Data Visualization,

Volume 1

Data Visualization,
Volume 1
Recent Trends and Applications
Using Conventional and Big Data
Amar Sahay

Data Visualization, Volume 1: Recent Trends and Applications Using

Conventional and Big Data
Copyright Business Expert Press, LLC, 2017
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means
electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other except for
brief quotations, not to exceed 250 words, without the prior permission
of the publisher.
First published in 2017 by
Business Expert Press, LLC
222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017
www.businessexpertpress.com
ISBN-13: 978-1-63157-335-4 (paperback)
ISBN-13: 978-1-63157-336-1 (e-book)
Business Expert Press Quantitative Approaches to Decision Making
Collection
Collection ISSN: 2163-9515 (print)
Collection ISSN: 2163-9582 (electronic)
Cover and interior design by S4Carlisle Publishing Services
Private Ltd., Chennai, India
First edition: 2017
10987654321
Printed in the United States of America.

Abstract
Data visualization involves graphical and visual tools used in data analysis
and decision making. The emphasis in this book is on recent trends and
applications of visualization tools using conventional and big data. These
tools are widely used in data visualization and quality improvement to
analyze, enhance, and improve the quality of products and services. Data
visualization is an easy way to obtain a first look at the data visually. The
book provides a collection of visual and graphical tools widely used to
gain an insight into the data before applying more complex analysis. The
focus is on the key application areas of these tools including business
process improvement, business data analysis, health care, finance, manufacturing, engineering, process improvement, and Lean Six Sigma. The
key areas of application include data and data analysis concepts, recent
trends in data visualization and Big Data, widely used charts and graphs
and their applications, analysis of the relationships between two or more
variables graphically using scatterplots, bubble graphs, matrix plots, etc.,
data visualization with big data, computer applications and implementation of widely used graphical and visual tools, and computer instructions
to create the graphics presented along with the data files.

Keywords
big data, big data software, business analytics, business intelligence, charts
and graphs, data, data analysis, data visualization, information visualization, quality tools, software applications, visual representation

Contents
Preface...................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments..................................................................................xiii
Computer Software Integration, Computer Instructions and Data Files..... xv

Graphical and Visual Tools for Improving

Business Process, Product, and Service Quality............... 1
Chapter 1 Overview and Importance of Visual Representation...........3
Chapter 2 Data and Data Analysis Concepts......................................9
Chapter 3 Visual Representation of Data..........................................19
Chapter 4 Exploring Relationships between Two or More
Variables Graphically........................................................75
Chapter 5 Data Visualization with Big Data.....................................97
Chapter 6 Computer Applications and Implementation.................113
Appendix A Charts and Graphs using EXCEL.....................................117
Appendix B Pivot Table Applications in Descriptive Statistics
and Data Analysis...........................................................139
Appendix C Charts and Graphs Using MINITAB 17...........................147
Bibliography........................................................................................175
Index..................................................................................................177

Preface
The purpose of this book is to introduce the graphical and data visualization tools. These tools are widely used in data visualization and quality
improvement to analyze, enhance, and improve the quality of products
and services. Visual tools are an easy way to gain a first look at the data
and they have been used to gain an insight into the data before applying more complex analysis. This book presents a collection of visuals and
graphical tools. These tools are commonly referred to as graphical tools.
A number of charts and graphs are commonly used to create visuals that
provide a quick summary, trends, and patterns in the data that is not
usually apparent from the data in raw form. The first part of the book
presents the applications of widely used charts and graphs.
This book provides a set of graphical and information visualization tools
that have been developed and used over the years in quality improvement and Lean Six Sigma programs. The use of these data visualization
and quality tools is not limited to quality programs. Some of the key
areas where these tools are applied include business process improvement,
business data analysis, health care, finance, manufacturing, engineering
process improvement, and product and process design.
The visuals and graphs in this book represent data visually that enables
an analyst to immediately view the important features and characteristics
of data. The graphs and charts explain the current state of a process and
also provide opportunities for improvement. Some of the visual displays,
for example, flow diagrams and value stream mapping, have been successfully used in studying, developing, and improving business and engineering processes. They also help redesign more efficient processes. Besides
improving the process design, many specially designed graphs and charts
are used in product and process design and improvement. In many cases,
these visual tools provide an idea about the variation in the process that
allows the opportunity for reducing variation. Variation reduction is one
of the major goals of process improvement and quality improvement.
These graphical tools are critical in problem solving.

x PREFACE

The graphical tools discussed in this book have been successfully applied to

improve product and service quality,

reduce operating cost, increase sales, and revenue,
reduce cycle time,
increase reliability,
incorporate innovation in products and services,
increase productivity and profitability,
reduce the variation in the processes, and
meet or exceed customer expectations.

This list consists of the goals of the overall quality program, but many
of these problems can be solved using simple but effective graphical tools
leading to product and service excellence.
The current trends in data analysis, data visualization, and visual analytics are capable of processing large amounts of data often referred to as
big data. Using big data and data visualization tools, several variables of a
process (e.g., a business process) can be plotted simultaneously and presented using dashboards. These graphs and charts immediately provide
overall visualization of a business process including sales, revenue, profitability, and they point out the problems across the entire supply chain.
The dashboards created using a business process data can explain the entire story and can help the management identify the strengths and weaknesses of its business. Since the human brain cannot visualize information
beyond three dimensions, plotting several variables simultaneously in two
dimensions can provide valuable insight.
This following are the highlights and the areas this book discusses
Data and data analysis concepts
Recent trends in data visualization and big data
Visual representation of data: widely used charts and graphs and
their applications
Investigation of the relationships between two or more variables
graphically: scatter plots, bubble graphs, and matrix plots
Data visualization with big data

 PREFACE
xi

Computer applications and implementation of widely used graphical

and visual tools
Computer instructions to create the graphics presented along with
the data files
The objective of this book is to enable one to master the visual techniques and be able to use them in detecting, solving problems, and making effective decisions.
The readers will find these tools extremely useful in analyzing and solving problems in areas ranging from business, finance, health care, manufacturing, quality, and Lean Six Sigma to product and process designs.
These tools are easy to learn and very useful in learning about to know
the process from which the data is collected. The understanding of these
tools will enable one to draw meaningful conclusions from data. This book
discusses the concepts and computer applications for these visual quality
tools. A chapter is devoted to Data visualization using big data.
The book presents the following concepts related to data, data visualization, and information visualization tools along with the current trends
in data visualization:
Basic concepts of data, data visualization, and graphical/visual tools
Current trends in data visualizationintroduction to business
intelligence, visual analytics, and big data
Types of data, data for research and analysis, software tools used for
graphical/visual techniques
Applications and interpretation of the graphical techniques using
computer software
Implementation of the graphical and visual tools using commonly
used software
A number of graphical tools in data analysis, quality improvement,
and Lean Six Sigma projects
Powerful tools beyond the basic and new tools of quality that
include matrix plots, bubble graphs, contour plots, and variations
of scatter plots
Data visualization applications using big data

xii PREFACE

This book will appeal to a large audience including majors in business,

statistics, graduate students in business, MBAs, professional MBAs, data
analysts, business process analysts, data scientists, and working people
in business and industry. Managers, practitioners, professionals, quality
professionals, quality engineers, and anyone involved in quality improvement, big data, data visualization, and visual analytics will find this book
to be a valuable resource that can be used in learning and applying the
visualization and improvement tools. The book explains the applications
using a number of real-world examples and cases.

Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the reviewers who took the time to provide
excellent insights which helped shape this book.
I would especially like to thank Mr. Karun Mehta, a friend and engineer. I greatly appreciate the numerous hours he spent in correcting,
formatting, and supplying distinctive comments. The book would not be
possible without his tireless effort.
I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Susumu Kasai, professor
of CSIS, for reviewing and administering invaluable suggestions.
I am very thankful to Prof. Edward Engh for his thoughtful advice
and counsel. Ed has been a wonderful friend and colleague.
Special thanks go to Mr. Anand Kumar, a senior consultant at Tata
Consultancy Services (TCS), for reviewing and providing invaluable
suggestions.
Thanks to all of my students for their input in making this book possible. They have helped me pursue a dream filled with lifelong learning.
This book wont be a reality without them.
I am indebted to the senior acquisitions editor Scott Isenberg, director of production Charlene Kronstedt, all the reviewers, and the publishing team at Business Expert Press for their counsel and support during the
preparation of this book. I also wish to thank Donald N. Stengel, editor,
for reviewing the manuscript and providing helpful suggestions for improvement. I acknowledge the help and support of S4Carlisle Publishing
Services, Chennai, India team for their help with editing and publishing.
I would like to thank my parents who always emphasized the importance of what education brings to the world. Lastly, I would like to
express a special appreciation to my wife Nilima, to my daughter Neha
and her husband David, my daughter Smita, and my son Rajeev for their
love, support, and encouragement.

Computer Software
Integration, Computer
Instructions and Data Files
The book uses the most widely used software packages. We have included the materials with the computer instructions in Appendix A of
the book. The computer instructions are provided for both EXCEL and
MINITAB that will facilitate using the book. Included are the following
data files that can be downloaded using the link provided:
EXCEL Data Files
MINITAB Data Files
The data files can be downloaded from the web using the following link:
URL: http://www.businessexpertpress.com/books/data-visualizationvolume-one-recent-trends-and-applications-using-conventional-andbig-data

Graphical and Visual Tools

for Improving Business
Process, Product, and
Service Quality

CHAPTER 1

Overview and Importance

ofVisual Representation
Introduction
Graphs and charts are visual representation of data. They provide a powerful means of summarizing and presenting data in a way that most people
find easier to comprehend. Charts and graphs enable us to see the main
features or characteristics of the data. They not only enable us to present
the numerical findings of a study, but also provide the shape and pattern
of the data, which is critical in data analysis and decision making.
It is said that a picture is worth a thousand words; this is particularly true when a large set of data is effectively presented using charts
and graphs that quickly reveal important features. Visual displays of the
data are easily recognizable and found ubiquitously in business periodicals, financial magazines, on the Internet, and television. Some examples
where visual displays (in the form of graphs) are used to summarize data
are presented below. These graphs summarize the sales and revenue of the
top computer companiesAmazon and Apple Inc.
The below examples show how a number of charts and graphs are
used to describe the key features of data. A solid understanding of these
graphs will enable you to describe the key concept of the data visually, and
will aid in both your personal and professional life. With the advancement in technology, high-quality and complex charts and graphs can be
easily produced. A number of charts and graphs can be found in reports
of financial periodicals such as The Economist, Business Week, Fortune, and
many other business and engineering periodicals. Almost every issue of
USA Today and The Wall Street Journal contains a number of visual displays in its articles.

Dell

10

15

20

25

30

3.3

20

40

3.8

4.7

5.9

8.1

10.2

12.8

Sales of Amazon ($Billion)

6.5

8.7

23.7

24.5

18.7

26.7

60

51.9

Year

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

2.8

Yahoo

eBay

Google

Amazon

Sales ($Billion)

Top Five Revenue - Internet

Companies ($Billion)

10

20

30

40

50

18.0

18.1

24.6

26.3

25.4

Year

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

12.2

22.5

37.9

45.8

42.8

CPU
Sales
14%

Amazon North America Sales Growth (%)

iPhone
Sales
54%

iPod
Sales
5%

Apple Inc. Revenue by CategoryFiscal Q1 2012

Other
3%

ITunes
Store
4%

iPad
Sales
20%

Sales Growth (%)

4
DATA VISUALIZATION, VOLUME 1

Overview and Importance ofVisual Representation

Most of the graphs in this text can be produced using statistical and
data visualization software. We will illustrate several examples where computer software such as EXCEL and MINITAB are used to construct
the charts and graphs. Some other graphical displays, for example, flow
diagrams, process maps, and value stream maps, are widely used in studying and improving process. These are created using specialized software.
MINITABs Quality Companion, Microsoft Visio, and Smart Draw
are some of the widely used programs for this purpose. Another widely
used software for Data Visualization and Visual Analytics is Tableau Software. This software is capable of handling big data and creates high-level
graphs and charts to visually display data. An added feature of Tableau is
the analytics feature built into it that can answer many queries not apparent from the graphs and charts alone.

Graphical Tools at a Glance

The book discusses in detail a number of charts and graphs that are v isual
representation of data. We discuss the applications, construction, and
computer implementation of graphical tools.
The first part of the book presents the basic concepts and f undamentals
of data and data analysis including various types of data. The importance
of data visualization, widely used charts and graphs, and their applications
are discussed in detail followed by examples and computer applications.
A number of quality tools, referred to as the conventional and new
tools of quality, are presented with examples and applications. These
Quality Tools are not limited to solving quality problems but have wide
applications in any field of data analysis and decision making.
Visualizing data graphically helps detect potential problems and identify the areas for improvement. The chapters in the text are divided into
sections, with the following data visualization tools:
Chapter 1
This chapter provides an introduction to data visualization and discusses how graphs and charts are used to summarize and present data.

DATA VISUALIZATION, VOLUME 1

It provides an overview of software that is widely used to create graphs

and charts. Specially designed Data Visualization and Visual Analytics
software capable of handling big data are briefly discussed. Quality Tools
are also introduced. They have been successfully used in analyzing data
and solving quality problems. These graphical tools have been discussed
in separate chapters.
Chapter 2
Chapter 2 discusses the basic concepts related to data and data analysis. Various types of data, such as qualitative or categorical data,
quantitative data, and other classifications of data, are presented.
This chapter also presents the concept of variables. Almost all data
show variation, and visual tools are an excellent way to study variation in the data. The sources of data and how data are collected for
research and analysis are also discussed. The types of data based on
measurement scales, recent trends in data visualization, and big data
are introduced.
Chapter 3
Chapter 3 presents the most commonly used charts and graphs and
their applications in data analysis and visualization. The need for
presenting data in compact form using a frequency distribution and
related measures calculated using the frequency distribution are discussed. The construction and applications of graphs and charts in this
chapter include histograms and its variations, graphical summary of
data with calculated statistics, plotting variability in the data, stemand-leaf plot, box plots and its variations with applications, dot plots,
bar charts and different variations of bar charts, for example, cluster bar
charts, stacked bar charts, bar charts from tally and two-way and threeway tables. The chapter also presents pie charts and variations of the
pie charts, for example, pie of a pie chart, bar of a pie chart, and their
applications. Some specialized graphs, such as intervals plots, sequence
plots, connected line plots, time-series plots, area graphs, probability

Overview and Importance ofVisual Representation

plots, and symmetry plots and their applications are explained with
examples.
Chapter 4
Chapter 4 presents graphical techniques of investigating the relationships
between two or more variables. The most commonly used graphs and
plots for this purpose are as follows:
Scatter plots and variations of scatter plots
Scatter plots with histogram, box plots and dot plots
Scatter plot with fitted line or curve
Scatter plot showing an inverse relationship between X and Y
Scatter plot showing a nonlinear relationship between X and Y
Scatter plot showing a nonlinear (cubic) relationship between X and Y
Bubble graphs showing the relationship between three variables
Matrix plots that investigate the relationship between several independent variables and the response or dependent variable
Three-dimensional plots, surface plots, and contour plots
These graphs along with their applications are explained.
Chapter 5
This chapter discusses data visualization techniques using big data. The
current trend is visualization with big data. Data visualization makes
complex and large data understandable. The chapter provides an introduction to big data, applications of big data in different fields including business, health care, government, manufacturing, and others. The
emerging trends in big data, visual analytics, and software products in
this area are Introduced. Examples of processing business data using the
Tableau software and dashboards are presented. Big data software p
rovides
a number of views and graphs of the same data. The chapter discusses the
emerging need for visualization with big data in the light of the increase
in the volume of data being collected and stored and the challenges of

DATA VISUALIZATION, VOLUME 1

storing, analyzing, processing, and communicating such huge amounts

of data.
Chapter 6
Chapter 6 provides an overview and applications of data visualization. It
summarizes the commonly used software, current trends, and specially
designed computer software to process and analyze massive volume of
data or big data. Since computers are essential parts of data analysis and
visualization, the computer instructions, applications, and analyses procedures using widely used softwareEXCEL and Minitabare provided
in separate appendices. This chapter provides the details and content of
each appendix. It also provides the details on how to download the data
files for the charts and graphs.

Summary
This chapter provided an overview of data visualization and its importance. It has laid a foundation for the rest of the book by outlining the
chapter contents. Each chapter presents a class of graphical tools that can
be applied in areas ranging from simple to advanced analysis. The charts
and graphs find wide application in data analysis and also in quality improvement projects to detect and solve a number of problems. These
graphs and charts are critical in understanding the process from which
data are collected. Each chapter in the book is devoted to a particular class
of graphical and visual tools ranging from most commonly used graphical
tools to data visualization using big data.

Index
Add trend line, 136
Amazon.com, 102
Analytics, 5
Apple Inc., 4
Area graph, 5859
Area plot, 71
Bar chart, 36, 67, 145146
categorical data, 3738
of categorical variables, 156157
creating, 4244
description of, 124, 154155
horizontal, 155156
instructions for constructing, 125
of monthly sales, 37
of sales vs. month, 37
BI. See business intelligence (BI)
Big data, 5, 1718
applications of, 98
businesses, 101102
characteristics, 9899
description of, 9899
education, 101
health care, 101
Internet of Things (IoT), 102103
introduction and applications of,
9899
managing and handling, 108
manufacturing/operations,
100101
media, 102
real estate, 103
science and research, 103
software and applications of,
99100
tools to process, 17
United Sates of America, 100
Big Data Software Tableau, 109110
Bins definition, 117118
Bivariate relationship, 75

Box plot, 31, 65, 168

applications of, 3335
example of, 3132, 169
of waiting time data, 3233
Bubble plot, 94
description of, 81
examples of, 84
showing relationship between sales,
8385
Business analytics, 17
Business applications, 102
Business data, 12
Business intelligence (BI), 17
software, 108
Businesses, 101102
Categorical data, 10, 18, 4148, 107
frequency distribution of, 123
Categorical variables, 4142
Charts, 3, 10, 11. See also specific types
data and process analysis, 16
editing tools for, 120
summary of, 6573, 9296
Cluster bar chart, 38, 68, 158159
example of, 38
quarterly sales for four years, 39
showing zone wise sales, 39
Coefficient of correlation, 79
examples of, 7981
Computer applications, 113115
Connected line graph, 68
Connected line plot. See line chart
Continuous data, 11
Contour plot, 9091, 96
of strength vs. alloy type and
thickness, 91
Correlation coefficient, value of, 79
Cross-sectional data, 10
Cross-tabulation, 4448, 144146
Cumulative frequency, 65

178 INDEX

3D scatterplot, 8589, 95
with projected lines, 8990
3D surface plot, 9091
with projected line, 90
Data, 1011
available, 12
based on types of measurement
scales, 1316
classification of, 1011, 15
collection and presentation of,
1920
for research and analysis, 1113
graphical summary of, 27, 65
hidden patterns in, 16
histogram, 2327
key features of, 3
levels of measurements, 13
objectives of, 15
organizing, 2021
sets of, 127
sources of, 1113
summarizing quantitative, 2123
visual representation of, 3, 19
Data analysis
concepts of, 114
functions of, 9
statistical thinking in, 1516
Data analytics, 9798, 104
Data mining, 1617, 98, 104
tools, 102
Data set, description of, 9
Data visualization, 9798,
107108, 113
advancements in, 99100
applications, 107
forms of, 104
fundamental concepts in, 103104
information displays, 107108
objectives of, 97
quantitative messages conveyed by,
105106
software, 5, 106110
techniques of, 99
terminology for, 107
Default histogram, 150
Dependent variable, 75
Discrete data, 1011, 18
Dot plot, 3536, 67

ebay.com, 102
Economic data, 12
Education, 101
Effective graphical displays, 105
Exabytes, 17
EXCEL, 5, 114
bar chart, 124128
frequency polygon, 132134
histogram using, 117121
line chart or connected line plot,
128129
pie chart, 130132
plot of cumulative frequency,
122124
scatterplots, 134135
Experimental design, 13
Fact-based decision making, 17
Fitted distribution, 65
Format trend line, 136
Frequency distribution, 2123
of categorical data, 123
graph of, 2327
using pivot chart, 140141
Frequency polygon
description of, 132133
of income data, 134
instructions for constructing, 133
Geographic positing, 102
Google, 12, 102
Government agencies, 13
Graphical displays, 105
of variation, 2728
Graphical summary of data, 27
Graphical techniques, description of, 9
Graphical tools, 5, 113
Graphs, 3, 10, 11, 107108
data and process analysis, 16
editing tools for, 120
summary of, 6573, 9296
Graphs displaying variation, 65
Hand-drawn visualizations, 106107
Health care, 101
Histogram, 62, 65, 72
constructing, 149
default, 150

 INDEX
179

of home heating bill, 152153

instructions for constructing,
118119
of lifetime data, 142
with modified bin values, 121
plot of cumulative frequency,
122124
with user-defined class intervals, 149
using EXCEL, 117121
using pivot chart, 140141
Horizontal bar chart, 127, 155156
instructions for constructing,
125126
of TV sales, 126
of unemployment rate, 126
Horizontal stacked bar chart, 41

of response variable, 88
showing relationship between
multiple variables, 87
McKinsey Global Institute study, 101
Media, 102
Microsoft Visio, 5, 114
MINITAB, 5, 114
constructing a default histogram,
149153
histograms using, 147149
More than ogive, 162
Multiple time series plot, 138, 173

Independent variable, 75
Infographics, 104
Information displays, 107108
Information graphics, 104
Information visualization, 107, 108
Internet of Things (IoT), 102103
Internet sites, 12
Interval plot, 5054, 70
description of, 50
of piston ring diameters, 51
variation in sample data, 5051
yield grouped with temperature
time series, 52
Interval scale, 14
Inverse relationship, 77
IoT. See Internet of Things (IoT)

Ogives, 65, 162163

types of, 162
using MINITAB, 164165
Oracle NoSQL Database, 103
Ordered categories, 14
Ordinal scales, 14

Least squares method, 77

Less than ogive, 162
Levels of measurement, 13
Line chart, 5758
description, 128
instructions for constructing, 129
of stock index values, 129
Line graph, 69
Machine learning methods, 104
Matrix plot, 85, 95
of average temperature, 87
example, 8586
of heating cost, 86

Negative relationship, 77
Neural network techniques, 100101
Nominal scale, 14

Petabytes, 17
Pie chart, 4850, 69
description of, 48, 130, 159160
federal expenditure, 160
instructions for constructing,
130131
percent in each category, 132
showing actual values in each
category, 131
variations of, 4950
Pivot chart, 139
frequency distribution and
histogram using, 140141
to summarize qualitative or
categorical data, 142144
Pivot table, 139
Positive relationship, 76
Probability, 114
Probability plot, 5962, 71, 72
Process analysis, objectives of, 15
Processes of data, 13
Qualitative data, 10
Qualitative variable, 14

180 INDEX

Quality companion, 5, 114

Quality tools, 5
Quantitative data, 10, 2123, 107
Quantitative messages
correlation, 106
deviation, 106
frequency distribution, 106
geographic/geospatial, 106
nominal comparison, 106
part-to-whole, 105106
ranking, 105
time series, 105
Quantitative variables, 79
Radiofrequency identification
sensors, 102
Ratio scale, 15
Real estate, 103
Regression, scatterplot with, 81
Retail, 103
Reveal data, 105
Scales, 108
Scatterplot, 75, 9293, 134135,
168169
with best fitting curve, 79
depicting inverse relationship, 76
description of, 134, 168
with fitted line, 85
instructions for constructing, 135
nonlinear relationship, 78
of quality rating and material
cost, 77
with regression line, 78, 81, 136,
169171
of summer temperature and
electricity usage, 135
summer temperature and electricity
used, 78
Science and research, 103
Sequence plot, 5457, 71
of deviation from target, 56
measurements on machined
parts, 56
of pizza delivery time, 5657
Smart Draw, 5, 114
Software applications, 99
Software packages, 114

Stacked bar chart, 3841, 68

carbon dioxide emissions, 40
description of, 38
example of, 39
of types of machining errors, 40
Statistical methods, 104
Statistical software, 5, 60
Statistical thinking
in data analysis, 1516
definition of, 16
Statistics, 114
Stem-and-leaf plot, 2831, 65,
165167
description of, 165
of number of defects, 166
Surface plot, 9091, 96
Symmetry plot, 72
description of, 61
examples of, 6263
for failure data, 64
of time to failure of electric motor, 64
Table, 107
Tableau Software, 5, 114
Telephone/mail surveys, 13
Time series data, 10
Time series plot, 5254, 70, 71, 137,
171172
of cell phone demand, 137
United Sates of America, 100
Variable, 18
concept of, 11
examples of, 11
Variation
graphical display of, 2728
interval plot, 5051
pie chart, 4950
Vertical bar chart, 128
Visual analytics, 9798
Visual objects, 107108
Visual quality tools, 113
Visual representation, 34
graphical tools, 58
Visual representation of data, 19
Walmart, 101103

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