SYSTEM SELECTION

SYSTEMSELECTION

Why Study System

WhyStudy
SystemSelection
Selection??
To
Tocontextualizetheinformationwewillshare
contextualize the information we will share
intoaprocess
Becausedesignisaprocess
Because
Becausethisisusuallywherewefailas
this is usually where we fail as
designers

Understanding the Owner

UnderstandingtheOwner
Thesystemorsolutionselectedwillonlybeas
The
system or solution selected will only be as
goodasyourunderstandingoftheproblem.
engineershaveareputationforweavingyards
ofsolutionswithinchesofproblems
Thismaybethemost
y
importantfactor
insystemselection:
KNOWWHAT
O
THEOWNERWANTS
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OwnerssViewonSustainability
Owner
View on Sustainability
Manyownersdon
Many owners dontthaveaclearunderstanding
have a clear understanding
oftheirsustainable/highperformance
objectives
Asimpledefinitionofsustainabilitycanhelp

Defining Sustainability
DefiningSustainability
Sustainable
Sustainabledevelopmentisdevelopmentthat
development is development that
meetstheneedsofthepresentwithout
compromising the ability of future generations
compromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerations
tomeettheirownneeds.
itsdifficulttowritespecificationsthat
capturethisdefinition
hi d fi i i

Everyday
Everyday Sustainability
Sustainability
Efficiency +Reliability
+ Reliability +Durability
+ Durability +
+
Simplicity
p y +Healthandsafety+
y
Maintainability =
Everydaysustainability

UsingtheEveryday
Using
the Everyday
SustainabilityDefinition
Buildamatrixofprioritieswiththeowner
Thiswillleadintoadiscussionaboutlifecycle
costsandawayfromfirstcosts
Energybudgets
Maintenanceprocedures
Occupantissues
Other
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The OPR
TheOPR
The
TheOwner
OwnerssProjectRequirements(OPR)will
Project Requirements (OPR) will
bediscussedfurtherintheclasson
commissioning
Understandingtheownersneedsisacrucial
firststepdontneglectit.

CRITERIAFORSYSTEMSELECTION
Zoning
Over/under sizing
Over/undersizing
Lifecyclecosts
Systemintegration
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Zoning
Howsmalldoesanindoorzoneneedtobe?

20people?
20
people?
10people?
2 people?
2people?
1person?

Itdepends
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Determining Size of a Zone

DeterminingSizeofaZone
Similarityofoccupants
y
p
Tasks
Levelofactivityy
Setpoints

Schedules
Predictableschedules:canbegrouped(officespace,
classrooms,church)
Irregularusagespaces:shouldbeindividually
controlled(labs,conferencerooms)

Typeofoccupants(highorlowtolerance)
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Determining Size of a Zone

DeterminingSizeofaZone
Typeofmechanicalsystem
Type of mechanical system
Somesystemsaremoreflexibleandcanbe
adapted to various sizes of zones
adaptedtovarioussizesofzones
Othersaremoredifficulttoapplytovarioussizes
of zones
ofzones

Location(relativetosun)
Buildingorientation
B ildi
i t ti

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Building Orientation
BuildingOrientation
5zones

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Building Orientation (cont.)

BuildingOrientation
(cont )
2zones

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Warning!!!
In
Inselectingasystem,creatingzones,
selecting a system creating zones
calculatingloads
We,asdesigners,tryourbestto
predictthefuture.
DONTspeculateblindly:talktothe
p
y
owner!!!
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Expansion
Ifaspaceislikelytobeexpandedensurethat
If a space is likely to be expanded ensure that
thedesignisflexibleand/orexpandable.

Officespaces
Office
spaces
Manufacturing
Labs
Healthcare

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Change of Occupancy
ChangeofOccupancy
Ifaspaceislikelytochangeoccupancyyour
If a space is likely to change occupancy your
choicesshouldnotlimitfuturechanges.
Schools
Labs
Officespaces
Office spaces

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Over/Under sizing
Over/Undersizing
Ruleofthumb
Rule
of thumb
Undersizecooling/oversizeheating
Efficiency
Safety
Comfort

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Why Oversize?
WhyOversize?
Fear(beltandsuspenderapproach)
Fear (belt and suspender approach)
Expandabilityforfuturegrowth
Itcanbeachievedthroughproperdesignsthat
canbeexpanded
Allowforphysicalspaceforexpansion

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Example of Expandability
ExampleofExpandability

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Why Undersize?
WhyUndersize?
Efficiency
Efficiency
Drivingtheequipmentclosetoitsmostefficient
operating point
operatingpoint
Partloadefficiency
Forcoolingsystems:Betterdehumidification
controls

Financial
Startsmallgrowintothebuildingwhenthere
aretenants
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Cooling Systems
CoolingSystems

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Heating Systems
HeatingSystems

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Life Cycle Costs

LifeCycleCosts
Mostlyaboutefficiency
Maintainability
Operationscosts
O
ti
t
Comfort/Productivity
Vacancy/Usage/Income
Tenantfitupcosts
T
t fit
t
Replacement/disposal
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Life Cycle Cost Analysis

LifeCycleCostAnalysis
Costs:
Purchaseprice
Installation
Operation
Maintenanceandupgrading
Maintenance and upgrading
Disposal
Replacement
Interest
Inflation
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UnderstandingtheOwner
Understanding
the Ownerss
FinancialGoals
Budget
Capital
p
O&M

Expectedreturnoninvestment
E
t d t
i
t
t
Simplepayback

Revenuestreams
Income
Abilitytoborrow
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System Integration
SystemIntegration
Adaptability:theabilitytochange(orbe
Adaptability:
the ability to change (or be
changed)tofitchangedcircumstances(see
also: flexibility suppleness pliability ability)
also:flexibility,suppleness,pliability,ability)
Th HVAC
TheHVACsystemsdonotoperateinisolation
d
i i l i

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TodayssHVACDesignEngineer
Today
HVAC Design Engineer
Mustunderstandtheotherbuildingdesign
Must understand the other building design
disciplines(plumbing,electrical,structural,
sustainable commissioning architecture
sustainable,commissioning,architecture,
civil,etc.)
Mustbeabletotalkarchitectese
Mustunderstandissuesofconstructability
Must understand issues of constructability
Mustbewillingtocompromise
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Examples of Integrated Design

ExamplesofIntegratedDesign
Plumbing
Lighting
FireProtection
Structural
Architectural
Landscapearchitect

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System Integration: Plumbing

SystemIntegration:Plumbing
Heatinghotwaterboilerssometimeshavethe
Heating hot water boilers sometimes have the
dualroleofalsogeneratingdomestichot
water
Understandthelocalcoderequirementsfor
minimum dhw temperature
minimumdhw
Understandthesummer/winteroperation
c a e ges
challenges

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System Integration: Lighting

SystemIntegration:Lighting
Electricalengineersshouldbedriven(by
Electrical engineers should be driven (by
energymodeler)todesignbuildingswitha
lighting power density (LPD) of < 0 6 W/ft2
lightingpowerdensity(LPD)of<0.6W/ft
HVACengineershavetoappreciatetheimpact
oflightsonthecoolingsystems
Lightingcoolingloaddoesnothavetobepartof
thespaceload

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Lighting Load
LightingLoad

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System Integration: Lighting

SystemIntegration:Lighting
Electricalengineersshouldbedriven(by
Electrical engineers should be driven (by
energymodeler)todesignbuildingswitha
lighting power density (LPD) of < 0 6 W/ft2
lightingpowerdensity(LPD)of<0.6W/ft
HVACengineershavetoappreciatetheimpact
oflightsonthecoolingsystems
Lightingcoolingloaddoesnothavetobepartof
thespaceload
Daylightharvesting:cannotaddtothesolarheat
gain
i
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System Integration: Lighting (cont.)

SystemIntegration:Lighting
(cont )
On
Onoff
offsignalscanbesharedbetweenHVAC
signals can be shared between HVAC
andLights
Occupancysensors
Occupancy sensors
Motion
Accesscontrol
Access control

Schedules

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System Integration: Fire/Smoke

SystemIntegration:Fire/Smoke
Exhaustfanscanbeusedtoperform
Exhaust fans can be used to perform
ventilationdutiesaswellassmokeevacuation
Mustrespectlocalauthoritiesofmaster/slave
relationshipbetweenfirealarmpanelandBAS

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System Integration: Structure

SystemIntegration:Structure
Thermalmass(understandlagtime)
Thermal mass (understand lag time)
Integratedductworkinsidestructure

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System Integration: Architecture

SystemIntegration:Architecture
Buildingenvelopeandfenestration:becomean
Building envelope and fenestration: become an
expertandadvisethearchitectonthe
choices:
Thermalmass
Externalorinternalshading
External or internal shading
Windowfilms
Thermalbreaks
h
lb k
Windowheattransfer:understandtheUfactorof
thecompletewindowassembly
h
l
i d
bl
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System Integration: Architecture (cont.)

SystemIntegration:Architecture
Adollarmoreininsulationwilllikelynotsavea
A dollar more in insulation will likely not save a
dollarinHVACsystemsfirstcosts
BUT,dotheanalysistodeterminehowmuch
insulationisoptimal
AND,dotheanalysistodeterminehowmuch
insulation will be required
insulationwillberequired

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System Integration: Landscape Design

SystemIntegration:LandscapeDesign
ShadingorWindProtectionfromtrees
Shading or Wind Protection from trees
Eliminateirrigationsystems;userainwaterin
coolingtowerortoilets/urinals

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System Integration: Summary

SystemIntegration:Summary
ThinkoutsideoftheHVACbox
Think outside of the HVAC box
ThereisonlysomuchtheHVACengineercando
in isolation
inisolation
ThesuccessfulHVACengineeroftomorrowwill
optimize the HVAC systems through Integrated
optimizetheHVACsystemsthroughIntegrated
BuildingDesign(IBD)

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System Selection: Conclusion

SystemSelection:Conclusion
First and foremost:
Firstandforemost:
Youmustunderstandtheownersneeds
d
d h

d
therestwillcomenaturally
(zoning rightsizing life cycle cost integration)
(zoning,rightsizing,lifecyclecost,integration)

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Questions?

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