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CHAPTER III
GEOLOGY

This chapter discussed systematically the results of field research in the area
Padalarang and surrounding, Sub-District Padalarang, Western Bandung Regency,
West Java Province with some aspects of geomorphology, stratigraphy, structural
geology, historical geology, resources and geology disaster as a result of the
interpretation of field data and interpretation of topography map in the study area.

3.1 Geomorphology
Geomorphology is the science that studies the forms of earth countenance and
all the changes that occurred during evolution and the relationship with the state
of the underlying structure and the history of geological changes shown or
depicted on the surface shape. The formation of the landscape influenced by two
forces which acting on the earth that is endogenous force and exogenous force.
The results of the activity of these two forces, it will form the countenance of
the earth such as mountains, hills, and low plain and valleys. Landform also
depends on several factors, namely rock composer and intensity of geological
structures work. For example, hard rock will be relatively more resistant to
weathering otherwise relatively soft rock will be prone to weathering. In addition,
the geological structure is very instrumental in forming a valley or hills, such as
faults and folds.
Geomorphology research area
Geomorphology study area can be determined based on the following aspects:

3.1.1 Morphography
Outline morphography has meaningful picture of the earth's surface or
architectural earth's surface. Morphogenetic is the process/origin of the earth's
surface formation such as landforms hills/mountains, land form valley or plain
land formation. Analysis of the morphography includes two things, namely
landforms and drainage pattern.

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3.1.2 Land Form

Based on the classification of the Van Zuidam, the general morphograpy of
research area shows hills conditions that from flatty hill to very steep hills which
has a height ranging from 590 to 972 meter from sea level. This range of height
values obtained from topographic map with the elevation located in Station
Tagopahu, Cibaregbeg, Gantungan, Gunung Guhapawon, Cintaasih Gunung
Halimon and its located at the southwest-northeast from research area. In the
meantime there is the lowest elevation in the northern part of the study area with
an altitude of 590 meters above sea level. In general, the material in the study area
consists of limestone, sandstone and tuff.

3.1.3 Drainage Pattern

Based on the classification of basic drainage patterns and modification Howard
(1967) in Van Zuidam (1985) drainage river pattern that developed in the study
area can be divided into three patterns namely the drainage of Figure 3.1 which
is:
1) Sub parallel drainage pattern of the river
2) Dendritic-Parallel drainage pattern of the river
3) Sub-Rectangular drainage pattern of the river

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Figure 3.1 shows the drainage patterns of research area: Sub- Parallel, SubRectangular and Dendritic Parallel
1) Sub- Parallel Drainage Pattern
The sub-parallel drainage pattern shows relatively less parallelism than a basic
parallel pattern (Zernitz 1932). Its also often found in areas with steep relief of
where flow is over non-cohessive materials. Slope lengthwise or controlled by the
shape of elongated land hills. This drainage patterns are found in the northern part
of the study area composed by tuff and limestone.

2) Sub-Rectangular
Joints and / or faults which have a tilt angle, does not have a looping layers of
rock and often reveal patterns that are not continuous drainage. This drainage

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patterns are found in the northwest-west part of the study area and also composed
by limestone and tuff.
3) Dendritic-Parallel
A dendritic drainage pattern is the most common form and looks like the
branching pattern of tree roots. It develops in regions underlain by homogeneous
material. That is, the subsurface geology has a similar resistance to weathering so
there is no apparent control over the direction the tributaries take. Tributaries
joining larger streams at acute angle (less than 90 degrees). Dendritic systems
form in V-shaped valleys as a result, the rock types must be impervious and nonporous. Meanwhile, parallel drainage patterns form where there is a pronounced
slope to the surface. A parallel pattern also develops in regions of parallel,
elongate landforms like outcropping resistant rock bands. Tributary streams tend
to stretch out in a parallel-like fashion following the slope of the surface. A
parallel pattern sometimes indicates the presence of a major fault that cuts across
an area of steeply folded bedrock. All forms of transitions can occur between
parallel, dendritic, and trellis patterns. This drainage patterns are found in the
southeast-southwest part of the study area and also composed by sandstone and
tuff.

3.1.4 Morphometric
Based on the classification according to Van Zuidam, the study area can be
divided into five section (Figure 3.2), namely:
1) Slope 0o-2ois the plain form, located on the southeast area of research that
is marked in green colour.
2) Slope 150-30o is the rather steep, located on the north, south east and
middle of the research area which marked as orange colour.
3) Slope 30o-70o is the steep, located on the north, south east and middle of
the research area which marked as pink colour.
4) Slope 70o-140o is the very steep, located on the north and south of the
research area which marked as red colour.
5) Slope above 140o is high pitched, located on the north and south of the
research area which marked as purple colour.

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Slope 300Slope 700Slope 00Slope 150-

Slope

Figure 3.2 shows morphometric map

3.1.5 Morphogenetic
Morphogenetic is the origin of the landscape formation in the earth's surface.
Based on topographic maps interpretation, DEM (Digital Elevation Model), field
observation (appearance on field data, the data on lithology and geological
structure) then morphogenetic can be divided into two in research area.
1) Volcanic
Volcanic morphogenetic occupies approximately 48.52% of research area
marked in red (Table 3.1) the relative spread west east composed by tuff lithology.

2) Sediment

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Sediment morphogenetic occupies approximately 17.4% of research area

marked in purple colour (Table 3.1) the relative spread from west to east
composed by sandstone lithology.

3) Karst Hills
Karst morphogenetic occupies approximately 34.82% of research area marked
in orange colour the relative spread from west to east composed by limestone
lithology.

3.2 Geomorphology Unit of research area

Based on morphography, morphometry and morphogenetic analyses which
described previously, it is concluded geomorphology study area can be grouped
into seven geomorphology units.
1) Plain Volcanic Geomorphology Unit
2) Steep Volcanic Hills Geomorphology Unit
3) Very Steep Volcanic Hills Geomorphology Unit
4) Steep Sedimentary Hills Geomorphology Unit
5) Very Steep Sedimentary Hills Geomorphology Unit
6) Steep Karst Hills Geomorphology Unit
7) Very Steep Karst Hills Geomorphology Unit

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Table 3.1 Geomorphologic Unit Characteristics Of Research Area

3.2.1 Plain Volcanic Geomorphology Unit

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Geomorphology unit occupies approximately 10.76% of research in the eastern

area of research areas that are marked in pink on the geomorphology map.
Morphography characteristic of this unit is plain with elevation of 700-750 meters
above sea level, has a U shape valley. From the analysis of morphometry, this unit
has a slope between 0o-20 by plain slope charactersitics. Lithology of this
geomorphology unit composed with tuff which is used as a settlement and paddy
field etc.

Figure3.3 shows Plain Volcanic (View from Jayamekar to the North)

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3.2.2 Steep Volcanic Hills Geomorphology Unit

This Geomorphology unit occupies approximately 28.98% of research in the
southern eastern and north of research areas that are marked in red on the
geomorphology map. Morphography characteristic of this unit is hilly with
elevation of 520-650 meters above sea level, has a U shape valley with a drainage
pattern that developed was dendritic -parallel, sub- rectangular and sub-parallel.
From the analysis of morphometry, this unit has a slope between 30o-700 by steepy
slope charactersitics. Lithology of this geomorphology unit composed with tuff
which is used as a settlement and plantation field etc.

Figure3.4 shows Steep Volcanic Hills (View from Bentang Mountain)

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3.2.3 Very Steep Volcanic Hills Geomorphology Unit

This Geomorphology unit occupies approximately 8.86% of research in the
south of research areas that are marked in dark red on the geomorphology map.
Morphography characteristic of this unit is hilly with elevation of 745-790 meters
above sea level, has a V shape valley with a drainage pattern that developed was
dendritic-parallel. From the analysis of morphometry, this unit has a slope
between 70o-1400 by very steepy slope charactersitics. Lithology of this
geomorphology unit composed with tuff which is used as a settlement and
plantation

Figure 3.5 shows Very Steep Volcanic Hills (view from Cihalimun)

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3.2.4 Steep Sedimentary Hills Geomorphology Unit

Geomorphology unit Sediment steep hills are dominantly influenced by
endogenous form of sedimentary process, but the process is exogenous ie
weathering and erosion are also growing. This geomorphology unit occupies
approximately 3.32% of research in the southern west of research areas that are
marked in light purple on the geomorphology map. Morphography characteristic
of this unit is hilly with elevation of 700-750 meters above sea level, has a U
shape valley with a drainage pattern that developed was sub-rectangular. From the
analysis of morphometry, this unit has a slope between 30 o-700 by steepy slope
charactersitics. Lithology of this geomorphology unit composed with sandstone
which is used as a settlement and plantation field etc.

Figure3.6 shows Steep Sedimentary Hills (View from Gunung Lampengan Kulon
to North)

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3.2.5 Very Steep Sedimentary Hills Geomorphology Unit

Geomorphology unit Sediment very steep hills are dominantly influenced by
endogenous form of sedimentary process, but the process is exogenous ie
weathering and erosion are also growing. This geomorphology unit occupies
approximately 14.08% of research in the south and southern west of research
areas that are marked in dark purple on the geomorphology map. Morphography
characteristic of this unit is hilly with elevation of 750-860 meters above sea level,
has a V-U shape valley with a drainage pattern that developed was dendritic
parallel. From the analysis of morphometry, this unit has a slope between 70 o-1400
by very steepy slope charactersitics. Lithology of this geomorphology unit
composed with sandstone which is used as a settlement and plantation field etc.

Figure 3.7 shows that Very Steep Sedimentary Hills (view from Gunung Halimun
to North)

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3.2.6 Steep Karst Hills Geomorhphology Unit

Geomorphology unit of karst steep hills are dominantly influenced by
endogenous form of limestone process, but the process is exogenous ie weathering
and erosion and also mining are also growing. This geomorphology unit occupies
approximately 22.60% of research in the west and northern east of research areas
that are marked in light orange on the geomorphology map. Morphography
characteristic of this unit is hilly with elevation of 500-750meters above sea level,
has a U-V shape valley with a drainage pattern that developed was subrectangular and sub- parallel. From the analysis of morphometry, this unit has a
slope between 30o-700 by steepy slope charactersitics. Lithology of this
geomorphology unit composed with limestone which is used as a mining and
factory etc.

Figure 3.8 shows Steep Karst Hills (view from Cintaasih to North)

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3.2.7 Very Steep Karst Hills Geomorphology Unit

Geomorphology unit of karst steep hills are dominantly influenced by

endogenous form of limestone process, but the process is exogenous ie weathering
and erosion and also mining are also growing. This geomorphology unit occupies
approximately 12.23% of research in the middle, west, northern east of the
research area that are marked in dark orange on the geomorphology map.
Morphography characteristic of this unit is hilly with elevation of 700-850meters
above sea level, has a V-U shape valley with a drainage pattern that developed
was sub-parallel and sub- rectangular. From the analysis of morphometry, this unit
has a slope between 70o-1400 by very steepy slope charactersitics. Lithology of
this geomorphology unit composed with limestone which is used as a mining and
factory etc.

Figure 3.9 shows Very Steep Karst Hills (view from Keren Mountain to South)

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3.3 Geological Research Area

In this section will discuss the stratigraphy, structural geology, geological
history, as well as resource and geological hazards research area.

3.3.1 Stratigraphy
The wording stratigraphy in the area of research, researchers used
lithostratigraphy is not authorized in accordance with the provisions of
Stratigraphy Password Indonesia namely, by applying the naming unit is based on
the characteristics of the rocks that can be on the ground, including rock type,
rock type combination, uniformity symptoms rock lithology and symptoms of
another rock body in the field. Distribution of rock units is done for each rock
type uniform, while the name is based on the type of rock that dominates.
Delimitation rock unit based touch between two units of different lithology
characteristics. The unit limits placed on areas of real changes in lithology and if it
cannot find the delimitation unit between the unit, the delimitation unit known as
a field that is expected (arbiter limit).
For every rock unit is determined based on stratigraphic position and the
relative age of withdrawal based on the content of fossil foraminifera planktonic.
Besides that compares by previous investigators also a reference for determining
the age of rock units. Depositional environment is determined based on the
characteristics of lithology, sedimentary structures and zoning depth (bathymetry)
based on the range of fossil foraminifera small and large benthonic. Based on the
statement above shows, then the stratigraphy research areas can be distinguished
three lithology that are not authorized with order from old to young as follows.
1) Limestone Unit ( Tol)

2) Sandstone Unit (Tms)

3) Tuff Unit ( Qt)

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Table 3.2 Stratigraphy Column of Research Areas

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3.3.1.1Limestone Unit (Tol)

3.3.1.2 Lithology Characteristics
This unit is composed by clastic limestone with character blackish-gray color,
layered, thick-massive and also fragment (Figure 4.0a,b,c).There are fragments
with a size of 2mm-25mm (Figure 4.0c) fresh colors of greyish white, weathered
color yellowish brown with texture grain-supported, poor permeability with a
large bentonic foraminifera content.

Figure 4.0 Limestone Unit Outcrop (Tol) (A) layered limestone outcrop at station
53, (B) a massive limestone outcrop at station 22 and (C) outcrop of limestone
fragments at station 29

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3.3.1.3 The Distribution and Thickness

Limestone unit (Tol) is characterized by dark blue on a geological map,
occupies approximately 34.82% by the middle of the main research areas
dispersal patterns southwest-northeast. Outcrops observed on
St1,St2,St3,St4,St5,St6,St7,St8,St9,St10,St11,St12,St13,St14,St21,St22,St29,
St30,St52,St53,St55,St56,St57,St61. Based on the geological cross section, this
unit is expected to have thickness approximately (1806.25m).

3.3.1.4 Age and Depositional Environment

Limestone unit (Tol) is older than a tuff unit (Qt) and sandstone unit (Tms).
Relative age determination and bathymetric zones based on the content of fossil
foraminifera larger bentonic. In this unit four rock samples taken for analysis of
the age and depositional environment. From the four samples of rock, just two
rock samples that could give an indication of age. Based on the analysis of
paleontology, found that age samples were taken from Late Oligocene-Middle
Miocene Upper (Te-Tf) based Adisaputra classification (1992) with the
bathymetry which lies on deep neritic zone-middle neritic zone. This unit is
deposited on Shell Reef (Walker,1984).

3.3.1.5 Stratigraphy Relationship

These units are deposited not aligned above (unconformity)

3.3.1.6 Regional Proportionality

Based on similar physical characteristics, these rocks can be compared with
limestone Rajamandala Formation (Martodjojo1984) (Table 3.3).

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Table3.3 proportionality limestone unit (Tol) with the Rajamandala Formation

(Martodjojo, 1984)

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3.3.2 Sandstone and Interbedded Claystone Unit (Tms)

3.3.2.1 Lithology Characteristics
This unit is generally composed of sandstone with clay stone inter bedded. For
the Sandstone fresh colour is light brown, weathered is dark purple, grain size is
very fine , good permeability, well sorted, well rounded and the hardness is soft
also the thickness of the sandstone is 3cm-25cm and sediment structure would be
graded bedding and spheroidal weathering. Some other stations have the grain
size from medium until very coarse. Mudstone weathered gray color, purple, fresh
color gray-white-gray-black, non-carbonate, softhard. The results of petrographic
analysis on rock samples taken in this interval indicates the composition is
Feldsphatic Arenite, Mudstone (PettiJohn 1957).

Figure 4.1 shows Sandstone Unit (Tms) (A) sandstone outcrops medium-very
coarse at station 60, (B) Sandstone with interbedded mudstone at station 58

3.3.2.2 The Distribution and Thickness

Sandstone unit (Tms) is marked in yellow on the geological map, occupies
approximately 17.4% area of research with the dispersal patterns of the west-east.
Outcrops observed at pasir lampengan station 42, the halimun mountain stations
46-49, stasiun54, Ciwalahir stations 58-60. Based on the geological cross section,
this unit is expected to have more or less thick (1594m).

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3.3.2.3 Age and Depositional Environment

Sandstone Unit (Tms) is younger than the limestone unit (Tol). Age
determination is based on the relative content of fossil planktonic foraminifera
and environmental determination is based on a small bentonic foraminifera. In this
unit three samples taken for analysis of the age and depositional environments.
Unfortunately, we couldnt predict the age and depositional environment just
because didnt identify any fossil on the rock samples. But according to Citarum
Formation (Martodjojo 1984) sandstone units age is Earlier Miocene and it
deposited on marine which shows turbidities mechanism characterisitics.
3.3.2.4 Stratigraphy Relationship
Based on reconstruction of the geological cross section can be seen that the unit
is deposited on a limestone unit (Tol) but not aligned above (unconformity).
3.3.2.5 Regional Proportionality
Based on similar physical characteristics, these rocks can be compared with
sandstone Citarum Formation (Martodjojo1984) (Table 3.4).

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Table 3.4 proportionality sandstone unit (Tms) with the Citarum Formation
(Martodjojo,1984)

3.3.3 Tuff Unit

3.3.3.1 Lithology Characteristics
Tuff unit (Qt) is characterized by a light brown color tuff, weathered dark
brown, there are a lot of volcanic glass material, grain size coarse tuff, grain shape
subrounded to rounded, well sorting, good permeability, open fabric, hardness
friable and massive. The results of petrographic analysis on a sample of rock
taken on this interval indicates that these examples are Tuff Vitric (Schmid, 1981).

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Figure 4.2 Tuff Outcrop at Station 34 Gantungan

3.3.3.2 The Distribution and Thickness

Tuff unit (Qt) is marked by the orange colour on a geological map, occupies
approximately 48.52% of research areas, located on the north and south. Outcrops
observed
on
St15,St16,St17,St18,St19,St20,St23,St25,St26,St27,St28,St31,St32,St33,St34,St3
5,St36,St37,St38,St39,St40,St41,St50,St51. Based on the geological cross section,
this unit is expected to have more or less thick (1600m).

3.3.3.3 Age and Depositional Environment

This unit was formed from the deposition result of volcanic activity volcano.
Determining the relative age of the rocks is based approaches supported
stratigraphic relationship of proportionality by previous researchers. Based on the
reconstruction of the geological cross section can be seen that this unit is not
aligned above deposited sandstone unit (Tms). According to previous research
that Sujatmiko on regional geology map Cianjur sheets in 1972, this unit is
deposited after the Pliocene terrestrial depositional environments.

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3.3.3.4 Stratigraphy Relationship

Tuff unit (Qt) is the youngest unit in the study area. Referring to the position of
the geological cross section, this unit is not aligned on the crushing units are
below it, such as sandstone unit (Tms).

3.3.3.5 Regional Proportionality

According Soedjatmoko (1972) in the regional map, the unit is considered to be
the result of older volcano products (Qob).

3.4 Structural Geology

To study the condition of the structure area of research carried out three methods
are:
1) DEM Interpretation ( Digital Elevation Model)
2) River Lineament Interpretation
3) Field Observation

3.4.1 DEM Interpretation (Digital Elevation Model)

Figure 4.3 shows the interpretation of the data pattern lineaments DEM. From
this interpretation it can be seen that there are two patterns of alignment that is
north-south direction northwest-southeast Figure 4.4a/b. North-South lineament
is expected as a manifestation of the move bedding rock, while the northwestsoutheast trending lineament estimated as a manifestation of a joint or fault which
may appear but couldnt identify on research area.

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Figure 4.3 Lineament patterns of Ridge and Valley of research based DEM

Figure 4.4 (a) shows the interpretation of the ridge pattern lineaments has major
north-south and northwest-southeast direction of research area and Figure 4.4 (b)
shows the interpretation of the valley has major direction northwest-southeast
direction as a manifestation of rock layering stance while the minor direction
lineament of the both pattern can be as the manifestation of joint or structural
geology.

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3.4.2 Interpretation of River Lineament

Figure 4.5 Interpretation river lineaments as a manifestation of the geological

structure in the area of research

3.4.3 Joint
Joint is a fracture in the rock structure where there is no or relatively little
friction. Stereogram projection dips, indicating the Northwest-Southeast direction
of extensional joint fractures in station 54.

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Figure 4.6 shows structural joint on station 54 di Ciseuruh

3.5 Historical Geology

In the Late Oligocene, the marine in the area of research experience in the
shallowing at a depth neritik - neritik central unit which is characterized by the
deposition of limestone. Deposition of limestone is interpreted in the form of
clastic which has an spreading towards east-west in the area of research.

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At the age of Miocene marine area of research into the condition neritik outside
to the shallow sea based on Martodjojo (1984) classification. In this period the
unit was deposited sandstone and clay interbedded. The author does not get a
fossil that got to give information about the age and environment of this unit.
According to Martodjojo (1984) that the unit is old N4-N8 and this unit also is
turbidite sandstone with material derived from volcanic tuff marked by nature.
Sources of volcanic rocks in this period according to Martodjojo (1984) comes
from Tinggian Jampang which located in the southern part of western Java. The
presence of tuffaceous material marked the volcanic activity in western Java and
in general on the Java Island which indicates that the process of subduction south
of Java island began functioning in this age.
After the Late Miocene, based on Martodjojo (1984) classification the area of
the study might be experienced with tectonic processes that resulted in the
appointment and the formation of faults and folds. In this Regional activity occurs
until the Pliocene epoch (Martodjojo 1984) coincided with the emergence
volcanism that produced pyroclastic deposits are not aligned (unconformity) with
tertiary unit below.

3.5.1 Geological Potential of Research Areas

Based on the description in the previous subsection, it can be seen some of the
geological potential of the positive and negative.

3.5.1.1 Geological Potential Which Is Positive

Geological potential that is positive among other is:
1. Limestone used for the base material of lime, building materials (stone
polishing), and also as a tourist area (Gua Pawon). Limestone quarry
scattered areas of research, such as mountain areas and mountain Masigit
Getu and Hawu.

2. Sandstone quarry as building materials which located in Gunung Halimun

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Figure 4.7 shows (A) Limestone quarry which located in Mount Hawu (B)
Sandstone which located in Gunung Halimun.

3.5.1.2 Geological Potential Which Is Negative

An air pollutant is a substance in the air that can have adverse effects on
humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets,
or gases. A pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made. Pollutants on the
research areas are classified as sulfur dioxide released from sandstone and
limestone quarries. Crystalline silica, in the form of sand, can cause silicosis
conditions including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung
cancer when inhaled by workers. The health effects caused by air pollution may
include difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing, asthma and worsening of
existing respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can result in increased
medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospital
admissions and premature death. The human health effects of poor air quality are
far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the
cardiovascular system.

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Figure 4.8 shows air pollutant from the quarries (view from Cintaasih)