te tansstors be mud on eat Sins, 2 ‘eomnaded best ak » ihe Delco ype 727e0H0 “The total uu: cute! canst caer 750 millsmperes tease ‘he rect hoes, The primary wie scan be changed 1 No. 13 for he Lae connector and fo No. 13 on the 28a connect {hs wl sl sgt om iene DerO.De CONVERTER “Tis es commoncolector cal operating as a, det-de com ‘eto prodace 100 wt 40 ls into te rec. Tambo (pe 2NECS ar sued wth 2-7 ours prowcig 300 vals ‘oF ouput he oud. Type SKMSOO dads a ed a the esther ob rewnsromen ora tic (ore 2,H-a2"v"oonES Feeaix next T9 cone Feebescx Sst cTaa5 conoany. rasta? Bane 1 eT {610-12 VoUT 0¢-T0-0¢ CONVERTER WITHOUT RECTINERS “This rut a do-inde convert ta provides 2a de ou eng uve de yore th requnc af peaton 300 ce, "a pi of 2Ns3 tar aed ae thw The bce) age umpitauon er mlpicton i otsined by means of 2ing ‘he sappy vlage tothe fendhac voltage In pcan, sue ha {enmity surge Vohages il be erated wih the ola itera thoon inthe schematic ths 2 regatinevoage apple the bse of transstor Qy esse a ten paris, ere postive Feedick, and tanotor Oy il conduct ntl the transformer Sra, Athi out thee abou 6.8 volts ros the upper Pl ‘he riya. whieh develops 8 yl eck hal of he‘eedback winding. Votags in he lower Bal f the enback winding eae srt vote fo prove potty 16 ert ‘Cureat path, a shown, i fom the tower end ofthe fedback ‘winding. hough the emits. led, tthe pose ead eas vug Vote the dc ving ad So i 0 Tava drop sees ‘While 0, i conducting, O, operates in hs ein; oat 16 vale is avalos aces the sire fedbeck winding eee to the forward conducting vatage of the eniterso-ase diode of (G. When the eamformersxtoracy the magnetic field claps ‘Sha Yalapes ea polar oppo to thowe shown are generate, Grin now eto, and, bist cmd ‘a he eeu he emidert-te dads can be coneed = relhing diode in fal-wave cel the dc op taken fm (Goeener top ofthe feedack winding Ry cso sti the sta {tg of eallatenn Cy and Cs ne ned for mapression a he spl, tin Cy thee enact ‘Both tanistos should Be ousted or one Delo 7281352 best ae pe-r0.0¢ convERTER ‘This inst ses type 202 rans and type SKMSOO diodes ‘Ths common base Cet produces 100 watts Of otput power a Eto js into the elber Th orginal baer) soree 2 val, nd tc ouput cer 250 ys oF 50 l,m shown.e-TO-DC CONVERTER (30-VOLT TO 480.VOLT) “This a pone comet or chang wd voltae to a high 42 ola; the ipat 30 yl, sad te elpat S480 Yl at Four power wane are aed. ch tristr hes » feiback wining. a Zahm esor in ses, fom emit to bse ‘One tanformer with four feedback wings sed one winding {or each poner Uanstor. The primary wing has 200 tur aod the oupee dag has 3470 ts rg tect, wh (wo dese for each eg. et ey the se the on st winding to produce the Heh de vale e-o.0c converrtRs “Two diferent dotode comer ae shown wing 28256 tan stone The minum sachog tings for thse wansator e 2 amperes foreach collector and 100 sa for each base. Meters ‘owns tht hee readings ean be merited, ee arb apt ‘rllages can be wed The utpt volges obtained ith tha two oe‘or regulation. ‘the lod rectane, ad he vibe of Ri chosen 1 pode for {he feared output vag frie pat appleation, The eter Sed tat ed nie ae pend vagy eee Stes the second. whch in fore depends onthe inp watig. ‘Typea eters re the INIT64 which Bax vsage ring of 900 {esa an average forward cent of 5 amps an the 1NS256 ‘thch hiss matmam voiage of DD vot nds the ste arent ‘ating a the INIT64 Other sugested ees with a Twat cu fea ating of 075 ampere are the 1N3283 for 3200 vette TND3S fog se TN fc a Fig C shows the sugested transforma a wed in thee tmo om et Des oft Santee ed ad te ml moe ae pe-ro.ce converter ‘This cicit shows a detod converter with sggeedtransor types 281538, 2N1100, 2NGG3, and INIT The sagged rior Se pes INIT, INIT64,INSI9S, and NSIS ‘Varo eso tener as prove siferent pes of vltage ‘ouput For iad transformers TYTS through TYEN the Input 126 ys de. Two voltage outputs can be obtsled, pening per wheter the cel comected ae fal-wave be am 2 cs cue the per ouput vgs rede, or wha he ‘anfoner the opt is $25 of 1623 vals, at 150 ma For the ‘TYSI tansformer the ouput i375 o¢ 1875 vol a 300 ma he TYED tnsformer the ouput i 450 or 235 vo, a 130 For the TYSS vemfomer the outpt # $00 vals or 250 vet 250 na. For ihe TYB4 tanner te cut 60 04300 vl ek coo 4 i i ! i { 3sesrooe coma Tis ca tow acme eit ode amt ese anstor pes 2N1TS, INI. ate (NSag incted. For ype 4-9, 300 or 130 vo deat 100 cae be ‘btn. For type TY.30, 438 or 1625 vol deat 200 can ‘eobiaaed For pe TY-91, 35 or {47.3 volt st 200 ma canbe ob {ied Fr ype TY92, 460 or 225 vals 11300 machete send For pe TY'9, 800 of 280 vas dew 250 mn canbe oboe. For ‘5pe 79-94, 600 or 30 waa 300 ana ue been "There ar ao other vltage outputs svalale ty nga 63-0 Input poe of the two vakape putt gee Using 8 ane former ype TY-99. an eutat 30 or 130" a 160 fea tebtaed. Using atformer tye TY100, an spe of 328 ot 25 vols a 130'm9 can be cba, Using anor ype TY= TDi, an tpt of 375 or 1875 asa 200 ma can ealaed Use taifoer ype TY-102, a8 tpl of 480 or 235 vos at 150 a cab oe, Pero.8e conveRTER “This deat shows sever posible deo comverer angen ‘ing tanstr type 2N172"2NI74 or IN, and eter types INTT3, INI764 or 1N3256. Im each ete ipat 1. ols {th common-emier cut the dierent Trad tenlormes ‘ue sagt for tae diferent catpat anges For traefomer pe ‘TV6IS the cup 6250 vos wing fulovave bide rc, 2a m125 vs sag a fal tavecetr tap in th cle the caret mexi- ‘mum is 63m Wah aatorer pe TYTO8 the opal eer 5325 ot 1623 vols de 180 mn Unng Wontomer tye TY-T18 the ‘Satpal 375 or 17 ots de wk 20 ‘bc-70-0¢ CONVERTER Thi is a commoneniter ype of detode conenter win 2Nt4 titra pe SRO diodes The apo he Cone ‘err i val bate. and te ina ato te ree 0 wats 100 eye The cel bar an outa of 20 yl bP Lo aware fer era c-T0.0¢ convanren “Thi dtd comer of vlage map hat can sep up a small aap a lege voltage Se aro vl ‘he re pone the ra shows hs thee mete on of me ‘ing the bo euet one forte enter Crem doe for he oa For he tors shown, th maximum sich ing 2am pets for cach loco and 100 tu fo etch bse 'A cote & a jst to provide corms within thn anges forthe specie tage es or te ipo Siggeted tamiormee for «voltage stepup from 6 volt 0 250 role sown fe amore a Be el vd te 171 erm ati EE By foram Eger of 280 vol de and an yy a 6 ol Samet tasformer (15 yts/6 vols CT) ean ‘edit is power ling atest gun Wo the power outa T2 sa {ube o-yicanliamforer of 2000/84 ohms smpenee. Del con ea INIT or INGHSB. © eta tne mi bero-0¢ converre® “Two cca ae showa for det conversion. Fig. is com> smopsmiter choi, whe Fg, 8 x common colecot crea, Fig, A and B both we Trad TY88 wusfomers, The Spay selige @ 28 vate dean di coneced e's fllvne brag ‘eu, the oxtptvaiage 230 vols eI the input is conned hs fale cemur-ap voter, tbe onpat lage would be hall nthis vale, of 128 vot de The maximum current din ie 80 ma. ‘Theater trans are ype ZN17S.2NIT4, 2NGHS of N00 Stgpesed recs are INIT63, INIT64, INBIOG, or INS2S6. bc70.0¢ coNveRTER “This a common-emite type of deo. conver using 2N42 tramtore This ereot prosat 100 wats f 8036 power 10 (he rete, which se four type SKMSOO diodes. The input Power “sd oly sed th olf of the conver sa Wo lees Bid aad 300 vo be-r0-0¢ convenriR “Ths clout sbows oro 28481 waasitors operating a common calles eto.de conver rom 6 vost 230 vi All ides ae ‘bre SRMSOO, andthe cel provides $0 wats ouput e400 eles Mahe eter creat eae 7sSection 4 INVERTERS ero-nc mveRTER “This cout shows a deta inverter using type 2NIO73B tame story th fat sichag tines The swching freaueney of ths ‘Su about 2500 pels ee pole to al aber secondary Sindngs onthe core oto 24 Mela secondary I ese. “The outpet tom he cst can Ye fod ts allwve 0 See ‘eee sort produce outer fom the 1500 peak ot ‘Sumo tat ©; arts conducting because ofthe nga feedback soltage The return path forthe feedback votuge trough restr Ihe gh dd che Tet age pars CRs when ‘is conducting ad th waltage of uch pls th 9 ere Mat {fala the emmirso ave de of Oy Tas means fh raiser {Gu ca of wie wane Oy sgn ito stration, When he ‘Sr start the ented bens fo ealp and the poly the feedback volage reves, Os now stars to cdot, and Qy ‘tof Now the fecha cur through diode CRy and he sae ‘chon ois wea yw conducting. The vl drop aco Ge wil sure tat ©, pve awed Sad terre cataCapacitors Cand C, are sed to remove the spikes fom the tkcorremter waveform, The revere as one emir ses ever reser han he tape arose CR, and'CR hte cet ‘odes are poet. Ql BENE. GH-CURRENT nveRTER ‘he cut Fg, A shows prof 282728 power wants ‘operating nls hgh coent iver iat Thi nertet Stl change a ott cure to 1 hgberveage square wave. The Teal pcan Ina Conmacwcntee angen The sede Sinan of th die uanforners ae spt to alow each warsior {ole driven separately Resstors Rl thonph RA are se to provide vote diver aod sarng tn or te Sesut Fig 8 shove he trensormer specication, “The inverter operates at about 1000 cys per second with an fBrecy of abou 70%; te poner exp 6 watsDe-ro.ac IvenriR ‘This cut shows an inverter wih several voage laps and guts The suggested anstors are 2N173, 2NI7S, € IN. Shapes vein are INI78,INSI96, br 185256 ‘With Tid wanaformet TY4G2, the iat vl 12.6 vols de he out of 6D wat st 400 ej eter t 110,118, or 128 vl, segening on which transtormer tgp wed. Wh Tend tansrmer ‘TYae,'s Halt int fel, andthe same voape outputs ae sabi" In eer eae, the othe ere component ire te ae. 2.VOtF BC TO 120.VOKT AC IVVERTER Ti ich oan anal nee wi den 120 tam a vate ipat. Trasors ype SNL 2N1S19,2NIS20, 2NIS21, 2N1S22, tad 2NIS2 canbe ied fot Cou ine ‘hese asas can sich snyre fem 25 t 50 amperes Tue 2d sure has careent erably 0 $0 ampere, (ai cuit can deter 50 0 50 wate of 120ele aguare-ware re oupet ‘nly one bas eso wed and separate fedback ansormer eno raved The cc hows a 2Sempere vai ever 1 posible by changing the Da vebtor and size othe We ib ‘he windings, 1 operate thi Seu upto 30 unpre wih aD sll ‘Se input. Wi te par values shown Inte Cc type 2NS18 npn ume tO ei nds, wih nei tellge drop aos the primary ofthe ramones. Ths neresing ‘lag coupled to the feedback Wincag, ad's seatievaape Appl to the ase of Qn camang it to incense condos. O, ‘aie the teafrmer 10 go lo sturadon, ad the vlge ast {be primary colapts cane charg n oly which coupled othe fesdbick winding. The feedbock wading appt revere Pot 16.0, anda forard beso Q, 0 tht there how =u ves opera ‘on wid incense eonducon though Oy ‘Bias cure is apled assy This cee operates best with sd tputo 3 wo leno-vour mvexren “This crt hows a deo iver that prods 110 wats of 11G-yelt EDeyce onpat rom a 12 So puto this cc the tres peta once, wih ob being While TE ber "ume forthe se of operation that Q, 6 on and Os ist aus somenng the T2 volt tater) soppy soo the top bal tmp rian wig, We aor Obi cnt (Bove sacar foe trough the tarsformer A saturn of he ‘Sr cls collar tthe mages Bld aod» Switching o the Tn he Src estos R, through R, ate wed 0 sar the sla tin mie rator Re cxpactor Cy od dodss CR aod Cy ate that provide a desing Betwoe fo prove the tans. The ‘Steet oa snk pv im he prt for hs vl 2 Power wvenren “This cet hows a power inv opertingfrom a 12-7 source and sing wo 2N67T tember to pace power capt of OS ‘att ta fejeney of 130 sees pet second At shows, he powet ‘tut ase crv Gs lad. io DeTO-RC mvERTER ‘A deswae inven wing two dierent taasormer types (Trad ‘TYISA or TYT6A) shown. Sugpeted resi ae INIT INIT64, INI96, and 1NSIS6, Sospsed trnsiaar ae 2173, ANITA, INU, and N09, 'AS show ihe ut, with tie transformer the inp is 126 sits de For the TY784, the ort fe IS wats a 60 kes isottaps of 11,118, oF 125 volts Senne ae, “» ——— { ‘ i 1 | 5 Se i cx : es, ; erode = Hee err | = a arse i om) om Inver Tanlrmer Wing CeneonsWon-rREQUENCY INVERTER ‘Aico 22833 rast perating in a ih egueny imei cic coner 28 vl de toa 15ke tua eae ssn Fig A ‘esos yan Rat well Re aod, form voiage der Bic pene B85 val of ae vgs necsay to Star te cial Reco and Ry tnt te tase urea oace oan as Dues Dy and Dae we in hc a citer ae cig aodes wi ats neseuary vo prevent reverse bof te emer 0+ fe pcan beyond the sting of the 2N2533 tami. Zonet Sinks Dy tod Dy sre wned to top the coletoetoemter valage 0 te rere Caps Cs ake tae the lead nutans of he pomersuply lead. "The inverter ase 4 {Sree e's Feroxabe S281. 300°3¢2; the primary has sos ‘Stibe Nov {4 wie and te fodbuck wining ha ars. ‘ig B shows te iver transformer a Ks winding comecions Section 5 MISCELLANEOUS CIRCUITS vourace counts Type of sion recters tat can be wed for vlag-doube servi ate the INIT63 and INIT6K he operation sharers Se sien in then et iA shows the type INI763 ina hal-wave wag double ci spas crete i vl dey he oa ate Secrets: the cite dain increase The unload wppy nts ‘Sse fas a tpt vag of 300 ol t 400 mari, he oe il vgs has cropped to 250 vats ung the sal epucarsd {0 270 vt using the ser captor Fig B shows he pe INI"64 in taslormergpe halve lege doubler eit Her, with no ad the put ohage saat £25 fla 400 ma the vaape has dopo 59D vot ng the ‘mater capactor and to 330 ls ng the ag captor ig. C shows the INIT63 in falewave wager cet {dicey fom the ne. With no los te atpa 330 ala -400‘ma the output vlog 240 ole e260 vol depenting cn the se of the onpu caper wedFig, D shows « INIT64 in 2 fall-vave vlage doubler wing teamformer, The unloaded ouput vatage W490 vols, whe he Tene espa rlge st 400 me i 310 vl to 370 vel, pln de eng ete se of te copaor wed YVoUTAGE mutTiPuER ‘This cree the equate of a viestor cca as wed wth sn aomobie tater to obtain << yltages for operating mobs fo egepment or sao smpier in an auto. ta ts = ‘Shi Source vege Ie show ar 1S vais bul the Ope Hage Su caret ‘cam Be changed by vaya the Batery Noa and tS transformer tres rao Ths 2 pie cucu, "Two porer tania are ted an lor which operates toon’ thesis sed. The stepap anfomes provides an ‘otge acon the sonar th wage ected to preace FS? oupee Seno soe Conte eer ae Garba win of A replated 12-8 batery charger designed wo be wd with 2 et 1 uta btiey i showa, Tesco eet forthe gue apacecutrent tbe set tough the Dae, When te bate ily Site GneTi catem be ted ‘merrenes poncesipl sks I the batry coated fo he cr ‘Sita feces ushered whe ts coos the harper Wil ‘ch ck int he cet ctomacal "At showy thre fllwaverectr ing to slicon diodes cou the Bi-v a senday, wih conaledecifer SCR ome ‘etc i sere ih he bt. the Nery volae fe es than {sake thei pate seal apie to SCR by means of sor [RE and dds ORI" With tis gate tiga apd to the onl ‘lr te ester condom cack ke of he sap) Se ‘Shen flows unl the taney chard "Arihe tatery wage approaches is aoemaly charge va, ‘aputtor Cl = satiny charged to ttm on the tein sent ‘Enduciorcouelledrectfer (SCR) thouph 2eer cde CRI ‘When hsp tached the vlog at po A, which the gle (OSCR seedy dope t vale Bow te bain voter SCRE ‘lavot tun one the btry charging stone a pine ‘With afly chargd barry comet to fe eeu Ris set so that the haring Jot cess Tin resstor, or cont, kos at the ep pot er. SHLeNTUM-RECTINER ciRCUITS Six tale rectiber cies and thee characte ae shown ig. Ae 4 snpephase haltwave meter ted for lpr ap ‘lations. Theres 2 Aik pe frequen wh is the same f= {ecrey the spy. The efeney te mise ow ‘ie show the sngle-phare fllwave bige for a relavely high power wih am eicency of sbet TS". The ple frequency fees tht of the sapay rege. and this cat makes pete aon of te vlugeavalale bcos the second. ig C shows single pce fave comtrtap cult whlch re (gore: & tramtormer wit eester Up aad s trial valle of Sr sth load votags, ‘rg shown Vrs hana reir that can be sed het low ple of primary importance. Te ple factor i boat 30% and de ple aque) tte times tne fundamental fe {fete iy ea er a he sera ig E shows’ theephasefull-wave tide cit that can be wed here tea de eens requted, THe Hp very sma, = 1 Gees) ee” jp} eeTable 1. Slonim cll ratings © ° See =e shout 4%, and sions ering often not requis Ti rest i's ds voage output hut about 209 higher tan the spd ale pose valle "NTF tows eee phaefllwae centertap cic 0 be wed “whet cxtemalyheny de cues ae seule. A tanrmer wilh ahs sa senate needed, ih each pase winding ot HE ‘cay provided with cer tp Siege sem ete fr te was eo cits ae shown Sa ‘Tobe wth the cures pen or cach cl for sach ect wrtcHINo REGULATOR Aching ope of vag eat bow in Hock dog tots in gh edi schumae foo in Fig. B. The funciona 2 ‘Stang tanto to ede the powcr asin the eres tamer Theme large varton othe iaputo uit vgs A aish- inp etter opt onthe pail that the cult vel Po. [roa ota ipa wage socrdiag othe Gy ato he ch Ma ere control which i fletvely variable resbtanse feeding an tp ce Thevolage our fcempaed 10 a ee facia he the err vohage or Sferece eos 0 ast the ‘ay pte cote Ts cede er that ur ass the ae Senta esta "The mpior sage made up of ira amplifier ond 2 sue o covet gain ©, sad Oye up the olen ampliiet, ‘SARC teste ex eto in The purpose fhe dierent Tess to sete he eu vltape and compare ths 10a Te {eo tae diference vlage an be amped. The omplid See is epled to te ase of taaitor whe cote ‘he caring ae on expo Ce eect Dy pres atl wotage sure sed fora ree ence ail ner Ge D,provies an fe votag fo the fren ‘Sea tewl pier, Thi lows te outpet vue tobe wale fom O10 20 10 With thi set lg, the Minimo TPE ouge wold be the reference vl "Tanaor Q, though O, provi ihe dupe con eu neo amr sa, rie i et SERS ontal and for equesy cnt. The oellators rode SERO'NS cipec a thtale muloribrtor cei Q. conta He pein frequen of he rguator at 5 Traitor Os se teee pn eng et Fa og sonst day eye ofthe 5 be ate by generating ples at time Imrals wc depend the rate ochre of caacier Cy. "Tramttor Q, dedarges ceptor Cy hte Reining of xeh tegar poe, ts rec the charge on tis captor frm 20 tbe Coponing of ech Sse Transit, sad Oy cons ‘sale tation ples rom he unijuncton cus ge ths muliibor to prodoce voruble datyeyse pos. Diode D, Proves bs forthe tants Power tension Oy i ued asthe deer ciuit which i driven ing patron by the coer erent of, Strang Os cer {he sere sichng ono tte ied “of” doe othe chet fon captor Cy. "Funaors iy and iy te the sxe ovithing reson: oerting inp tcy se bed “on” hrogh fesstr Rand tured bribe der taste, ‘Ge wavesopes se shown in Fig, C, andthe fond relation forth civoh shown in Pig D. Tis ood repute fom noon to fod LOSS [LECTRONIC RIPPLE FILTER 1s pone 1 amr ei las te Fi powerspy ier, bt these creas are ot sped to take the nce cf uiony induction an eapacanee fen They ae de Freed to suppeent te oar ter to reduce very Tow vale (ipl Poa cheut sacha th to operate fee i see Sy rece tbe rip to an approtnat vale of 3 vols peak Topeak ay head he lcm te. Gomer Fig Ae the ie eel ips clit wich canbe tedaws aaa eater fom at how n Fig 8 The emer {loner or cienmuncallesor creat b degenerate, and ny 1 ‘Geue tvlage atthe pat wl nse Geren In VBE 208 {be loa sth the pi cleively edad by the degeneration [ces Another nam for inci the expanse mate Bopper tat in Fg Ba rpc volage appears which woud add ‘ole 31 ok shown, Tis Hype wage wou Dave x teeny 1 {teease te vltap rn the oa restr, but nt ht te fay erin crews wl cly eau the Bue the tart becore ae epave with reyes f the ener, Ths bab atendeey cot, ‘Stusetemlson and te spl vgs sotracts from the Be Power ‘Spy so that ia ee any ress a vatage cased byte Pe [Wilts testvly counteredFg. A te capacitor shown inthe cult wil ty to muna 1 aeay pure vlog at saber would inte eal How ther the patos hes Be sdvestage over ee ballet a ha can ‘hage is de vag lee, I tequied by the apt voige ee Tg. C shows a cre that wil odbc the ripple by shot soe of 230 I so that he ple rede 0 aout 250 mins {peak to peak) by the indcance and capactane iter ahead of he Souk, the etpu rom ths elesonk: er eet wal aly etn Spprocinsely T allot of ple peakpeak PLUGAN SIICON RECTIFIERS AS TUBE REPLACEMENTS ‘pobre vacuo rec with des pugia ceftcet mado nde won merase ects ‘soit te forsenaremet are shorn Table 2 Fer an ‘Stopice Sad bers N23 ocd suxernonte RPpLE FILTER 7 ea hom sini eto it Ar ope emay on he prc c's comonsalecer ot emit aowet crest re te deinraon inthe cea eecvey ees The ‘Spl coming om the power spy.“This ceconie tipple filer is connected in a circa so tha the apt ote ie he out he cca sad ‘ipuetace er This se nl dace the ripe by aout ss"tbown, and regu only thee tanto. STAIRCASE couseATOR ‘This cnc saves wavlorm genre sng wijncton transtor to fede the ramber of cet componets. The cheat ‘in gescrte 4 ares wavearm the emer of enuncon tam thor 2NG92A. and kan ao de the lop tequecy By ‘sre mt. ‘As sow lathe cult negative ipa pls hough trance (turns this tansisor op fort pered of 15 microseconds de {ermine by ses Re A pulse Foe tha conduction prewdes te ‘tive for dade D, snd wanttor Oy which together poo sca ‘em cure contol by restr Ry. Capactor "ss stows, ‘hanged by dar caret source The futile vohage teach Sep ‘determined bythe ale of essto® Ry ad wen te valape acrost Capattor © reaches the ring potetal ofthe uinton AN@2A trams, the unjoncten wil fre and charge he expat Ths Sichurge produces» pote cup ue rns the #7-ohm tesor comes to the uijuneton he output putes greater than ‘Moke ate me o about 3 muconaced™ Tels posible o fed input signup to 10 ke ao thi gear. 1 eanciorO, i a othe cet wil care eapastor © ase rate apd doable the maximom freuen sf opraion 1 Sout 10 ke Low frequency operation determin! byte sat that he capator i dichargt bythe Kakage pth wich consis tf ietsisor Oy Oy and Ox, Waveform that catia fom 8 to 28 Seps may be obail by adjstng Ry, Wi the vais combine tins for Ry and Re there aide sriston in the number of tps ero cupacor , andthe mann sad mun Hoge rs ‘muy be etrmined by adjusting rent Rr thi Sea PORTABLE ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT soURcE ‘Ths crest show pie of 2N2912 power tractors opera froma 25-ol source sa pote uri Hah sore ng be FSOOD gr tae. This se provides 100 na St 26 vl The ‘ho tants set arm Sto-ae conver, andthe fllwive bilge Feller conc tothe aeondary prover the nesta oe fr {heulteavker gb source, Opera the cme sou Be =@) Oe ee tte UECTRONIC FUSE CIRCUIT ce ce cp baw pet ore oDitebigs g dete riveree sen Gece i arenes ae rater gh a it ve i ob aes yor Dail Cees Teer tg eis Seok on tr de Shame alee tienen ise ae Staal 3 bbc are mee more a reas eat pohogl eet pce tees ated ee Oe cl yori ta so aly eben oich owt ti ahs poe Siesta ee CON RECTIERS AS TUBE REPLACERINTS srecacs whe is eater ees ae wi ESS cSt wl sconce The thea elie 1 eam if thy nl wabsad more pe Gamage en mens ube andy ke op ee room so et aneinitrd It spite o make a direct sastiton for aco ibe of gt rec wit sion ts by ching etn "The vt capt ofthe crit wl create ect he vi hop ofthe con recier esethan teh vata tbe os “ere e hat Te “est SUNT ETE oo mee (rl ae ll 4 Hae te Lay te (9 teh te eins ee ate wt panes 106 | tute. A soon rete wil in gener provide about 10 vot ‘ve utp: tans ar Or mercury rectly, and ws mic a 50 als foe than the sohage ootpu of a vacuum reciflr. "The leccacdvohage of leon rocfer over 8 BS 9 MIUTY sect novel aot © prelem inthe cut, bat when bat {wing a sion tee fora vaceum-tube rete, te rented Slag supt mnt be competed for to preven damage 10 he ‘Sout wh fe eonnected to he power spe ig. shows pia cium ube, 1 SUNG flloave coir in nfowet sep, Fig Bo the cea shows aslcon rece r= ‘plceeat wk the sion of 200ahm resistance to compensa Forte increased tage tpt Fg C shows te aon rexsanee (Geli stes wi th ter dds homele. “Eset he vl of hs ena loudresstance determined by the chuncterass ofthe take a I nessa) a parce ‘Sut ofl the vote dap ars te ube at te rege eae es eutpt Using tis wllags and tha cern te ube Testa ‘hue te condone my be essed, and the loud rests pposiancly ows! tote valve of tbe resstance, The power Big capabny f the sestr ie mporant an when the Cu Tem an the ssetance ace Eno, the gud wate aig can reacted) A sale ae of watogepetealy seal wat [peser the ic vege valu, sould be wed. “eutectic 590 wrap tne ith» sticge ever, and fe vltage fom the power supply imme ‘Gate anpied tothe aciomabe plats i he sorted ample ‘rer tents be vacaum tee maybe drape. To any SP ‘St vacua equipment eter ube wi an iret bested ‘hhbde oc ses Xt ot 3576 rd oat he eter tube fine approuimtely te sume feat cbaracestis os the amps bs Ts alo feor ined to peplaces vacuum reir wi ‘het ated cade,» time-delay ov ted sch Should be wsed in the ci unr these ccmstncs 2 On fee caa be wd place of an dec heated etd vacsun ‘ibe rove, ln cats of Fige Band € tani volge sup reser are sop to prevent exc Walage fom appearing roe the hom ele. ‘Tae shows some rested lion rc replacements for irety heated mcwentabe ecers Table sbows seme con feeb eplaconets for ge or mscuyvapar tbe rece. For ‘humple, the tube to be replaced fs seleced from the fst clumn ‘hd spmbod er pe even mth socnd dunn The We rts 107in term of main votage,peaavene vole, peak current a npr, nd mauimum de cuirent in ampere for ech pl sow inthe labs. The sean recer repacemonts te et replace ‘ents fo th tubes shows. Where the pea inven pervs a {gf the cet rear an 1000 vols 4 sng icon reer finde nt sesommenie or diet sbi. Ht posible how fer, 0 tbe two or move lon reife contd ness in fy deed volage. Now that in the orga sea Fg, Ate Fealcnvene volage 920 vals asd eease of thi too icon Aiden ype INIGD7, ae sated to replace the retier tube. ‘sings techigue ie is pole to oll yp tet of se, $5 som ye patie vag dre