15 3296 Canam Joist Girder Catalogue Canada Mise A Jour 07 2015web4

Joists
Joist
and
Joist Girders
Catalogue
A division of Canam Group
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Products, services and solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Surface preparation and paint
General information
Paint standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
The advantages of using steel joists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Paint costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Description of a joist girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Colours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Joists exposed to the elements or corrosive conditions . . . . . . . . . . 34
Components of a joist girder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Vibration
Advantages of joist girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Design standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Quality assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Accessories
Steel joist floor vibration comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Special conditions
Special joist deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Deflection of cantilevered joists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Camber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Material / Metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Special loads and moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Axes convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Various types of loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Section properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Transfer of axial loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Material / Imperial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Unbalanced loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Axes convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Load reduction according to tributary area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Section properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
End moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Bridging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Gravitational moments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Wind moments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Bridging line requirements / Metric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Joist or joist girder analysis and design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Bridging line requirements / Imperial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Joists adjacent to more rigid surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Spacing for bridging / Metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Joists with lateral slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Spacing for bridging / Imperial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Anchors on joists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Knee braces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Special joists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Material weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Joist girder to column connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Standard details
Bearing reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Bearing on top of the column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Maximum duct openings / Metric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Bearing facing the column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Maximum duct openings / Imperial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Bearing facing the column with center reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Geometry and shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Standards
Standard shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Non-standard shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
CAN/CSA S16-01 standards (16. Open-web steel joists)

and CISC commentaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Special shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Joist depth selection tables
Minimum depth and span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Imperial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Particularities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Joist girder depth selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bearing on concrete or masonry wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Bearing on steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
89
Graphics / Metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Graphics / Imperial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Ceiling extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Joist girder specifications
Flush shoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Information required from the building designer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Bolted splice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Checklist - joist
Bottom chord bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Joist design essential information checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Cantilever joist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Take-off sheet - quotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Sales offices and plant certifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Joist and joist girder identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Standard connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Canam is a trademark of Canam Group Inc.
Products, services and solutions

Canam specializes in the fabrication of steel joists, joist girders, steel deck, purlins
and girts, and welded wide-flange shapes. We also design and fabricate the Murox
high performance building system and Econox foldaway portable buildings. Canam
offers customers value-added engineering and drafting support, architectural
flexibility and customized solutions and services.
Another Canam solution, the BuildMaster approach, has redefined the way in
which buildings are designed and built by offering a safer, faster and greener
process that can reduce field erection time by between 15% and 25%.
Factors such as product quality, worksite supervision and construction time are
critical in the execution of any project, big or small, and Canam's reputation for
reliability simplifies these considerations for customers. In addition to a rigorous
jobsite management process that is specifically designed to ensure that deadlines
are met, our cutting-edge equipment, skilled employees and high quality products
are also key in allowing Canam to keep its promises. Whatever your project, we will
meet your requirements while also complying with all applicable building codes.
Another aspect of our exceptional service is just-in-time delivery as per customer
specifications. To eliminate delays, components are transported by our very own
fleet, which stands ready to ensure on-time delivery, regardless of the location.
Depending on the region and worksite, Canam can transport components measuring
up to 16 ft. (4.9 m) wide and 120 ft. (36.5 m) long.
Canam is one of the largest steel joist fabricators in North America.
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT
Although every effort was made to ensure that the information contained in this
catalog is factual and that the numerical values presented herein are consistent
with applicable standards, Canam does not assume any responsibility whatsoever
for errors or oversights that may result from the use or interpretation of this data.
Anyone making use of this catalog assumes all liability arising from such use.
All comments and suggestions for improvements to this publication are greatly
appreciated and will receive full consideration in future editions.
Appuisinformation
sphriques
General
THE ADVANTAGES OF USING STEEL JOISTS
Using a steel joist and steel deck system for floor and roof construction has proven
itself to be a most advantageous solution. It can result in substantial savings
based on:
Efficiences of high-strength steel;
Speed and ease of erection;
Low self-weight of roof and floor construction allowing for smaller columns and
foundations than for a concrete structure;
Increased bay dimensions, which reduces the number of joists and columns
and simplifies building erection;

Greater floor plan layout flexibility for the building occupant due to the
increased bay dimensions;
Maximum ceiling height due to installation of ducts through the joist web
system;
E
asy adaptation to acoustical insulation systems;
Floor and roof composition having long-term resistance to fire, as established
by the Underwriters Laboratories of Canada (ULC).
DESCRIPTION OF A JOIST GIRDER

DEFINITION
A joist girder is a primary structural component of a building. Generally, it supports
floor or roof joists in simple span conditions, or other secondary elements (purlins,
wood trusses, etc.) evenly spaced along the length of the joist girder. The loads
applied to a spandrel joist girder come from one side, while on an inside bay the
loads are applied on either side of the joist girder.
COMPONENTS OF A JOIST GIRDER
An open web joist girder, or commonly known as a cantruss at Canam, is
composed of a top chord and a bottom chord, which are usually parallel to each
other. These chords are held in place using vertical and diagonal web members. In
conventional construction, a joist girder rests on a column and the bottom chord is
held in place horizontally by a stabilizing plate.
The standard main components are:
1. Top and bottom chords: two angles back-to-back with a gap varying between
25 mm (1 in.) and 76 mm (3 in.),
2. Diagonals: U-shaped channels or two angles back-to-back,
3. Verticals: U-shaped channels, boxed angles or HSS,
4. Shoes: two angles back-to-back.
Vertical
Top chord
Shoe
Diagonal
Bottom chord
Components of a joist girder
Appuis sphriques
General
information
ADVANTAGES OF JOIST GIRDERS
The use of open web joist girders is widespread in North America, mostly in the
United States, for roof construction of commercial and industrial buildings. The
joist girders are advantageous compared with conventional load bearing systems
composed of beams with a W profile. Here are the various options for supporting
systems when designing a steel building:
Simple beam
Gerber system
Joist girder
Carrying system
Economical factors associated with the specification of joist girders include

the following:
1. The steel used in joist girders has a yield strength higher than steel used for
shaped or welded beams: 380 MPa (55 ksi) versus 350 MPa (50 ksi).
2. Better cost control for material purchases (angles) on the Canadian market
compared with importing the beam sections.
3. Open web joist girders are lighter than the full web beams of the same depth.
4. The speed and ease of site erection improves jobsite co-ordination.
5. The joist girders can be used to facilitate the installation of ventilation ducts
and plumbing as compared to a beam.
Beam
Mechanical conduits
Joist girder
Passage of mechanical conduits
General information
If a larger opening is required, a diagonal member can be removed if the top and
bottom chord are reinforced.
L
The building designer must consider the following to ensure the economical use of
joist girders:
Joist girder
Approximately 1.5 x L
Joists
1. L
onger spans of joist girders are preferred as this reduces the number of
columns inside a building.
Joist girder
Optimal rectangular bay
2. G
reater depths reduce the size of the top and bottom chords for increased
weight savings.
3. B
ay arrangement should be repetitive since designing and fabricating many
identical pieces will reduce production costs.
4. Regular joist spacing must be maintained by the building designer by lining
up the joists on either side of the joist girders.
5. Rectangular bays are recommended, in a roof or floor system using joist
girders and joists, where the longest dimension corresponds to the joist span,
while the shortest dimension corresponds to the joist girder span. An optimal
rectangular bay would typically have a ratio of joist span to joist girder span
of approximately 1.5.
6. B
earing shoes are used for economical joist girder to column connection,
usually 191 mm (7.5 in.) deep, bolted to the top of the column or on a bearing
bracket on the web or the flange of the column.
STEEL
Our joist and joist girder design makes use of high strength steel purchased in
accordance with the latest issue of the standards below:
old formed angles and U-shaped channels: ASTM A1011;
C
Cold formed angle
H
ot rolled angles and round bars: CAN/CSA-G40.20/G40.21.
DESIGN STANDARDS
Joist and joist girder design is based on the latest issue of the design standards in effect:
Hot rolled angle
Canada:
United States:
CAN/CSA S1601
SJI
CAN/CSA S13607
NBCC 2005
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Over the years, we have established strict quality standards. All our welders,
inspectors, and quality assurance technicians are certified by the Canadian Welding
Bureau (CWB). We do visual inspections on 100% of the welded joints and
non-destructive testing if required.
Notes:
This catalog was produced by Canam, a business unit of Canam Group Inc. It is intended for use by engineers, architects, and building contractors
working in steel construction. It is a selection tool for our economical steel products. It is also a practical guide for Canam joists and joist girders.
Canam reserves the right to change, revise, or withdraw any product or procedure without notice.
Distribution CentreICornwall, Ontario
The information presented in this catalog was prepared according to recognized engineering principles and is for general use. Although every effort
has been made to ensure that the information in this catalog is correct and complete, it is possible that errors or oversights may have occurred. The
information contained herein should not be used without examination and verification of its applications by a certified professional.
Accessories
MATERIAL
METRIC
AXES CONVENTION
Y
Y
X
SECTION PROPERTIES
ROUND AND SQUARE BARS

Material
(in.)
Grade
(MPa)
Forming
Mass
(kg/m)
Area
(mm 2)
l
(10 3 mm 4)
r
(mm)
1/2
350
Hot rolled
0.99
127
1.28
9/16
350
Hot rolled
1.26
160
2.05
3.2
3.6
5/8
350
Hot rolled
1.55
198
3.11
4.0
11/16
350
Hot rolled
1.88
239
4.56
4.4
3/4
350
Hot rolled
2.24
285
6.46
4.8
13/16
350
Hot rolled
2.62
335
8.91
5.2
7/8
350
Hot rolled
3.05
388
11.99
5.6
15/16
350
Hot rolled
3.49
445
15.78
6.0
6.4
350
Hot rolled
3.97
507
20.43
1 1/8
350
Hot rolled
5.03
641
32.73
7.1
1 square
350
Hot rolled
5.06
645
34.69
7.3
U SHAPES
Axis X-X
Material
(in.)
(in.)
1
5/8
(in.)
Grade
(MPa)
Forming
Mass
(kg/m)
Area
(mm 2)
y
(mm)
lxx
(10 3 mm 4)
0.090
350
Cold formed
0.84
107
5.1
2.13
Axis Y-Y
r xx
(mm)
4.4
lyy
(10 3 mm 4)
9.30
r yy
(mm)
9.3
0.8
0.090
350
Cold formed
1.01
129
7.1
4.81
6.1
12.18
9.7
0.85
0.090
350
Cold formed
1.07
137
7.8
5.99
6.6
13.11
9.8
0.090
350
Cold formed
1.15
146
8.7
7.71
7.3
14.25
9.9
0.118
350
Cold formed
1.49
191
9.6
10.70
7.5
17.55
9.6
1.05
0.090
350
Cold formed
1.28
161
10.4
11.61
8.5
16.38
10.1
1.1
0.118
350
Cold formed
1.68
212
11.4
16.20
8.7
20.36
9.8
1 3/8
1.27
0.118
350
Cold formed
2.11
268
12.1
28.02
10.2
52.23
13.9
1 3/8
1 3/8
0.118
350
Cold formed
2.21
283
13.1
34.03
11.0
55.72
14.0
1 3/8
1 3/8
0.157
350
Cold formed
2.94
374
14.3
46.87
11.2
69.47
13.6
1 3/4
1 1/2
0.157
350
Cold formed
3.45
440
14.5
66.68
12.3
138.13
17.7
1 3/4
1 3/4
0.197
350
Cold formed
4.67
597
18.0
120.22
14.2
183.92
17.6
2 3/8
0.197
350
Cold formed
5.57
711
18.0
171.57
15.5
396.63
23.6
Accessories
DOUBLE ANGLES (LONG LEGS BACK-TO-BACK)
METRIC
r yy with different gaps
Axis X-X
Material
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
Grade
(MPa)
Forming
Mass
(kg/m)
1.74
0.090
380
Cold formed
1
1
1
1 1/8
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 5/8
1 5/8
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 7/8
1 7/8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1/8
2 1/8
2 1/8
2 1/4
2 1/4
2 3/8
2 3/8
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 5/8
2 3/4
2 7/8
3
3
3
3
3 1/8
3 1/2
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
8
8
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1
1
1
1 1/8
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 5/8
1 5/8
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 7/8
1 7/8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1/8
2 1/8
2 1/8
2 1/4
2 1/4
2 3/8
2 3/8
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 5/8
2 3/4
2 7/8
3
2
3
3
3 1/8
3 1/2
3
4
3
4
4
3 1/2
5
5
5
6
4
6
6
8
8
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
7/64
0.118
1/8
0.090
0.118
0.118
1/8
3/16
0.118
0.118
1/8
5/32
0.157
3/16
0.118
0.157
0.118
5/32
0.157
3/16
0.157
0.197
0.118
0.157
3/16
0.197
7/32
1/4
0.157
0.197
0.236
0.197
0.236
0.197
0.236
0.197
0.236
1/4
5/16
0.236
0.236
0.236
0.236
5/16
5/16
3/8
0.236
3/8
3/8
3/8
1/2
1/2
9/16
1/2
1/2
9/16
5/8
9/16
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
1
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
350
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
350
380
380
380
380
350
380
300
300
300
2.09
Hot rolled
2.22
Cold formed
2.38
Hot rolled
1.97
Cold formed
2.53
Cold formed
2.84
Cold formed
3.00
Hot rolled
4.40
Hot rolled
3.14
Cold formed
3.45
Cold formed
3.66
Hot rolled
4.49
Hot rolled
4.47
Cold formed
5.36
Hot rolled
3.76
Cold formed
4.87
Cold formed
4.06
Cold formed
5.31
Hot rolled
5.28
Cold formed
6.31
Hot rolled
5.69
Cold formed
6.96
Cold formed
4.66
Cold formed
6.10
Cold formed
7.26
Hot rolled
7.46
Cold formed
8.37
Hot rolled
9.50
Hot rolled
6.50
Cold formed
7.97
Cold formed
9.39
Cold formed
8.48
Cold formed
9.99
Cold formed
8.98
Cold formed
Cold formed 10.60
9.49
Cold formed
Cold formed 11.20
12.21
Hot rolled
14.89
Hot rolled
Cold formed 11.81
Cold formed 12.42
Cold formed 13.02
Cold formed 13.63
14.89
Hot rolled
18.16
Hot rolled
21.44
Hot rolled
Cold formed 14.23
25.30
Hot rolled
25.31
Hot rolled
29.19
Hot rolled
33.05
Hot rolled
38.12
Hot rolled
42.56
Hot rolled
40.51
Hot rolled
48.25
Hot rolled
53.91
Hot rolled
59.57
Hot rolled
65.18
Hot rolled
59.57
Hot rolled
72.08
Hot rolled
85.48
Hot rolled
Hot rolled 115.86
Hot rolled 151.90
Area
(mm 2)
y
lxx
r xx
(mm) (10 6 mm4) (mm)
Axis Z
12.7
(mm)
19
(mm)
25
(mm)
35
(mm)
45
(mm)
60
(mm)
rz
(mm)
215
7.4
0.013
7.8
15.8
18.6
21.4
26.1
30.9
38.2
4.9
266
275
296
244
313
351
387
555
390
428
465
573
557
684
466
608
504
674
659
800
709
870
580
760
916
934
1 068
1 213
811
997
1 181
1 061
1 253
1 124
1 330
1 188
1 406
1 536
1 890
1 482
1 558
1 634
1 711
1 882
2 291
2 722
1 787
3 206
3 200
3 691
4 194
4 860
5 400
5 161
6 129
6 850
7 561
8 296
7 561
9 161
10 887
14 758
19 355
7.4
7.8
7.5
8.2
8.6
9.4
9.1
9.7
10.1
10.9
10.7
11.0
11.4
11.3
11.7
12.2
12.5
12.6
13.0
12.9
13.8
14.3
14.1
14.6
14.5
15.1
14.7
15.0
15.4
15.9
16.3
16.6
17.1
17.4
17.9
18.2
18.7
18.2
18.8
19.5
20.3
21.1
21.9
25.8
22.0
22.5
22.7
25.7
32.6
28.9
33.7
30.1
30.6
42.1
36.4
37.0
37.6
43.3
51.6
43.9
45.1
57.8
60.1
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019
0.024
0.034
0.037
0.051
0.046
0.061
0.065
0.079
0.077
0.092
0.078
0.099
0.098
0.128
0.126
0.149
0.156
0.188
0.148
0.191
0.227
0.231
0.259
0.289
0.231
0.280
0.324
0.335
0.390
0.398
0.463
0.467
0.545
0.585
0.706
0.636
0.737
0.848
0.969
1.095
1.256
1.465
1.101
2.384
3.298
3.630
4.203
4.630
5.097
8.313
9.365
10.353
11.300
18.232
17.539
20.105
23.438
58.054
74.075
7.8
7.8
7.7
8.9
8.8
9.8
9.8
9.6
10.9
11.9
11.8
11.7
11.7
11.6
12.9
12.8
13.9
13.8
13.8
13.6
14.8
14.7
16.0
15.8
15.7
15.7
15.6
15.5
16.9
16.7
16.6
17.8
17.6
18.8
18.6
19.8
19.7
19.5
19.3
20.7
21.7
22.7
23.8
24.1
23.4
23.2
24.8
27.3
32.1
31.4
31.7
30.9
30.7
40.1
39.1
38.9
38.7
46.9
48.2
46.8
46.4
62.7
61.9
15.8
16.1
15.9
17.0
17.3
18.5
18.3
18.7
19.8
21.0
20.7
20.9
21.3
21.1
22.2
22.5
23.5
23.4
23.8
23.6
25.0
25.3
26.0
26.3
26.1
26.6
26.2
26.4
27.5
27.8
27.8
29.1
29.4
30.3
30.6
31.6
31.9
31.4
31.7
33.1
34.4
35.6
36.9
24.2
36.7
37.1
38.2
42.1
34.4
47.2
35.1
47.8
48.1
38.9
58.0
58.2
58.5
68.3
43.5
68.7
69.3
89.7
90.8
18.6
19.0
18.7
19.8
20.1
21.3
21.0
21.4
22.5
23.6
23.4
23.6
24.0
23.8
24.9
25.2
26.1
26.0
26.4
26.2
27.6
27.9
28.5
28.8
28.6
29.2
28.8
29.0
30.1
30.4
30.4
31.6
31.9
32.8
33.2
34.1
34.4
33.9
34.3
35.6
36.9
38.1
39.4
26.8
39.2
39.6
40.6
44.6
36.9
49.6
37.6
50.2
50.5
41.4
60.3
60.6
60.9
70.6
45.9
71.1
71.6
92.0
93.1
21.3
21.7
21.5
22.5
22.8
24.0
23.7
24.2
25.1
26.3
26.0
26.2
26.7
26.5
27.5
27.8
28.6
28.6
29.0
28.8
30.2
30.5
31.0
31.4
31.2
31.7
31.4
31.6
32.6
32.9
33.0
34.1
34.5
35.3
35.7
36.6
36.9
36.4
36.8
38.1
39.3
40.6
41.8
29.4
41.7
42.0
43.0
47.0
39.3
52.0
40.0
52.6
53.0
43.8
62.6
62.9
63.3
72.9
48.3
73.3
74.0
94.2
95.4
26.1
26.5
26.2
27.2
27.5
28.6
28.4
28.8
29.7
30.8
30.6
30.8
31.2
31.0
32.0
32.3
33.1
33.1
33.5
33.3
34.6
35.0
35.4
35.8
35.6
36.2
35.8
36.0
37.0
37.3
37.3
38.5
38.9
39.7
40.0
40.9
41.2
40.7
41.1
42.4
43.6
44.8
46.0
33.8
45.9
46.3
47.2
51.1
43.5
56.0
44.3
56.7
57.1
47.9
66.6
67.0
67.3
76.8
52.4
77.3
77.9
98.0
99.3
30.9
31.3
31.0
31.9
32.3
33.3
33.1
33.6
34.4
35.5
35.2
35.5
35.9
35.7
36.6
37.0
37.7
37.7
38.1
37.9
39.2
39.6
39.9
40.3
40.2
40.7
40.4
40.6
41.5
41.9
41.9
43.0
43.4
44.1
44.5
45.3
45.7
45.2
45.6
46.8
48.0
49.2
50.3
38.4
50.3
50.7
51.5
55.4
47.9
60.2
48.7
61.0
61.4
52.2
70.7
71.1
71.4
80.8
56.6
81.3
82.0
101.9
103.2
38.2
38.6
38.3
39.2
39.6
40.6
40.3
40.8
41.6
42.6
42.4
42.6
43.1
42.9
43.7
44.1
44.8
44.8
45.2
45.0
46.2
46.7
46.9
47.3
47.1
47.7
47.4
47.6
48.4
48.8
48.9
49.9
50.3
51.0
51.4
52.1
52.5
52.0
52.5
53.7
54.8
55.9
57.1
45.5
57.0
57.4
58.2
62.1
54.6
66.7
55.5
67.6
68.0
58.9
77.1
77.5
77.9
87.0
63.2
87.5
88.3
107.9
109.3
5.0
4.8
5.0
5.5
5.5
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.8
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.3
7.5
8.1
8.0
8.7
8.8
8.6
8.7
9.3
9.1
10.0
9.9
10.0
9.8
10.0
9.9
10.6
10.4
10.3
11.1
11.0
11.7
11.6
12.4
12.3
12.5
12.4
12.9
13.6
14.2
14.9
11.0
15.0
14.9
15.5
17.4
16.4
20.0
16.2
19.9
19.8
19.2
25.0
24.9
24.8
29.9
21.9
29.9
29.8
40.0
39.7
Accessories
MATERIAL
IMPERIAL
AXES CONVENTION
Y
Y
X
SECTION PROPERTIES
ROUND AND SQUARE BARS

Material
(in.)
Grade
(ksi)
Forming
Mass
(plf)
Area
(in. 2)
l
(in. 4)
r
(in.)
1/2
50
Hot rolled
0.67
0.20
0.003
0.13
9/16
50
Hot rolled
0.84
0.25
0.005
0.14
5/8
50
Hot rolled
1.04
0.31
0.007
0.16
11/16
50
Hot rolled
1.26
0.37
0.011
0.17
3/4
50
Hot rolled
1.50
0.44
0.016
0.19
13/16
50
Hot rolled
1.76
0.52
0.021
0.20
7/8
50
Hot rolled
2.05
0.60
0.029
0.22
15/16
50
Hot rolled
2.35
0.69
0.038
0.23
50
Hot rolled
2.67
0.79
0.049
0.25
1 1/8
50
Hot rolled
3.38
0.99
0.079
0.28
1 square
50
Hot rolled
3.40
1.00
0.083
0.29
U SHAPES
Axis X-X
Material
(in.)
(in.)
10
(in.)
Grade
(ksi)
Forming
Mass
(plf)
Area
(in. 2)
y
(in.)
lxx
(in. 4)
Axis Y-Y
r xx
(in.)
lyy
(in. 4)
r yy
(in.)
5/8
0.090
50
Cold formed
0.57
0.17
0.20
0.005
0.18
0.022
0.37
0.8
0.090
50
Cold formed
0.68
0.20
0.28
0.012
0.24
0.029
0.38
0.85
0.090
50
Cold formed
0.72
0.21
0.31
0.014
0.26
0.031
0.39
0.090
50
Cold formed
0.77
0.23
0.34
0.019
0.29
0.034
0.39
0.118
50
Cold formed
1.00
0.30
0.38
0.026
0.30
0.042
0.38
1.05
0.090
50
Cold formed
0.86
0.25
0.41
0.028
0.33
0.039
0.40
1.1
0.118
50
Cold formed
1.13
0.33
0.45
0.039
0.34
0.049
0.39
1 3/8
1.27
0.118
50
Cold formed
1.42
0.42
0.48
0.067
0.40
0.125
0.55
1 3/8
1 3/8
0.118
50
Cold formed
1.49
0.44
0.52
0.082
0.43
0.134
0.55
1 3/8
1 3/8
0.157
50
Cold formed
1.98
0.58
0.56
0.113
0.44
0.167
0.54
1 3/4
1 1/2
0.157
50
Cold formed
2.32
0.68
0.57
0.160
0.48
0.332
0.70
1 3/4
1 3/4
0.197
50
Cold formed
3.14
0.93
0.71
0.289
0.56
0.442
0.69
2 3/8
0.197
50
Cold formed
3.75
1.10
0.71
0.412
0.61
0.953
0.93
Accessories
DOUBLE ANGLES (LONG LEGS BACK-TO-BACK)
IMPERIAL
Axis X-X
Material
(in.)
(in.)www
1
1
1
1
1 1/8
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 5/8
1 5/8
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 7/8
1 7/8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1/8
2 1/8
2 1/8
2 1/4
2 1/4
2 3/8
2 3/8
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 5/8
2 3/4
2 7/8
3
3
3
3
3 1/8
3 1/2
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
8
8
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1
1
1
1
1 1/8
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 5/8
1 5/8
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 7/8
1 7/8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1/8
2 1/8
2 1/8
2 1/4
2 1/4
2 3/8
2 3/8
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 5/8
2 3/4
2 7/8
3
2
3
3
3 1/8
3 1/2
3
4
3
4
4
3 1/2
5
5
5
6
4
6
6
8
8
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
(in.)
Grade
(ksi)
0.090
7/64
0.118
1/8
0.090
0.118
0.118
1/8
3/16
0.118
0.118
1/8
5/32
0.157
3/16
0.118
0.157
0.118
5/32
0.157
3/16
0.157
0.197
0.118
0.157
3/16
0.197
7/32
1/4
0.157
0.197
0.236
0.197
0.236
0.197
0.236
0.197
0.236
1/4
5/16
0.236
0.236
0.236
0.236
5/16
5/16
3/8
0.236
3/8
3/8
3/8
1/2
1/2
9/16
1/2
1/2
9/16
5/8
9/16
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
1
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
50
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
50
55
55
55
55
50
55
44
44
44
Axis Z
r yy with different gaps
Mass
(plf)
Area
(in. 2)
y
(in.)
lxx
(in. 4)
r xx
(in.)
1/2
(in.)
3/4
(in.)
1
(in.)
1 3/8
(in.)
1 3/4
(in.)
2 3/8
(in.)
rz
(in.)
Cold formed
1.17
Hot rolled
1.40
Cold formed
1.49
Hot rolled
1.60
Cold formed
1.32
Cold formed
1.70
Cold formed
1.91
Hot rolled
2.02
Hot rolled
2.96
Cold formed
2.11
Cold formed
2.32
Hot rolled
2.46
Hot rolled
3.02
Cold formed
3.00
Hot rolled
3.60
Cold formed
2.52
Cold formed
3.28
Cold formed
2.73
Hot rolled
3.57
Cold formed
3.55
Hot rolled
4.24
Cold formed
3.82
Cold formed
4.68
Cold formed
3.13
Cold formed
4.10
Hot rolled
4.88
Cold formed
5.02
Hot rolled
5.62
Hot rolled
6.38
Cold formed
4.37
Cold formed
5.36
Cold formed
6.31
Cold formed
5.70
Cold formed
6.72
Cold formed
6.04
Cold formed
7.12
Cold formed
6.38
Cold formed
7.53
Hot rolled
8.21
Hot rolled
10.00
Cold formed
7.94
Cold formed
8.34
Cold formed
8.75
Cold formed
9.16
Hot rolled
10.01
Hot rolled
12.20
Hot rolled
14.41
Cold formed
9.56
Hot rolled
17.00
Hot rolled
17.01
Hot rolled
19.62
Hot rolled
22.21
Hot rolled
25.62
Hot rolled
28.60
Hot rolled
27.22
Hot rolled
32.42
Hot rolled
36.23
Hot rolled
40.03
Hot rolled
43.80
Hot rolled
40.03
Hot rolled
48.44
Hot rolled
57.44
Hot rolled
77.85
Hot rolled 102.07
0.33
0.41
0.43
0.46
0.38
0.49
0.54
0.60
0.86
0.60
0.66
0.72
0.89
0.86
1.06
0.72
0.94
0.78
1.04
1.02
1.24
1.10
1.35
0.90
1.18
1.42
1.45
1.66
1.88
1.26
1.55
1.831
1.64
1.94
1.74
2.06
1.84
2.18
2.38
2.93
2.30
2.42
2.53
2.65
2.92
3.55
4.22
2.77
4.97
4.96
5.72
6.50
7.53
8.37
8.00
9.50
10.62
11.72
12.86
11.72
14.20
16.87
22.87
30.00
0.29
0.29
0.31
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.37
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.43
0.42
0.43
0.45
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.51
0.54
0.56
0.56
0.57
0.57
0.59
0.58
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.67
0.69
0.71
0.72
0.74
0.72
0.74
0.77
0.80
0.83
0.86
1.02
0.86
0.89
0.89
1.01
1.28
1.14
1.33
1.18
1.21
1.66
1.43
1.46
1.48
1.70
2.03
1.73
1.78
2.28
2.37
0.031
0.039
0.040
0.043
0.046
0.059
0.082
0.088
0.123
0.111
0.145
0.156
0.189
0.185
0.220
0.187
0.239
0.236
0.307
0.302
0.358
0.375
0.452
0.357
0.460
0.545
0.555
0.622
0.695
0.556
0.672
0.781
0.806
0.937
0.955
1.113
1.122
1.310
1.406
1.697
1.529
1.771
2.037
2.328
2.632
3.017
3.519
2.646
5.728
7.924
8.721
10.097
11.123
12.246
19.971
22.501
24.874
27.148
43.802
42.139
48.302
56.310
139.480
177.970
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.35
0.35
0.39
0.38
0.38
0.43
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.51
0.50
0.55
0.54
0.54
0.54
0.58
0.58
0.63
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.61
0.61
0.66
0.66
0.65
0.70
0.69
0.74
0.73
0.78
0.77
0.77
0.76
0.81
0.86
0.90
0.94
0.95
0.92
0.91
0.98
1.07
1.26
1.23
1.25
1.22
1.21
1.58
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.85
1.90
1.84
1.83
2.47
2.44
0.62
0.62
0.64
0.63
0.67
0.68
0.73
0.72
0.73
0.78
0.83
0.82
0.82
0.84
0.83
0.87
0.89
0.92
0.92
0.94
0.93
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.03
1.03
1.05
1.03
1.04
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.14
1.16
1.19
1.21
1.24
1.25
1.24
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
0.95
1.45
1.46
1.50
1.66
1.36
1.86
1.38
1.88
1.89
1.53
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.69
1.71
2.71
2.73
3.53
3.57
0.73
0.73
0.75
0.74
0.78
0.79
0.84
0.83
0.84
0.88
0.93
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.94
0.98
0.99
1.03
1.02
1.04
1.03
1.09
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.13
1.15
1.13
1.14
1.18
1.20
1.20
1.24
1.26
1.29
1.31
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.06
1.54
1.56
1.60
1.75
1.45
1.95
1.48
1.98
1.99
1.63
2.37
2.39
2.40
2.78
1.81
2.80
2.82
3.62
3.67
0.84
0.84
0.86
0.84
0.89
0.90
0.94
0.93
0.95
0.99
1.03
1.02
1.03
1.05
1.04
1.08
1.10
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.13
1.19
1.20
1.22
1.24
1.23
1.25
1.24
1.24
1.28
1.30
1.30
1.34
1.36
1.39
1.40
1.44
1.45
1.43
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.16
1.64
1.65
1.69
1.85
1.55
2.05
1.58
2.07
2.08
1.72
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.87
1.90
2.89
2.91
3.71
3.76
1.03
1.03
1.04
1.03
1.07
1.08
1.13
1.12
1.13
1.17
1.21
1.20
1.21
1.23
1.22
1.26
1.27
1.30
1.30
1.32
1.31
1.36
1.38
1.39
1.41
1.40
1.42
1.41
1.42
1.45
1.47
1.47
1.52
1.53
1.56
1.58
1.61
1.62
1.60
1.62
1.67
1.72
1.76
1.81
1.33
1.81
1.82
1.86
2.01
1.71
2.21
1.74
2.23
2.25
1.89
2.62
2.64
2.65
3.02
2.06
3.04
3.07
3.86
3.91
1.22
1.22
1.23
1.22
1.26
1.27
1.31
1.30
1.32
1.35
1.40
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.41
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.50
1.49
1.54
1.56
1.57
1.59
1.58
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.63
1.65
1.65
1.69
1.71
1.74
1.75
1.78
1.80
1.78
1.79
1.84
1.89
1.94
1.98
1.51
1.98
1.99
2.03
2.18
1.89
2.37
1.92
2.40
2.42
2.06
2.78
2.80
2.81
3.18
2.23
3.20
3.23
4.01
4.06
1.50
1.50
1.52
1.51
1.54
1.56
1.60
1.59
1.61
1.64
1.68
1.67
1.68
1.70
1.69
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.76
1.78
1.77
1.82
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.96
1.98
2.01
2.02
2.05
2.07
2.05
2.07
2.11
2.16
2.20
2.25
1.79
2.24
2.26
2.29
2.44
2.15
2.63
2.19
2.66
2.68
2.32
3.03
3.05
3.06
3.43
2.49
3.45
3.47
4.25
4.30
0.19
0.20
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.24
0.27
0.29
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.32
0.31
0.34
0.35
0.34
0.34
0.36
0.36
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.42
0.41
0.41
0.44
0.43
0.46
0.46
0.49
0.48
0.49
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.56
0.58
0.43
0.59
0.59
0.61
0.69
0.64
0.79
0.64
0.78
0.78
0.75
0.98
0.98
0.98
1.18
0.86
1.18
1.17
1.58
1.56
Forming
11
Accessories
Athletic Facility I Terrebonne, Quebec
Alphonse-Desjardins Sports ComplexITrois-Rivires, Quebec
12
Bombardier Centre I La Pocatire, Quebec
Accessories
BRIDGING
SPECIFICATIONS
The CAN/CSA S16-01 standard specifies a bridging system to assure steel joist
stability. Some important points to consider are:
Maximum slenderness ratio by bridging type;
Minimum capacity of the bridging system;
Service load criteria;
Maximum unsupported lengths for the top and bottom chords of the joist;
Erection criteria;
Bridging system requirements for special support conditions.
The two types of bridging used and their maximum unsupported length are as
follows:
Horizontal bridging
300 x r z
Diagonal bridging
200 x r z
The horizontal bridging type is most commonly used to stabilize joists. Attachment
of diagonal and horizontal bridging to joist chords with a minimum capacity of 3kN
is in accordance with clause 16.7.6 of CSA S16-01. The selection tables for horizontal
and diagonal bridging angles presented herein meet the slenderness and minimum
capacity criteria.
The bridging system performs two main functions:
T
o assure joist stability during erection by providing lateral support to the top
and bottom chords of the joists;
To hold the joists in the position shown on the drawings, normally vertical.
In general, the bridging must be spaced along the chords so that the laterally
unsupported distance does not exceed:
Top chord
170 x r yy
Bottom chord
240 x r yy
For safety reasons, a line of cross bridging is recommended for joists having a span
longer than 12.2 m (about 40 ft.). No construction loads shall be placed on the joists
until the bridging system is completely installed.
Once installed, the steel deck generally offers sufficient rigidity to provide the
lateral stability to the top chord. The resistance of decking and joints must be
verified by the joist designer to ensure that adequate lateral support is provided to
the top chord. For the bottom chord, bridging must be designed with the maximum
slenderness ratio criterion of this tension member. If the bottom chord is subject to
compression loads, due to uplift forces or other compression causing forces, a
system with more bridging lines must be used. If uplift forces are applied to the
joist, a line of bridging is required at the first bottom chord panel point at both ends
of the joist.
The length of horizontal bridging supplied by Canam is based on a maximum lap of
150mm (6 in.).
The ends of the bridging system on a beam or masonry wall must comply with
clause 16.7.7 of the CAN/CSA S16-01 standard.
Certain joist loading conditions require special bracing systems. Note that this
reference is to bracing rather than bridging. Members supplied in these cases must
meet the criteria of clause 9.2 of CAN/CSA S16-01. Two such cases are cantilever
joists and perimeter joists that laterally support the top of wind columns.
13
Accessories
BRIDGING LINE REQUIREMENTS

The following tables are a guide to evaluate the number of top and bottom chord
bridging lines for a joist having a uniformly distributed load. The number of lines is
based upon the maximum allowable spacing between the lines at the top chord.
This number can vary with chord angle separation and chord sizes. As previously
mentioned, when uplift forces are applied to the joist, additional bridging lines are
required near both ends of the bottom chord.
METRIC
TABLE FOR SELECTING THE NUMBER OF BRIDGING LINES

Factored load (kN/m)
Span
(m)
6.0
7.5
9.0
10.5
12.0
13.5
15.0
16.5
18.0
19.5
21.0
22.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
10
11
12
13
14
15
4.5
5.4
6.3
7.2
8.1
9.0
9.9
10.8
11.7
12.6
13.5
14.4
15.3
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
6.0
6.6
7.2
7.8
8.4
9.0
9.6
10.2
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
34
38
42
46
Legend
14
Service load (kN/m)

4.5
0 line
2 lines
1 line
3 lines
4 lines
Accessories
IMPERIAL
TABLE FOR SELECTING THE NUMBER OF BRIDGING LINES

Factored load (plf)
Span
(ft.)
Service load (plf)

300
405
510
615
720
825
930
1,035
1,140
1,245
1,350
1,455
1,560
200
270
340
410
480
550
620
690
760
830
900
970
1,040
10
13
16
20
23
26
30
33
36
40
43
46
49
300
360
420
480
540
600
660
720
780
840
900
960
1,020
200
240
280
320
360
400
440
480
520
560
600
640
680
52
56
59
62
65
72
79
85
92
98
112
125
138
151
Legend
0 line
2 lines
1 line
3 lines
4 lines
15
Accessories
SPACING FOR BRIDGING
METRIC
MAXIMUM JOIST SPACING (mm) FOR HORIZONTAL BRIDGING
Bridging angle size
L 11/4 x 11/4 x 0.090
L 11/2 x 11/2 x 0.090
L 15/8 x 0.118
L 13/4 x 13/4 x 0.118
L 2 x 2 x 1/8
L 13/4 x 13/4 x 1/8
L 2 x 2 x 0.157
2,620
2,970
L 11/2 x 11/2 x 0.118

1,720
2,240
2,420
MAXIMUM JOIST SPACING (mm) FOR DIAGONAL BRIDGING

Bridging angle size
Joist depth
(mm)
L 11/4 x 11/4 x 0.090*
300
2,420
L 11/2 x 11/2 x 0.090
L 15/8 x 0.118
L 11/2 x 11/2 x 0.118
L 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 0.118
L 2 x 2 x 1/8
L 13/4 x 13/4 x 1/8
L 2 x 2 x 0.157
2,980
3,220
3,490
3,950
3,950
350
2,420
2,970
3,220
3,480
400
2,410
2,960
3,210
3,480
3,950
450
2,400
2,960
3,200
3,470
3,940
500
2,390
2,950
3,190
3,460
3,930
550
2,380
2,940
3,190
3,450
3,930
600
2,370
2,930
3,180
3,450
3,920
650
2,350
2,920
3,170
3,440
3,910
700
2,340
2,910
3,160
3,430
3,900
750
2,320
2,890
3,140
3,420
3,890
800
2,300
2,880
3,130
3,400
3,880
900
2,270
2,850
3,100
3,380
3,860
1,000
2,220
2,810
3,070
3,350
3,830
1,100
2,170
2,770
3,040
3,320
3,810
1,200
2,120
3,770
2,730
3,000
3,280
1,300
2,680
2,950
3,240
3,740
1,400
2,630
2,910
3,200
3,700
1,500
2,570
2,850
3,150
3,660
1,600
2,510
2,800
3,100
3,620
1,700
2,440
2,740
3,040
3,570
1,800
2,370
2,670
2,980
3,520
*T
o use with welded diagonal bridging or bolted diagonal bridging with maximum 10mm (3/8 in.) bolt diameter.
Note: The diagonal bridging must be tied at mid-length.
16
Accessories
IMPERIAL
MAXIMUM JOIST SPACING (ft.) FOR HORIZONTAL BRIDGING
Bridging angle size
L 11/4 x 11/4 x 0.090
L 11/2 x 11/2 x 0.090
L 15/8 x 0.118
L 13/4 x 13/4 x 0.118
L 2 x 2 x 1/8
L 13/4 x 13/4 x 1/8
L 2 x 2 x 0.157
8 - 7
9 - 9
L 11/2 x 11/2 x 0.118

5 - 7
7 - 4
7 - 11
MAXIMUM JOIST SPACING (ft.) FOR DIAGONAL BRIDGING

Bridging angle size
Joist depth
(in.)
L 11/4 x 11/4 x 0.090*
12
7 - 11
L 11/2 x 11/2 x 0.090
L 15/8 x 0.118
L 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 0.118
L 2 x 2 x 1/8
L 13/4 x 13/4 x 1/8
L 2 x 2 x 0.157
10 - 6
11 - 5
12 - 11
L 11/2 x 11/2 x 0.118

9 - 9
14
7 - 11
9 - 8
10 - 6
11 - 5
12 - 11
16
7 - 10
9 - 8
10 - 6
11 - 4
12 - 11
18
7 - 10
9 - 8
10 - 6
11 - 4
12 - 11
20
7 - 10
9 - 8
10 - 5
11 - 4
12 - 10
22
7 - 9
9 - 7
10 - 5
11 - 3
12 - 10
24
7 - 9
9 - 7
10 - 5
11 - 3
12 - 10
26
7 - 8
9 - 6
10 - 4
11 - 3
12 - 9
28
7 - 8
9 - 6
10 - 4
11 - 2
12 - 9
30
7 - 7
9 - 5
10 - 3
11 - 2
12 - 9
32
7 - 6
9 - 5
10 - 3
11 - 1
12 - 8
36
7 - 5
9 - 4
10 - 2
11 - 0
12 - 7
40
7 - 3
9 - 2
10 - 0
10 - 11
12 - 6
44
7 - 1
9 - 1
9 - 11
10 - 10
12 - 5
48
6 - 11
8 - 11
9 - 9
10 - 9
12 - 4
52
8 - 9
9 - 8
10 - 7
12 - 3
56
8 - 7
9 - 6
10 - 5
12 - 1
60
8 - 5
9 - 4
10 - 4
12 - 0
64
8 - 2
9 - 2
10 - 2
11 - 10
68
8 - 0
8 - 11
9 - 11
11 - 8
72
7 - 9
8 - 9
9 - 9
11 - 6
*T
o use with welded diagonal bridging or bolted diagonal bridging with maximum 10mm (3/8 in.) bolt diameter.
Note: The diagonal bridging must be tied at mid-length.
17
Accessories
KNEE BRACES
To provide lateral support to the bottom chord of the joist girders, knee bracing is
used. These knee braces are installed into position where required at joist support
locations and generally on both sides of the joist girder. They join the top chord of
the joist girder to the bottom chord of the joist as illustrated below.
A knee brace selection table is provided based on a maximum allowable slenderness
ratio of 200 x r z.
In some cases, installation of knee braces can be avoided by extending the bottom
chord length of some joists when the joist girder depth is similar to that of the joist
that it supports.
When a joist girder is used to support girts instead of joists, the knee brace system
may not be recommended. Usually for girt shapes we use cross braces tied at midlength as lateral support to the joist girder when the spacing between joist girders
(girts span) is less than 6,000mm (20 ft.), or when the girt section thickness is
smaller than 2.3mm (3/32 in.). In all other cases, the standard knee brace system
may be used. The building designer should take into consideration that the knee
brace stabilizing the bottom chord of the joist girder induces loads on the girts at
the connection points.
TYP.
Joist
Joist
Joist
girder
Joist
girder
By Canam
TYP.
APPROX.
45
By Canam
Knee braces - detail 1

Joist
Joist
Joist
girder
METRIC
MAXIMUM KNEE BRACE LENGTH L (mm)
Brace angle size
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.157
L 2 x 2 x 0.157
L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 3/16
L 3 x 3 x 0.236
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 5/32
L 2 x 2 x 5/32
L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 0.197
L 3 x 3 x 1/4
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 3/16
L 2 x 2 x 3/16
L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 1/4
L 3 x 3 x 5/16
1,470
1,990
2,480
2,980
IMPERIAL
MAXIMUM KNEE BRACE LENGTH L (ft.)
Brace angle size
18
Joist
Joist
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.157
L 2 x 2 x 0.157
L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 3/16
L 3 x 3 x 0.236
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 5/32
L 2 x 2 x 5/32
L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 0.197
L 3 x 3 x 1/4
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 3/16
L 2 x 2 x 3/16
L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 1/4
L 3 x 3 x 5/16
4 - 10
6 - 6
8 - 2
9 - 9
Accessories
MATERIAL WEIGHTS
The tables below can be used as a guide to establish in which direction the joists
should be orientated compared to the joist girders for a particular bay area and
various total uniform factored loads.
They are also a guide for the building designer to evaluate the dead load of joists
and joist girders to be used for design.
METRIC
ESTIMATED SELF-WEIGHT OF JOISTS AND JOIST GIRDERS (kPa)
Bay area
(m 2)
Joist/Joist girder
Span ratio
50
50
50
100
100
100
150
150
150
200
200
200
250
250
250
300
300
300
0.5
1
2
0.5
1
2
0.5
1
2
0.5
1
2
0.5
1
2
0.5
1
2
Factored uniform load (kPa)

2
10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.13
0.11
0.11
0.13
0.12
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.08
0.12
0.10
0.11
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.18
0.16
0.17
0.19
0.18
0.19
0.13
0.10
0.11
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.24
0.22
0.23
0.26
0.24
0.25
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.19
0.17
0.18
0.23
0.21
0.22
0.26
0.25
0.26
0.30
0.27
0.29
0.32
0.30
0.31
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.22
0.21
0.22
0.27
0.25
0.27
0.32
0.29
0.31
0.35
0.33
0.34
0.39
0.36
0.38
0.20
0.18
0.19
0.26
0.24
0.25
0.32
0.30
0.31
0.37
0.34
0.36
0.41
0.38
0.40
0.45
0.42
0.44
0.23
0.21
0.22
0.30
0.28
0.29
0.37
0.34
0.35
0.42
0.39
0.41
0.47
0.44
0.46
0.52
0.48
0.50
0.25
0.24
0.25
0.34
0.31
0.33
0.41
0.38
0.40
0.48
0.44
0.46
0.53
0.49
0.51
0.58
0.54
0.56
0.28
0.26
0.27
0.37
0.35
0.36
0.46
0.42
0.44
0.53
0.49
0.51
0.59
0.55
0.57
0.65
0.60
0.63
Joist
(m)
5.0
7.1
10.0
7.1
10.0
14.1
8.7
12.2
17.3
10.0
14.1
20.0
11.2
15.8
22.4
12.2
17.3
24.5
J.G.
(m)
10.0
7.1
5.0
14.1
10.0
7.1
17.3
12.2
8.7
20.0
14.1
10.0
22.4
15.8
11.2
24.5
17.3
12.2
IMPERIAL
ESTIMATED SELF-WEIGHT OF JOISTS AND JOIST GIRDERS (psf)
Bay area
(ft. 2)
Joist/Joist girder
Span ratio
500
500
500
1,100
1,100
1,100
1,600
1,600
1,600
2,200
2,200
2,200
2,700
2,700
2,700
3,200
3,200
3,200
1/2
1
2
1/2
1
2
1/2
1
2
1/2
1
2
1/2
1
2
1/2
1
2
Factored uniform load (psf)

42
63
83
104
125
146
167
188
209
2.0
1.7
1.5
2.4
2.0
1.7
2.7
2.2
2.0
3.0
2.4
2.4
3.3
2.7
2.6
3.5
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.1
1.8
3.2
2.6
2.5
3.6
3.1
3.0
4.2
3.6
3.5
4.6
4.0
3.9
5.0
4.4
4.3
3.1
2.5
2.4
3.9
3.4
3.3
4.7
4.1
4.0
5.5
4.8
4.7
6.1
5.3
5.2
6.6
5.8
5.6
3.6
3.0
3.0
4.9
4.2
4.1
5.9
5.1
5.0
6.9
6.0
5.8
7.6
6.6
6.5
8.3
7.2
7.0
4.2
3.7
3.6
5.8
5.1
5.0
7.1
6.1
6.0
8.3
7.2
7.0
9.2
8.0
7.8
10.0
8.7
8.5
4.9
4.3
4.2
6.8
6.0
5.8
8.2
7.2
7.0
9.7
8.4
8.2
10.7
9.3
9.1
11.6
10.2
9.9
5.6
4.9
4.8
7.8
6.8
6.6
9.4
8.2
8.0
11.0
9.6
9.4
12.2
10.7
10.4
13.3
11.6
11.3
6.3
5.5
5.4
8.8
7.7
7.5
10.6
9.2
9.0
12.4
10.8
10.6
13.8
12.0
11.7
15.0
13.1
12.7
7.0
6.1
6.0
9.8
8.5
8.3
11.8
10.3
10.0
13.8
12.1
11.7
15.3
13.4
13.0
16.7
14.5
14.2
Joist
(ft.)
J.G.
(ft.)
15.8
22.4
31.6
23.5
33.2
46.9
28.3
40.0
56.6
33.2
46.9
66.3
36.7
52.0
73.5
40.0
56.6
80.0
31.6
22.4
15.8
46.9
33.2
23.5
56.6
40.0
28.3
66.3
46.9
33.2
73.5
52.0
36.7
80.0
56.6
40.0
19
Accessories
The weight of the main materials included in a floor or roof system is reproduced
below. The density of certain materials is also indicated. This table allows the designer
to quickly evaluate the dead and live loads to specify on drawings and specifications.
MASS/WWCES TO USE FOR DESIGN

(Using normal density concrete)
kg/m 3
7,850
2,640
2,580
2,400
2,000
801
352
1,000
897
641
400
128
1,100
929
785
673
1,920
kg/m 2
10.1
16.3
14.0
22.7
193.7
313.0
259.0
402.7
15.3
5.1
4.1
7.1
3.1
6.1
13.3
7.1
25.5
40.8
265.1
356.9
14.3
12.2
16.3
10.2
81.6
20.4
178.4
214.1
295.7
221.8
277.8
397.6
20
kN/m 3
77.0
25.9
25.3
23.5
19.6
7.9
3.5
9.8
8.8
6.3
3.9
1.3
10.8
9.1
7.7
6.6
18.8
Material
pcf
Steel
Aluminum
Glass (plate)
Concrete (stone, reinforced)
Brick (common)
Wood (hard or treated) maximum
Wood (soft or dry) minimum
Water (fresh, 4C)
Ice
Snow (wet) maximum
Snow (dry, packed) maximum
Snow (dry, fresh fallen)
Paint (52% of weight solids)
Oils
Alcohol
Gasoline
Sand and gravel (wet)
490
165
161
150
125
50
22
62
56
40
25
8
69
58
49
42
120
kN/m 2
Material
0.10
0.16
0.14
0.22
1.90
3.07
2.54
3.95
0.15
0.05
0.04
0.07
0.03
0.06
0.13
0.07
0.25
0.40
2.60
3.50
0.14
0.12
0.16
0.10
0.80
0.20
1.75
2.10
2.90
2.18
2.73
3.90
Steel deck P-3615 (up to 0.91mm)

Steel deck P-3615 (1.21 to 1.52mm)
Steel deck P-2436 (up to 0.91mm)
Steel deck P-2436 (1.21 to 1.52mm)
Steel deck P-3615 composite (100mm total slab)
Roofing 3 ply asphalt (no gravel)
Fiberglass insulation (batts 100mm)
Fiberglass insulation (blown 100mm)
Fiberglass insulation (rigid 100mm)
Urethane (rigid foam 100mm)
Insulating concrete (100mm)
Gypsum wallboard (16mm)
Sprayed fire protection (average)
Ducts, pipes, and wiring (average)
Plaster on lath/furring (20mm)
Tiled ceiling with suspension and fixtures (average)
Hollow core precast (200mm N.D. no topping)
Hollow core precast (300mm N.D. no topping)
Plywood or chipboard (20mm)
Hardwood floor (20mm)
Wood joists 38mm x 286mm (400mm c/c)
Carpeting
Ceramic (20mm) on Mortar bed (12mm)
Hollow concrete block 150mm thick (cells empty)
Hollow concrete block 150mm thick (1 of 4 cells filled)
psf
2.1
3.3
2.9
4.8
39.7
64.3
53.5
82.9
3.1
1.0
0.8
1.5
0.6
1.3
2.7
1.5
5.0
8.4
54.3
73.1
2.9
2.5
3.3
2.1
16.7
4.2
36.6
43.9
60.6
45.4
56.9
81.5
Standard details
EXTENSIONS
An extension designates a continuation beyond the normal bearing of the joist. The
extension can be the top chord only or the full depth of the joist, in which case, it is
referred to as a cantilever joist.
The extended top chord section varies according to the following conditions: the
design loads, the extension length, the deflection criterion, and the conditions of
bearing and anchorage. The section can be reinforced if required. In a section without
reinforcement, the extension material is the same as the top chord of the joist.
A reinforced section has 2 or 4 angles as extension material, or 1 or 2 channels
having a higher capacity than that of the top chord between the bearings. Also, a
reinforced section projects into one or several interior panels such that the joist can
resist bending and shearing forces brought on by the extension of the top chord.
Variable
Bearing
Bearing
Top chord extension
Section A
Section B
Section C
Section reinforced with 2 angles
Variable
Bearing
Section A
Section B
Section C
Section reinforced with 4 angles

Bearing
Cantilever joist
A
A
Bearing
Section A
Section B
Section C
Section reinforced with 1 channel
Bearing
Section A
Section B
Section C
Bearing
Section A
Section B
Section C
Section reinforced with 2 channels

Section without reinforcement
21
Standard details
The tables below serve as a guide to determine a suitable shoe depth based on
uniform loading and a maximum extension length. The extensions are based on the
maximum capacity of a 2-channel section without any slope. This is an economical
section for this kind of condition.
The maximum top chord extension is determined by the bending and shear
resistance of the section, or by the deflection of the extension, which is limited to
L/120 with a fixed end. In fact, the joist and its extension are analyzed simultaneously
in a matrix calculation.
METRIC
MAXIMUM TOP CHORD EXTENSION (mm)
Effective
shoe
depth
(mm)

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
6.0
7.5
9.0
10.5
12.0
13.5
15.0
16.5
18.0
19.5
21.0
22.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
100
1,920
1,750
1,620
1,520
1,450
1,380
1,330
1,290
1,240
1,200
1,150
1,130
1,100
125
2,390
2,170
2,010
1,900
1,800
1,700
1,650
1,550
1,500
1,450
1,400
1,350
1,300
150
2,750
2,500
2,350
2,200
2,050
1,950
1,900
1,800
1,750
1,650
1,600
1,550
1,550
175
3,050
2,800
2,600
2,450
2,300
2,200
2,150
2,050
2,000
1,900
1,850
1,800
1,750
200
3,300
3,000
2,800
2,650
2,550
2,450
2,350
2,250
2,200
2,100
2,050
2,000
1,950
IMPERIAL
MAXIMUM TOP CHORD EXTENSION (ft.)
Effective
shoe
depth
(in.)
Factored load (lb./ft.)

Service load (lb./ft.)
300
405
510
615
720
825
930
1035
1140
1245
1350
1455
1560
200
270
340
410
480
550
620
690
760
830
900
970
1040
6 - 4
5 - 9
5 - 4
5 - 0
4 - 9
4 - 6
4 - 4
4 - 3
4 - 1
3 - 11
3 - 9
3 - 8
3 - 7
7 - 10
7 - 1
6 - 7
6 - 3
5 - 11
5 - 7
5 - 5
5 - 1
4 - 11
4 - 9
4 - 7
4 - 5
4 - 3
9 - 0
8 - 2
7 - 8
7 - 3
6 - 9
6 - 5
6 - 3
5 - 11
5 - 9
5 - 5
5 - 3
5 - 1
5 - 1
10 - 0
9 - 2
8 - 6
8 - 0
7 - 7
7 - 3
7 - 1
6 - 9
6 - 7
6 - 3
6 - 1
5 - 11
5 - 9
10 - 10
9 - 10
9 - 2
8 - 8
8 - 4
8 - 0
7 - 8
7 - 4
7 - 3
6 - 11
6 - 9
6 - 7
6 - 5
The building designer must make allowance for sufficient shoe depth when the top
flange is not horizontal or in case of bolted assembly. In this case, the clear depth
is less than the shoe depth.
Shoe depth
Clear depth
22
Standard details
MAXIMUM DUCT OPENINGS
METRIC
DIMENSIONS OF FREE OPENINGS
FOR VARIOUS JOISTS AND JOIST GIRDER CONFIGURATIONS
Configuration (mm)
Modified Warren Geometry
Warren
Geometry
ING of CanadaISaint-Hyacinthe, Quebec
P
305 mm
12 in.
D
R
S
Opening (mm)
D
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,500
250
250
305
305
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
610
650
700
800
900
110
150
190
220
240
320
360
390
420
440
460
490
510
550
580
630
690
750
880
750
900
1,050
1,200
1,350
1,500
600
600
600
600
600
600
430
500
560
610
650
680
Joist
Joist girder
95
120
150
175
220
265
290
315
340
350
375
395
410
440
465
505
555
605
705
70
90
110
120
140
200
220
240
250
260
270
280
290
310
320
340
380
410
480
150
182
232
258
410
420
454
484
512
526
550
572
592
622
646
694
762
838
972
345
400
450
490
530
560
240
280
300
330
340
360
500
564
616
658
694
726
Note:
Final dimensions of free openings should be verified with Canams joist
design sheet.
Warren Geometry; H 350 mm (14 in.)
When duct-opening dimensions exceed the limits above, some web members must
be removed. The shear forces are then transferred to the adjacent web members of
the top and bottom chords. The chords will need to be reinforced; this will limit the
maximum height of the free opening as well. The maximum opening height should
be limited to the joist depth minus 200mm (8 in.). If the opening height cannot be
limited to this value, contact Canam.
610 mm (TYP)
24 in. (TYP)
R
L
Because the shear forces carried by the web members increase along the joist
toward the bearing, the location of the duct opening is more critical near the
bearings; more shear forces must be transferred to the top and bottom chords. For
this reason, the duct-opening center must be located away from a bearing by a
distance of at least 2.5 times the joist depth. The best location (for economical
reasons) is at the mid span of the joist.
Modified Warren Geometry; H 400 mm (16 in.)
Location must be greater than:

2.5 x H
100 mm (4 in.) min.
H
100 mm (4 in.) min.
Pratt Geometry

2.5 x H
100 mm (4 in.) min.
H
100 mm (4 in.) min.
23
Standard details
MAXIMUM DUCT OPENINGS
IMPERIAL
DIMENSIONS OF FREE OPENINGS
FOR VARIOUS JOISTS AND JOIST GIRDER CONFIGURATIONS
Configuration (in.)
Opening (in.)
D
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
36
40
44
48
54
60
10
10
12
12
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
26
28
32
36
4.5
6.0
7.5
8.5
9.5
13.0
14.5
15.5
17.0
17.5
18.5
19.5
20.5
22.0
23.5
25.0
27.5
31.0
35.0
30
36
42
48
54
60
24
24
24
24
24
24
17.0
20.0
22.5
24.5
26.0
27.5
S
Joist
Joist girder
3.5
4.5
6.0
7.0
8.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.0
15.0
15.5
16.5
17.5
18.5
20.0
22.0
24.5
28.0
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.0
5.5
8.0
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.5
15.0
17.0
19.5
5.5
7.0
9.0
10.0
16.0
16.5
18.0
19.0
20.5
21.0
22.0
23.0
23.5
24.5
25.5
27.5
30.5
34.0
39.0
13.5
16.0
18.0
19.5
21.0
22.5
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
13.5
14.5
20.0
22.5
24.5
26.5
27.5
29.0
P
305 mm
Warren
Geometry
12 in.
D
R
S
L
Warren Geometry; H 350 mm (14 in.)
610 mm (TYP)
24 in. (TYP)
R
L
Modified Warren Geometry; H 400 mm (16 in.)
Note:
Final dimensions of free openings should be verified with Canams joist
design sheet.
When duct-opening dimensions exceed the limits above, some web members must
be removed. The shear forces are then transferred to the adjacent web members of
the top and bottom chords. The chords will need to be reinforced; this will limit the
maximum height of the free opening as well. The maximum opening height should
be limited to the joist depth minus 200mm (8 in.). If the opening height cannot be
limited to this value, contact Canam.
Because the shear forces carried by the web members increase along the joist
toward the bearing, the location of the duct opening is more critical near the
bearings; more shear forces must be transferred to the top and bottom chords.
For this reason, the duct-opening center must be located away from a bearing by
a distance of at least 2.5 times the joist depth. The best location (for economical
reasons) is at the mid span of the joist.

2.5 x H
100 mm (4 in.) min.
H
100 mm (4 in.) min.
Pratt Geometry

2.5 x H
100 mm (4 in.) min.
H
100 mm (4 in.) min.
24
Standard details
TransAlta RainforestICalgary, Alberta
Agora, Collge Saint-SacrementITerrebonne, Quebec
Avon CanadaIPointe-Claire, Quebec
25
Standard details
GEOMETRY AND SHAPES
The geometry refers to the web profile system. The standard geometry types are
presented below:
Modified Warren
Warren
In some cases, a joist could have 2 geometrical types. For architectural considerations,
the building designer can specify a fixed geometry applicable to a joist group. More
than one geometrical type may be specified. However, panel alignment of joists
having varying lengths and loading conditions may not be possible.
Joists are usually evenly spaced along a joist girder which can combine two types
of geometry as shown below where a Warren type is combined with a modified
Warren geometry.
Combined geometries
The panel points of a joist girder are usually located where joists are bearing.
Depending on the joist spacing, the design engineer can add intermediate panel
points to design the optimum joist girder for the loading conditions and the span.
The different panel point configurations presented below can be specified by the
building designer for architectural purposes or large duct openings.
Type G: The panel points where the joists are bearing correspond to the intersection
of the two diagonals at the top chord.
Type G configuration
Type VG: The panel points where the joists are bearing correspond to the position
of the secondary web members (verticals) on the top chord.
Type VG configuration
26
Pratt
Standard details
Type BG: The panel points where the joists are bearing correspond to the position
of the secondary web members (verticals) and the intersection of the two
diagonals at the top chord.
Type BG configuration
The shape of a joist may depend on its use and the type of roofing system requested
by the customer. It can take one or more of the following shapes:
STANDARD SHAPE
Parallel chords
NON-STANDARD SHAPES **
Variable (typ.)
Variable (typ.)
1 slope
1 slope
Variable
2 slopes
Variable (typ.)
4 slopes
3 slopes
3 slopes
Variable (typ.)
Variable
2 slopes
3 slopes
Variable (typ.)
4 slopes
SPECIAL SHAPES **
Depending on the radius of curvature, the angles composing the top and/or bottom
chord could require a rolling operation.
* The building designer must consider in the design that the shapes can produce
significant horizontal forces and/or movement on the supporting structure due
to the deflection of the joist.
R
Bowstring
R1
Barrel *
**
Non-standard shapes and special shapes are more expensive due to their
complexity.
Scissor
R2
Scissor *
27
Standard details
MINIMUM DEPTH AND SPAN
For fabrication reasons, the building designer must consider that minimum joist
depth is limited to 200mm (8 in.) and minimum joist span is limited to 2 450mm (8
ft.). For shorter spans, joist substitutes, usually made of 1 or 2 channels, can be
specified by the building designer or proposed by Canam.
SHOES
The standard shoe dimensions vary according to product and span:
Product
Span
Depth
Min. length
Joist
2,450 mm (8 ft.) 15,200 mm (50 ft.)
100 mm (4 in.)
100 mm (4 in.)
15,200 mm (50 ft.) 27,400 mm (90 ft.)
125 mm (5 in.)
100 mm (4 in.)
27,400 mm (90 ft.) and over
190 mm (7 1/2 in.)
150 mm (6 in.)
All lengths
190 mm (7 1/2 in.)
150 mm (6 in.)
Joist girder
However specific customer requests can be accommodated.

The shoe depth must always be specified at the gridline. For joists on which the
left and right bearings are not at the same level (sloped joist), the exterior and
interior shoe depths are determined in such a way as to respect the depth at the
gridline.
To ensure that the intersection point of the end diagonal and the top chord occurs
above the bearing, the minimum shoe depth should be specified according to the
slope of the joist and the clearance of the supporting member from the gridline.
12 (imperial)
250 (metric)
Depth at gridline
Exterior shoe depth
Shoe depth at gridline
Interior shoe depth
Shoe depth at gridline
Exterior shoe depth
Interior shoe depth
Clearance
28
Standard details
METRIC
MINIMUM SHOE DEPTH (mm)

Sloped joist (x/250)
Clearance of
bearing (mm)
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
65
100
100
100
100
100
125
150
175
75
100
100
100
100
125
150
175
200
100
100
100
125
125
150
175
225
250
125
100
125
150
175
200
225
275
325
150
125
150
175
200
225
275
325
400
IMPERIAL
Clearance of
bearing (in.)
MINIMUM SHOE DEPTH (in.)

Sloped joist (x/12)
1
2 1/2
10
11
12
PARTICULARITIES
BEARING ON CONCRETE OR MASONRY WALL
The building designer shall allow for a bearing plate for the joist girder. The plate
shall be in accordance with CAN/CSA S304.1-04 Standard if used for a masonry wall
and CAN/CSA A23.3-04 Standard if used on concrete. The plate shall have minimum
dimensions in length and width to ensure a minimum bearing for the joist girder of
150 mm (6 in.) and to allow the horizontal legs of the seat to be welded to the
bearing plate.
BEARING ON STEEL
The joist girder shall be extended on the steel support to respect the minimum
bearing of 100 mm (4 in.). The building designer must ensure that the type of
connection and bearing support used respect this criteria.
29
Standard details
DETAILS
CEILING EXTENSION
Section A
FLUSH SHOE
A flush shoe can be used when the joist reaction does not exceed 45 kN (10 kip).
BOLTED SPLICE
In certain cases, joists are delivered in two sections. This is usually done because
of transportation considerations, difficult installation conditions in an existing
building, or dipping tank dimension limitations when a joist receives hot galvanization
treatment. A bolted splice is usually made at mid span.
The number and position of plates and bolts can vary according to the loads to be
transferred. We use high-strength bolts that meet ASTM A325 or ASTM A490
standards.
A
B
Section A
Bolted splice at top chord

Section B
Bolted splice at bottom chord
30
Standard details
Depending on dimensions and quantities, joists can be fabricated as a single piece
that is split into two sections for shipping, or fabricated as two separate pieces. In the
plant, two additional metal tags are attached to the central part of the joist to ensure
correspondence of male and female parts. Joists fabricated as a single piece will have
two identical metal tags in the central part of the joist. On the other hand, joists
fabricated as two separate pieces will have different metal tags.
Example of identification for a joist fabricated as a single piece:
Male and female section tags
T1
T1-1
T1-1
Erection drawing
mark tag
If multiple joists with the same mark are fabricated, placement of the male
section of the first joist must correspond with placement of the female section
of the first joist, and so forth in the same manner. Examples: T1-1 with T1-1, T1-2
with T1-2, etc.
Example of identification for a joist fabricated as two separate pieces:
Male and female section tags
T1
T1-L
T1-R
Erection drawing
mark tag
If multiple joists with the same mark are fabricated, the male sections can be
arranged with any female section of the joist. They will be identified in the
following manner: T1-L with T1-R.
BOTTOM CHORD BEARING
When the joist bearing is on the bottom chord, the top chord must be laterally
supported with bridging.
CANTILEVER JOIST
A cantilever joist can have bearing on the top or bottom chord. The bottom chord
must be adequately braced to resist compression loads caused by the cantilever.
It is good practice to install a bridging row next to the joist support as well as at the
end of its cantilevers.
Bottom chord bearing
Top chord bearing
Top chord bearing requires bolted splices on the bottom chord.
31
Standard details
JOIST AND JOIST GIRDER IDENTIFICATION
Joists and joist girders are identified on erection drawings by piece marks,
examples: T1, T1A, J1, M2, etc. Joists and joist girders from the same family (T1,
T1A) usually have the same chords but differ in terms of connections. Identical
joists and joist girders have the same piece mark. Piece marks are indicated on
the drawing near one of the ends of the line representing the joist or joist girder.
At the plant, a metal identification tag is attached to the left end of the joist or
joist girder. It is essential that the joist or joist girder be erected so that the metal
tag is positioned at the same end of the building as indicated on the erection
drawing.
STANDARD CONNECTIONS
Use of Canam standard connection details is strongly recommended for the
following reasons:
Standardization of fabrication information;
Faster drawing checking;
Minimized risk of error.
However specific customer requests can be accommodated.
The standard connection details can be downloaded from the Canam web site
at: www.canam-construction.com.
Below is the list of available connection details:
Joists bearing on steel structures;
Joists bearing on concrete structures;
Joist girders bearing on steel structures;
Joist girders bearing on concrete structures.
Hillcrest Curling Facility I Vancouver, British Columbia
32
Nemaska First Nation

Sports ComplexINemiscau, Quebec

Surface preparation plays a significant role in paint performance. Adequate surface
preparation allows the paint to adhere to structural steel, providing improved
protection against corrosion. The level of preparation and the paint application
method both depend on the type of environment to which the steel will be exposed.
Thanks to ultramodern equipment selected to meet the most demanding
requirements, Canam Group is poised to offer surface preparation, metallizing and
painting services for all types and scales of structural steel and metal components.
Treatment processes are based on the latest technologies in order to achieve
optimum results.
PAINT STANDARDS
In 1975, The Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC) in cooperation with the
Canadian Paint Manufacturers Association (CPMA) published reference documents
related to the paint specifications for structural steel.
The CISC/CPMA 1-73a paint standard applies to a quickdrying one-coat paint for
use on structural steel that provides adequate protection against exposure to a
non-corrosive environment as found in rural, urban, or semi-industrial settings, for
a period not exceeding six months. Painted structural steel building components
using this standard should not be used on permanent exterior exposed applications.
Exposure of this product in coastal or high industrial areas may cause advanced
deterioration of paint applied to this specification. Surface preparation may be
limited to Solvent Cleaning (SSPC SP1) or Hand Tool Cleaning (SSPC SP2). Because
of possible noncompatibility of this paint with finish coats, this shop applied paint
is not recommended for use as a primer for the application of a multi-layer paint
system.
The CISC/CPMA 2-75 paint standard applies to a quick-drying primer for use on
structural steel. This one-coat primer provides acceptable protection when exposed
to a mainly non-corrosive environment as found in a rural, urban, or semi-industrial
settings, for a period not exceeding twelve months. Painted structural steel building
components using this standard should not be used on permanent exterior exposed
applications. Exposure of this product in coastal or high industrial areas may cause
advanced deterioration of paint applied to this specification. Final surface
preparation must be done by Brush-Off Blast Cleaning (SSPC SP7). This layer of
primer is usually covered with a finish coat according to the paintsuppliers
recommendations.
Dip coating is commonly used to apply paint for one or more of the above standards.
When compared with spraying, experts in the field recommend application by
dipping because it provides improved coverage of exposed surfaces. Although a
coat of paint applied by dipping does not create an even dry film layer, it does not
reduce its protection against corrosion.
PAINT COSTS
Canam uses a single type of paint that meets both the CISC/CPMA 1-73a and CISC/
CPMA 2-75 specifications. The cost difference is mainly the result of two factors:
surface preparation (SSPC SP2 or SSPC SP7) and the method of primer application
(dipping or spraying). The following table compares paint costs according to final
surface preparation and paint application methods for both paint standards. For
example, for CISC/CPMA 1-73a type paint using SSPC SP2 final surface preparation,
it is noted that spray painting is twelve times more expensive than dipping.
33

SELECTION TABLE FOR PAINT COSTS
Paint application cost factor
Paint
type
Surface
preparation
Dipping
Spraying
CISC/CPMA 1-73a
SSPC SP2
12
CISC/CPMA2-75
SSPC SP7
16
Canam may apply paint that meets standards other than those specified in this
document. Prices and delivery schedules are adjusted accordingly. For example,
certain types of paint require nearly 24 hours before handling the joists.
COLOURS
Standard paint colour is gray. Red paint is optional.
JOISTS EXPOSED TO THE ELEMENTS

OR CORROSIVE CONDITIONS
A high performance anti-corrosive paint is recommended for specification on joists
permanently exposed to the elements or corrosive conditions during their service
life. The building designer must pay special attention to item 6.5.7 of the CAN/CSA
16-01 standard. If a minimum thickness of material is required, it must be indicated
on the drawings and specifications.
When specified, joists may be hot dipped galvanized. Brush off blast cleaning
surface preparation (SSPC SP7) is recommended to prevent scaling problems. In the
galvanization process, the joists are acid washed, rinsed, and then dipped in a zinc
bath at a temperature of 450C (840F). The depth and span of joists are limited by
the size of the subcontractors galvanizing tanks. (Reference: www.galvanizeit.org)
For strict conditions of hygiene, such as for meat products or food processing, it
is recommended that the building designer specifies sealed welds. If the welds
are not sealed, there is a risk that the acid used in the cleaning process remains
trapped between the surface of the steel and causes acid bleeding through ruptures
in the zinc film caused by pressure. The building designer must limit specification of
sealed joints unless absolutely necessary because sealed joints require additional
shop time. For galvanization, the thickness of the top and bottom chords shall
be at least 4mm (0.157 in.), and 3mm (0.118 in.) for the web members, to avoid
permanent deformation of the chords from overheating.
Galvanized joists may also be painted. The building designer must ensure
compatibility between the paint type and the galvanization product.
34
Vibration
STEEL JOIST FLOOR VIBRATION COMPARISON
The increased use of longer spans and lighter floor systems has resulted in the need
to address the problem of floor vibration. The building structural designer must
analyze floor vibration and its effect on the building end users and specify the
proper characteristics to reduce vibration.
The behavior of two-way flooring systems has been studied using models and
in-situ testing. Several simplified equations have been developed to predict floor
behavior and damping values for walking induced vibration and have been
established according to the type of wall partitions and floor finishes. These
equations are now part of Appendix E, a non-mandatory part of CSA standard S16
since 1984. In 2005, the National Building Code also addressed this issue at the
Appendix D of the user guide.
Steel Design Guide no. 11 Floor vibrations due to human activity, jointly published
by the American and Canadian institutes of steel construction in 1997, contains
more recent information on the subject. This guide covers different types of floor
vibrations and is one of the main references of Appendix E of standard
CAN/CSA S16-01.
The formulas shown in these publications allow the user to define the vibration
characteristics of a floor system: the initial acceleration produced by a heel drop
and the natural frequency of the system. These two parameters allow the designer
to verify if the floor system will produce vertical oscillations in resonance with
rhythmic human activities or with enough amplitude to disturb other occupants.
The amplitude of the vibrations will decay according to the type of partitions,
ceiling suspensions, and floor finish. The decay rate will also influence the
sensitivity of the occupants.
This information is not readily available to the joist supplier. The joist supplier
usually receives only the floor drawings and general joist specifications and this
information is used for joist design.
Furthermore, the following examples show that the design of a joist, for which
spacing, depth, span, bearing support, and dead loads have all been predetermined
by the project structural engineer, cannot be easily modified to reduce floor
vibration induced by walking below the annoyance threshold for the other
occupants.
The example is given for office floors where the annoyance threshold is defined as
a floor acceleration of 0.5% of the gravity acceleration. For floors in a shopping
centre, the threshold would be an acceleration of 1.5% of the gravity acceleration.
This higher threshold means that the occupants are less disturbed by vibrations
produced by walking loads.
35
Vibration
TYPICAL OFFICE FLOOR USED AS BASE
In the example, the joists have a 9,000 mm (29 ft.-6 in.) span, a 500 mm (approx.
20 in.) depth, and are spaced at 1,200 mm (3 ft.-11 in.) on center. The joists are
bearing on beams at both ends on 100 mm deep seats. We consider that the beams
will only be partially composite for vibration calculations because of the relative
lack of lateral stiffness of such a bearing seat. The beam span is 7,500 mm
(24 ft.-7 in.) with joists on one side only.
The floor is composed of a 100 mm (4 in.) concrete slab, including the 38mm
(1 in.) steel deck profile. The loads are as follows:
Structural steel
0.25 kPa
( 5 psf)
Steel joists
0.20 kPa
( 4 psf)
Deck-slab of 100mm
1.87 kPa
(39 psf)
Ceiling, mechanical & floor finish

Partitions
0.50 kPa
1.00 kPa
(10 psf)
(21 psf)
DEAD LOAD TOTAL
3.82 kPa
(79 psf)
LIVE LOAD
2.40 kPa
(50 psf)
From the Canam catalog, select a joist with a 9-meter (29 ft.-6 8 in.)span to support
the following load:
3
w f = 1.2 m x (3.82 x 1.25 + 2.4 x 1.5)

= 10.05 kN/m
The 9-meter (29 ft.- in.) selection table indicates that joists with a 10.5 kN/m
factored capacity will weigh 16.7 kg/m and that 66% of the service load will produce
a deflection value of span/360. By reducing the simple span deflection formula
under uniform load for span/360, we obtain the following approximation of the
moment of inertia:
Ijoist = 23,436 x percentage x ws x (span)3
where
Ijoist = moment of inertia inmm4
percentage = value shown in table for deflection / 100
ws = total service load (total factored load / 1.5)
span = span of joist in meters
Ijoist = 23,436 x (66 / 100) x (10.5 / 1.5) x (9)3 = 79 x 106mm4
The center of gravity of the joist can be assumed to be at mid depth:
Ajoist chords = Ijoist / (depth / 2)2 = 1,263mm2
A beam can be chosen from the selection tables published by the CISC (assuming
that the beam supports joists on both sides):
W530 x 74 (W21 x 50) with
Fy = 350 MPa (50 ksi) and a moment of inertia of 156 x 106mm4
Notes: This example is based on International System of Units (SI) measurements.
An approximate conversion of certain values is provided in parentheses for
reference purposes.
Take care not to confuse composite moment of inertia and modified
moment of inertia (equation 3.15) with effective moment of inertia (equation
3.18) in Guide No. 11. The moment of inertia specified on the drawings must
be the joist moment of inertia based on the top and bottom chords. Always
specify the type of moment of inertia that is indicated on the drawings.
36
Vibration
ALTERNATIVE 1
If a slab of 140mm (5 in.) instead of 100mm (4 in.) is used, the dead load increases
and the size of the joists and beams will also increase.
Structural steel
0.25 kPa
( 5 psf)
Steel joists
0.20 kPa
( 4 psf)
Deck-slab of 140mm
2.79 kPa
(58 psf)
Ceiling, mechanical & floor finish

Partitions
0.50 kPa
1.00 kPa
(10 psf)
(21 psf)
DEAD LOAD TOTAL
4.74 kPa
(98 psf)
LIVE LOAD
2.40 kPa
(50 psf)
From the Canam catalog, select a joist with a 9-meter (29 ft.-6 8 in.) span to support
the following load:
3
w f = 1.2 m x (4.74 x 1.25 + 2.4 x 1.5)

= 11.43 kN/m
The table indicates that the joists will weigh 18.2 kg/m and that 64% of the service
load will produce a deflection value of span/360.
Ijoist = 23,436 x (64 / 100) x (12 / 1.5) x (9)3 = 88 x 106mm4
The center of gravity of the joist can be assumed to be at mid depth:
Ajoist chords = Ijoist / (depth / 2)2 = 1,400mm2
This time, the beam chosen from the CISC selection tables (considering that the
beam support each side of the joists):
W530 x 82 (W21 x 55) with Fy = 350 MPa (50 ksi)
and
Ix = 478 x 106mm4
Note: This example is based on International System of Units (SI) measurements.
An approximate conversion of certain values is provided in parentheses for
reference purposes.
ALTERNATIVE 2
Starting from the base example, we consider that the structural engineer of the
building clearly indicates that the size of the joists should be doubled to reduce
floor vibration.
Using the data of those 3 conditions, with the proposed equations of Steel Design
Guide no. 11 published jointly by the American and Canadian institutes for steel
construction, we obtain the vibration properties shown in the following comparison
table:
37
Vibration
COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ARRANGEMENTS
Parameter
Base
0.80 %
Alternative 1
(increased thickness
of slab by 30mm)
0.50 %
Peak acceleration ao
(% g)
System frequency f
(Hz)
4.5
4.5
Joist length
(mm)
9,000
9,000
9,000
Joist depth
(mm)
500
500
500
Joist spacing
(mm)
1,200
1,200
1,200
(10 6 mm 4)
198
256
372
Composite joist moment of inertia

Deck depth
(mm)
38
38
38
Slab-deck thickness
(mm)
100
140
100
Slab-deck-joist dead weight
(kPa)
1.87
2.79
1.87
Additional participating load
(kPa)
1.00
1.00
1.00
W530 x 74
W530 x 82
W530 x 74
7,500
7,500
7,500
Beam size
Beam span
(mm)
This comparison shows that the vibration characteristics improve by adding dead
weight rather than by doubling the joist non-composite moment of inertia.
One must note that the alternative 2 used did not sufficiently improve the vibration
properties of the floor to lower their amplitude to below the annoyance threshold for
offices. Additional calculations indicate that using a 125mm (5 in.) deck-slab with a
100% increase in the joist and beam sections would lower the vibration amplitude
to below the annoyance threshold of 0.5% of g.
The building designer controls the main parameters affecting floor vibration
characteristics and he or she should make the vibration calculations to find an
economical solution. The information supplied in this catalog will allow the
structural engineer to evaluate the vibration properties of the floor during the
initial design.
The structural engineer of the project should always specify the proper slab
thickness and the minimum moment of inertia of the steel joists to have a floor
with vibration characteristics below the annoyance threshold based on the type
of occupancy. The joist designer will ensure conformity to the minimum moment
of inertia required by the building designer for the joists (see clause 16.5.15
vibration).
Please note that the analysis of floors subject to rhythmic vibrations (dance floor) is
different from that performed for vibrations caused by walking (Steel Design Guide,
no. 11 Floor vibrations due to human activity, chapter 5).
Finally, here are a few tips to obtain satisfactory vibration behavior:
increase the thickness of the concrete slab;
increase beam moment of inertia;
give special consideration to perimeter beams and joists;
add shear transfer elements or shear studs between the beam and the concrete
slab to obtain a composite action;
reduce the span of joists and beams;
increase joist moment of inertia.
38
Alternative 2
(increased joist moment
of inertia)
0.57 %
Special conditions
SPECIAL JOIST DEFLECTION
Appendix D of the CAN/CSA S16-01 standard provides recommended maximum
values for deflections for specified design live and wind loads. The following are the
maximum values of appendix D recommended for the vertical deflection:
Building type
Industrial
All others
Specified loading
Application
Maximum
Live
Members supporting inelastic roof coverings.
L/240
Live
Members supporting inelastic roof coverings.
L/180
Live
Members supporting floors.
L/300
Maximum wheel loads

(no impact)
Crane runway girders for crane capacity of 225 kN and over.
L/800
Maximum wheel loads

(no impact)
Crane runway girders for crane capacity of 225 kN.
L/600
Live
Members of floors and roofs supporting

construction and finishes susceptible to cracking.
L/360
Live
Members of floors and roofs supporting

construction and finishes not susceptible to cracking.
L/300
Notes: As mentioned in Appendix D, the designer should consider the inclusion of
specified dead loads in some instances. For example, nonpermanent
partitions, which are classified by the National Building Code as dead load,
should be part of the loading considered under Appendix D if they are likely
to be applied to the structure after the completion of finishes susceptible to
cracking.
lease note that the concrete cover at the centre line of the joist will be
P
reduced by the amount of camber provided minus the deflection realized
under self weight of the concrete alone. This must be accounted by the
designer of the building with respect to the serviceability and fire resistance,
etc.
DEFLECTION OF CANTILEVERED JOISTS

1,000 mm (3 ft.-3 in.)
It is important to note that in the calculation of the allowable deflection of

cantilevered joists, we consider that the cantilever end length "L" is equivalent to
twice its length, as mentioned in Commentary D of the National Building Code of
Canada (NBC) 2005 User's Guide.
Therefore, for a 1,000 mm (3 ft.-3 in.) cantilever end length with a deflection criteria
of L/240, the maximum allowable deflection is 2 x 1,000/240 = 8 mm (516 in.).
CAMBER
Camber is specified by the building designer on the plans and specifications.
Unless otherwise indicated by the designer, the standards are applied as stated in
Clause 6.2.2.1 of the CAN/CSA S16-01 Standard and the joist girders are cambered
to compensate for the deflection due to the dead load. Joist girders with a span of
25 m (82 ft.) or more are cambered for the dead load plus one half of the service
load.
In some cases, camber must be restricted for joists and joist girders adjacent to
non-flexible walls.
39
Special conditions
SPECIAL LOADS AND MOMENTS
Canadian standards classify loads in the following manner: permanent, service,
seismic, and wind loads. For limit states design, loads are factored and combined
to obtain the worst possible effect. Loads applied to joists and joist girders can be
uniform, partial, concentrated, axial, or moment. Snow pile up loads represent a
special partial load case. Uplift loads are applied in an upward direction and should
always be specified as a gross uplift load. Loads can be applied to the top chord,
the bottom chord, or to both chords.
VARIOUS TYPES OF LOADS

Uniform load
When specifying the dead load, the building designer should always include the
self-weight of the joists and bridging. Unless clearly specified, Canam will assume
that the self-weight of joists is included in the total dead load.
Partial load
TRANSFER OF AXIAL LOADS
Triangular
Uniform
Wind and seismic loads are usually transferred by the roof diaphragm to the axes
of the vertical bracing system. The seismic loads transferred have a cumulative
effect along these axes. The building design engineer specifies these loads on the
plans and specifications.
The transfer of an axial load between joists along the axes of the vertical bracing
system, may require the reinforcement of the first panel at top.
Snow pile up load
Joist (axial)
Joist (axial)
Joist (axial)
Joist (axial)
Concentrated load
Axial:
an additional
load specified by
the building designer
must be considered.
Lateral load
At any panel point

At a specific
location
Axial load
Moment load
Section A-A
Transfer of axial loads
40
Anywhere
Special conditions
The building designer may consider a lateral factored capacity of 4.5 kN (1,000 lb)
for the joist seats for the transfer of the deck shear forces to the girder top chord.
Adding shear connectors between the joists on the girder increases the capacity to
transfer diaphragm shear forces. The building designer should specify the effort to
ensure that the detail of the connexion (round holes) is considered.
Depending on the specifications of the building designer, axial loads between two
joist girders may be transferred to the top chord as follows:
By angles placed under the top chord of the joist girders (suggestion 1);
By a transfer plate placed on the top of the top chord (suggestion 2);
Supplied by the
steel contractor
unless otherwise
noted.
By a transfer plate placed between the two angles of the top chord of the joist
girders (suggestion 3);
A
Section A-A
Supplied by the
steel contractor
unless otherwise
noted.
Transfer on an axial load by two angles

placed under the top chord
Suggestion 1
A
Supplied by the steel
contractor unless
otherwise noted.
Section A-A
Transfer of an axial load by a plate placed between the angles of the top chord
Suggestion 3

W ithout a transfer piece using the capacity of the joist girder shoes
(suggestion 4).
Transfer of an axial load by a plate

placed on the top of the top chord
Suggestion 2
Transfer of an axial load using the shoes

Suggestion 4
Although not illustrated, the transfer of an axial load by the base of the shoe,
usually requires bracing of the first panel of the top chord.
In the case where a joist girder has adjacent bracing, the effect is represented by an
axial load applied to the bottom chord.
and
Transfer of an axial load at the bottom chord
41
Special conditions
UNBALANCED LOADS
As with a steel supporting beam, the joist girder can have an unbalanced load on
its longitudinal axis. Joists distributed on either side of the joist girder may be at
different lengths or the loads they support may vary. This situation causes torsional
stress in the joist girder, which will be considered by the joist girder designer.
Therefore the designer could specify larger chords and web members for the joist
girder and add additional knee braces between the bottom chord of the joist girders
and the joists bearing on them.
However, to avoid unbalanced loads, the joists must be staggered on each side of
the joist girder:
Joist girder
Joist girder
Joist girder
R1
R2
Joist girder
2m
6 - 8
2m
6 - 8
2m
6 - 8
2m
6 - 8
2m
6 - 8
2m
6 - 8
R1
Joist girder
2.2 m
7 - 2
2m
6 - 8
2m
6 - 8
2m
6 - 8
2m
6 - 8
1.9 m
6 - 2
Joist girder
New spacings for staggered joists
Joist
Centre of reaction
Joist girder
top chord
C
L
Joist
Joists are staggered
as required
Staggered joists
The offsetting of joists bearing on the joist girder will be considered by Canam
during the design stage.
LOAD REDUCTION ACCORDING TO TRIBUTARY AREA

Although a joist girder may have a tributary area that is much larger than that of a
joist, a reduction of the live load allowed by the National Building Code of Canada
in Clause 4.1.6.9 is very limited. In fact, no reduction is permitted for a live load due
to snow or an assembly area designed for a live load less than 4.8 kPa (100 psf). The
reduction is applicable for a specific use and a minimal surface area (reference:
NBC 2005, Clauses 4.1.6.9.2 and 4.1.6.9.3).
42
R2
Unbalanced loading
Special conditions
END MOMENTS
GRAVITATIONAL MOMENTS
The use of a joist or joist girder in a rigid frame relieves the top chord and carries
the compression loads to the bottom chord.
End moments, as specified by the building designer on the plans and specifications,
result in the analysis of a frame with defined moments of inertia. It is recommended
that the building designer specifies minimum and maximum limits of inertia to
ensure that the frame is designed according to the analysis model.
The moment of inertia of the joist girder may be estimated using the equation
below in either metric or imperial.
Gravitational moments
METRIC

where
I = 1,596 MfD
I = Moment of inertia of the joist girder (mm4)
Mf = Factored bending moment (kN m)

D = Depth of joist girder (mm)
Note: Mf may be calculated by considering a uniform load applied to the joist girder.
Mf = (1.25DL + 1.5LL) x l x L2
8
where DL = Dead load (kPa)
LL = Live load (kPa)
l = Tributary width of joist girder (m)

L = Joist girder span (m)
IMPERIAL

where
I = 0.132 MfD
I = Moment of inertia of the joist girder (in.4)
Mf = Factored bending moment (kip ft.)

D = Depth of joist girder (in.)
Note: Mf may be calculated using a uniform loading applied to the joist girder.
Mf = (1.25DL + 1.5LL) x l x L2
8,000
where DL = Dead load (psf)
LL = Live load (psf)
l = Tributary width of joist girder (ft.)

L = Joist girder span (ft.)
43
Special conditions
WIND MOMENTS
Horizontal wind loads on a joist or joist girder in a rigid frame may cause alternating
moments as shown beside. Consequently, the joist will be analyzed with opposite
moments.
Examples: Case No. 1 - 10 kNm and + 10 kNm
Case No. 2 + 10 kNm and - 10 kNm
JOIST OR JOIST GIRDER ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
The erection plans, supplied by Canam, usually instruct the erector to fasten the
bottom chord after all of the dead loads have been applied. In this way, the joist or
joist girder follows the condition for simple span condition under dead loads. In the
case of end gravity moments, Canam will assume that they are caused only by the
live load, unless otherwise specified by the building designer.
Wind moments
When end moments are specified, the joist or joist girder shall first be designed
to support loads on simple span condition. Then according to the combination of
defined loads in the codes, different loading scenarios can be generated during
analysis of the joist or joist girder. Each element shall be designed for worst-case
conditions, whether simple span or with end moments.
In addition to providing the end moment values applicable to the joist or joist girder,
the building designer must pay special attention to ensure that the end connections
develop the moments for which the building was designed.
As in the case of the transfer of axial loads, the transfer of loads generated by an
end moment may require the reinforcement of the first panel at top chord or by
another type of reinforcement calculated according to the load.
The end moment transferred to the joist girder can divide into forces in opposite
directions (couple) applied to the top and bottom chords.
For a connection with a transfer plate, the couple is calculated as follows:
Tf = C f = Mf
de
where Tf = C f = Axial force (kN or kip)

Mf = Factored moment connection ((kN m or kip pi)
de = Effective joist girder depth (m or ft.)

Transfer plate supplied by
the steel contractor unless
otherwise noted.
Tf or Cf
de
Mf
Tf or Cf
Stabilizer plate supplied by
otherwise noted.
Transfer of the loads via a transfer plate
44
Connection at bottom chord

with a tie joist plate
Special conditions
For a connection where the loads are carried by the shoe base, the axial force
increases due to a shorter moment arm.
Tf = C f = Mf
de
where Tf = C f = Axial force (kN or kip)

Mf = Factored moment connection ((kN m or kip pi)
de = Effective joist girder depth (m or ft.)

Joist girder shoe
Tf or Cf
Mf
de
Tf or Cf
Stabilizer plate supplied by
otherwise noted.
Transfer of the loads by the shoe base
Since the loads transferred by the base of the shoe create significant eccentricity,
normally the first panel must be reinforced by the joist girder engineer.
Vertical eccentricity at bearing due to the axial load
A- Addition of a strut
Different types of reinforcement of the first panel are presented below.
B- Addition of stiffener plate
C- Shoe extension
Different types of reinforcement of the first panel
Only in the case or

we must transfer
from the efforts.
Some connections to the bottom chord of joist or joist girder use an angle welded
to the column and a tie joist plate shop welded to the joist girder. However, this type
of connection, as shown beside, is no longer recommended.
A standard connection with a stabilizer plate is more simple and gives the same
lateral stability.
Section A-A
Standard connection at bottom

chord with a stabilizer plate
The steel contractor usually supplies the steel plate on the column at the location
of the bottom chord of the joist girder. The plate is inserted between the vertical
flanges of the bottom chord angles. A plate should have a thickness of 13mm ( in.)
or 19mm ( in.). A hole in the stabilizer plate allows the column to be plumbed with
guy wires. The transfer of forces from the column to the bottom chord is achieved
by welding the angles of the bottom chord to the plate, as indicated beside.
45
Special conditions
JOISTS ADJACENT TO MORE RIGID SURFACES
25,000
Line with increased stiffness
Joists adjacent to non-flexible walls or to beams and joists having a much

shorter span, must have less deflection. The deflection limitation is necessary to
avoid potential problems resulting from too large a movement differential.These
problems tend to occur in the central part of the joist. To avoid an abrupt transition
from the permitted deflection, it is recommended to change the deflection limit
gradually, for adjacent joists having spans in excess of 12 m (40 ft.):
Adjacent joist
Deflection criterion
Metric (mm)
Imperial (ft.)
1st joist
Span / 50
Span / 0.167
2nd joist
Span / 70
Span / 0.229
3rd joist
Span / 90
Span / 0.292
4th joist
Span / 110
Span / 0.354
5th joist
Span / 130
Span / 0.417
1st joist
Criterion = 25,000 / 50 = 500
L/500
2nd joist
Criterion = 25,000 / 70 = 357
L/360
3rd joist
Criterion = 25,000 / 90 = 278
L/280
4th joist
Criterion = 25,000 / 110 = 227
L/240 min.
Note: In all cases, the deflection criterion (usually under the service load) must be
greater than or equal to that specified on the customer drawings or mentioned
in the specifications.
Example: Span = 25 m; deflection criterion under service load = L / 240
Another solution consists of placing a perimeter joist with a sliding assembly on
the supporting wind column. This also allows for easier building expansion in the
future. Given the weak lateral rigidity of a joist, when it is acted upon laterally by
the top of the wind column, the structural engineer must assure transfer of the
load into the roof diaphragm or another horizontal bracing system.
Typ.
Wind
column
Wind thrust given by the designer.
JOISTS WITH LATERAL SLOPE

Building designers should request joists with a lateral slope only when absolutely
necessary as this is not an economical approach.
When using standing seam metal roofs, the joist top chord must be checked for in
plane and out of plane (lateral) loads when the lateral slope exceeds what is
required for normal roof drainage (2%).
With steel deck attached to the top chord of the joists, the diaphragm action of the
deck should be sufficient to brace the joist top chord as long as the lateral slope
does not exceed 6%.
Special consideration is also required for long-span joists. Since these components
are subject to lateral deformation during installation, special dispositions may be
required during the erection process. It could be advantageous to consider using
steel deck with a higher gage in order to ensure the lateral support of joists.
When a joist is installed with a lateral slope, a portion of the vertical load applied to
the roof acts upon the joist laterally. Therefore, the lateral load must be considered
when calculating the size of the top chord and the bridging. In this case, the bridging
system plays a more important role.
Slope
46
Horizontal
bracings
Bridging lines
The following paragraphs explain what is required to provide resistance to the out
of plane load component for the other cases.
Slope
Joists
Special conditions
For slopes 15 that are symmetrical between both sides of the summit, horizontal
bracing is not required if the structural bridging rows are attached to the ridge
because the horizontal forces from each slope cancel each other.
For slopes 16, the difference between the forces generated by unbalanced loads
must be taken into consideration. The use of horizontal bracing or steel deck with a
higher gage therefore becomes necessary.
Joists
ANCHORS ON JOISTS
It is not recommended to subject joists to torsion loads. Anchors that are attached
to joists will cause significant torsion. The installation of a frame between two joists
will prevent deformation and obtain an economical design.
Anchorage
Not recommended Recommended
First Alliance ChurchICalgary, Alberta
47
Special conditions
SPECIAL JOISTS
Canam can design and manufacture special joists to suit the conditions required by
the building designer. A non standard joist can have particular assembly conditions
and/or a special shape as described on page 27.
Connecting a joist to a primary support like a truss, a beam or a column by others
means than a standard shoe, or replacing some joist components to accommodate
the connection of beams or other pieces, will make a special joist.
Depending of the shape, special loading conditions may apply as per the Canadian
standards in force. The building designer must clearly provide the special loading
conditions on the specification documents and on the drawings.
A special joist, very deep for example, may also require special shipping
arrangements.
The expertise of Canam in design and fabrication goes much higher than
manufacturing only standard products.
Haverstraw Marina I West Haverstraw, New York
48
Special conditions
JOIST GIRDER TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS
R
BEARING REACTION
This section is intended to present to the building designer possible positions of the
joist girder on the column. Consider the following three types of connections:
bearing on top of the column, bearing on a bracket facing the column, and bearing
facing the column but with a reaction at the center. For the first two types, the
impact of connecting one or two joist girders to the column is also presented.
BEARING ON TOP OF THE COLUMN
Joist girder reaction
C
R
A bearing on top of the column is the most economical solution. Sufficient shoe
depth, usually 190 mm (7.5 in.), allows a reaction close to the center of the column.
However, the slope of the end diagonal of the joist girder along with the width of
the column may move the position of the reaction away from the center of
the column.
In general, the reaction of the joist girder occurs at the center or to the outside of
the centerline of the shoe.
Even if there is only one joist girder bearing on top of the column, an extension of
the shoe to completely cover the column does not guarantee that the reaction will
be located at the center of the column. As previously mentioned, the physical
limitations may approach or move away from the reaction.
When two joist girders are bearing on top of a column, their reactions are produced
closer to the exterior faces of the column. Unbalanced reactions caused by varying
bay dimensions, different bay loads, or by unbalanced loading conditions, as
prescribed in the National Building Code of Canada, may cause bending stress in
the column.
Joist girder reaction on top of the column
R1
C
R2
Reactions of two joist girders on top of the column
The building designer must consider these special conditions when designing
the column.
ING of CanadaISaint-Hyacinthe, Quebec

Joist girder sitting on a bracket connected
to the web of a column
49
Special conditions
BEARING FACING THE COLUMN
When the joist girder bearing is facing the column, a bending moment is induced in
the column. However, a bracket bearing is more economical for the fabrication of the
joist girder compared to other bearing connections presented in Models 1 and 2.
As mentioned previously, even if two joist girders are bearing on either side of the
column, unbalanced reactions may cause bending stress in the column, similar to
beams framing from both sides.
C
R1
R2
Joist girder sitting on a column bracket
Bearing facing the column on either sides

C
The design engineer must consider the eccentricity of the position of the reaction
of the joist girder in designing the column. Generally, an eccentricity of 38 mm (1.5
in.) can be considered in the calculation of the column.
BEARING FACING THE COLUMN WITH CENTER REACTION
Although designing a column is made easier by considering that the reaction of the
joist is not eccentric in relation to the column axis, the design and fabrication of
eccentric connections is more complex. Consequently, the cost of a joist girder
increases with this type of connection.
C
R
Model 1 End plate
C
R
Bearing facing the column

with centre reaction
It is recommended to specify on the plan joist girders with a shoe under the top
chord and to allow for the eccentricity of the joist girder reaction when designing
the column.
Model 2 Knife plate
50
Standards
With the permission of the Canadian Standards Association, material is reproduced
from the CSA Standard CAN/CSA S16-01 Limit States Design of Steel Structures,
which is copyrighted by CSA, 178 Rexdale Blvd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9W
1R3. While use of this material has been authorized, CSA shall not be responsible
for the manner in which the information is presented, nor for any interpretations
thereof.
While the CISCs comment is not an integral part of the CAN/CSA S16-01 standard,
Canam inserted the paragraphs corresponding to the standard. They are indicated
in italic. Some figures of the comment were modified in order to reflect our
products.
16. O
PEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS
16.1SCOPE
Clause 16 provides requirements for the design, manufacture, transportation, and
erection of open-web steel joists used in the construction of buildings. Joists
intended to act compositely with the deck slab shall also meet the requirements of
Clause 17. Clause 16 shall be used only for the design of joists having an axis of
symmetry in the plane of the joist.
16.1SCOPE
Open-web steel joists (OWSJ or joists), as described in Clause 16.2, are generally
proprietary products whose design, manufacture, transport, and erection are
covered by the requirements of Clause 16. The Standard clarifies the information to
be provided by the building designer (user-purchaser) and the joist manufacturer
(joist designer-fabricator).
16.2GENERAL
Open-web steel joists are steel trusses of relatively low mass with parallel or slightly
pitched chords and triangulated web systems proportioned to span between walls
or structural supporting members, or both, and to provide direct support for floor
or roof deck. In general, joists are manufactured on a production line that employs
jigs, with certain details of the members being standardized by the individual
manufacturer. Joists may be designed to provide lateral support to compression
elements of beams or columns, to participate in lateral-load-resisting systems, or
as continuous joists, cantilevered joists, or joists having special support conditions.
16.2GENERAL
The distinction between standard and non-standard OWSJ no longer exists as
OWSJs are designed specifically for each situation by the joist manufacturer. Those
definitions related to joists that are still required are now found in Clause 2 of the
Standard.
This clause has been expanded to list functions that joists may fulfil other than the
simple support systems for floors or roofs. These include continuous joists,
cantilever joists, joists in lateral-load-resisting systems and support for bracing
members.
51
Standards
16.3MATERIALS
Steel for joists shall be of a structural quality, suitable for welding, and shall meet
the requirements of Clause 5.1.1. Structural members cold-formed to shape may
use the effect of cold-forming in accordance with Clause 5.2 of CSA Standard S136.
The calculated value of Fy shall be determined using only the values for Fy and Fu
that are specified in the relevant structural steel material standard. Yield levels
reported on mill test certificates or determined according to Clause 9.3 of CSA
Standard S136 shall not be used as the basis for design.
16.3MATERIALS
The use of yield strength levels reported on mill test certificates for the purposes of
design is prohibited here as throughout the Standard. This practice could
significantly lower the margin of safety because any deviation from the specified
value has already been accounted for statistically in the bias value the ratio of the
mean strength to the specified minimum value. Thus, all design rules have been,
and are, based on the use of the specified minimum yield point or yield strength.
For structural members cold-formed to shape, the increase in yield strength due to
cold forming, as given in Clause 5.2 of CAN/CSA-S136, may be taken into account
provided that the increase is based on the specified minimum values in the relevant
structural steel material standard.
16.4 DESIGN DOCUMENTS

16.4.1 BUILDING STRUCTURAL DESIGN DOCUMENTS
The building structural design documents shall include as a minimum:
(a) the uniformly distributed specified live and dead loads, unbalanced
loading conditions, any concentrated loads, and any special loading
conditions such as non-uniform snow loads, ponding loads, horizontal
loads, end moments, net uplift, bracing forces to provide lateral support to
compression elements of beams or columns, allowances for mechanical
equipment, and deflection limits;
(b) joist spacing, camber, joist depth, and shoe depth;
(c) where joists are not supported on steel members, maximum bearing
pressures or sizes of bearing plates;
(d) anchorage requirements in excess of the requirements of Clause 16.5.12;
(e) bracing as may be required by Clause 16.5.6.2;
(f) method and spacing of attachments of steel deck to the top chord; the
documents shall indicate the special cases where the deck is incapable of
supplying lateral support to the top chord (see Clause 16.8.1);
(g) minimum moment of inertia to provide satisfactory design criteria for floor
vibrations if applicable (see Clause 6.2.3.2);
(h) any other necessary information required to design and supply the joists; and
(i) a note that no drilling, cutting, or welding shall be done unless approved by
the building designer.
Note: It is recommended that the building drawings include a note warning that
attachments for mechanical, electrical, and other services should be made by
using approved clamping devices or U-bolt-type connectors.
52
Standards
16.4.1 BUILDING STRUCTURAL DESIGN DOCUMENTS
The Standard recognizes that the building designer may not be the joist designer;
therefore, the building structural design documents are required to provide specific
information for the design of the joists. The information to be supplied has been
increased from six to nine items including a note that any drilling, cutting or welding
has to be approved by the building designer.
Mark
Depth
(mm)
Spacing
(mm)
Specified
dead load
Specified
live load
Specified
snow load
Specified
wind load
Remarks
live
J1
600
1,300
2.4 kPa
joint
span
320
2.6 kPa
Suggested lx
for vibration
=
J2
700
8.9 kN
1.5 kN/m
2,000
3m
12,000
4.38
kN/m
10.2 kN/m
3m
12,000
-2.4 kN/m
12,000
live
span
240
Figure 2-36
Joist schedule
Loads such as unbalanced, non-uniform, concentrated, and net uplift, are to be

shown by the building designer. Figure 2-36 shows a joist schedule that could be
used to record all loads on joists.
All heavy concentrated loads such as those resulting from partitions, large pipes,
mechanical, and other equipment to be supported by OWSJ, should be shown on
the structural design documents. Small concentrated loads may be allowed for in
the uniform dead load.
The importance factor, g, (see Clause 7.2.5) when not equal to 1.0, should be
specified by the building designer.
Options, such as attachments for deck when used as a diaphragm, special camber
and any other special requirements should also be provided. Where vibration of a
floor system is a consideration, it is recommended that the building designer give a
suggested moment of inertia Ix. Because the depth of joists supplied among
different joist manufacturers may vary slightly from nominal values, the depth,
when it is critical, should be specified.
Although steel joist manufacturers may indicate the maximum clear openings for
ducts, etc, which can be accommodated through the web openings of each depth
of their OWSJs, building designers should, in general, show on the building
design drawings the size, location and elevation of openings required through the
OWSJs (Figure 2-37). Large ducts may be accommodated by special design. Ducts
which require open panels and corresponding reinforcement of the joist should,
where possible, be located within the middle half of the joist to minimize shear
problems. This information is required prior to the time of tendering to permit
appropriate costing.
Maximum clear opening

Thickness
varies
When sprayed fire protection is contemplated, reduce clearance by the thickness of sprayed fire protection material.
Figure 2-37
Sizes of openings for electrical and mechanical equipment
53
Standards
Specific joist designations from a manufacturers catalogue or from the AISC and
Steel Joist Institute of the U.S.A, are not appropriate and should not be specified.
16.4.2 JOIST DESIGN DOCUMENTS

Joist design documents prepared by the joist manufacturer shall show, as a
minimum, the specified loading, factured member loads, material specification,
member sizes, dimentions, spacers, welds, shoes, anchorages, bracing, bearings,
field splices, bridging locations, camber, and coating type.
16.4.2 JOIST DESIGN DOCUMENTS
The design information of a joist manufacturer may come in varying forms such
as: design sheets, computer printout, and tables. Not all joist manufacturers make
traditional detail drawings.
16.5DESIGN
16.5.1LOADING FOR OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS
The factored moment and shear resistances of openweb steel joists at every
section shall not be less than the moment and shear due to the loading conditions
specified by the building designer in the documents described in Clause 16.4.1(a) or
to the factored dead load plus the following list of factored live load conditions,
considered separately:
(a) for floor joists, an unbalanced live load applied on any continuous portion of
the joist to produce the most critical effect on any component;
(b) for roof joists, an unbalanced loading condition with 100% of the snow load
plus other live loads applied on any continuous portion of the joist and 50%
of the snow load on the remainder of the joist to produce the most critical
effect on any component;
(c) for roof joists, wind uplift; and
(d) the appropriate factored concentrated load (from Table 4.1.6. B of the National
Building Code of Canada - 2005) applied at any one panel point to produce the
most critical effect on any component.
16.5.1LOADING FOR OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS
Because there is now no distinction between standard and special OWSJ only one
loading clause exists instead of two. This is the clause previously given for special
joists.
Maximum factored moments and shears are established either from the loading
conditions in the design documents or from the factored dead load plus the four
factored live loads listed in Clause 16.4.1.
The four factored live load combinations are consistent with Section 4.1 of the
National Building Code of Canada (2005). In particular, as required by the National
Building Code of Canada, roofs and the joists supporting them may be subject to
uplift loads due to wind.
Joist design documents prepared by the joist manufacturer shall show, as a
minimum, the specified loading, factured member loads, material specification,
member sizes, dimentions, spacers, welds, shoes, anchorages, bracing, bearings,
field splices, bridging locations, camber, and coating type.
54
Standards
16.5.2DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
Open-web steel joists shall be designed for loads acting in the plane of the joist
applied to the top chord, which is assumed to be prevented from lateral buckling by
the deck. For the purpose of determining axial forces in all members, members may
be assumed to be pin-connected and the loads may be replaced by statically
equivalent loads applied at the panel points.
16.5.2DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
The loads may be replaced by statically equivalent loads applied at the panel
points for the purpose of determining axial forces in all members. It is assumed
that any moments induced in the joist chord by direct loading do not influence the
magnitude of the axial forces in the members. Tests on trusses (Aziz 1972) have
shown that the secondary moments induced at rigid joints due to joint rotations
do not affect the ultimate axial forces determined by a pin-jointed truss analysis.
Maximum clear opening When sprayed fire protection is contemplated, reduce
clearance by the thickness of sprayed fire protection material.
16.5.3VERIFICATION OF JOIST MANUFACTURERS DESIGN

When the adequacy of the design of a joist cannot be readily demonstrated by
a rational analysis based on accepted theory and engineering practice, the joist
manufacturer may elect to verify the design by test. The test shall be carried out to
the satisfaction of the building designer. The test loading shall be 1.10/0.90 times
the factored loads used in the design.
16.5.3VERIFICATION OF JOIST MANUFACTURERS DESIGN
When there is difficulty in analyzing the effect of certain specific conditions, for
example a particular web-chord connection, or a geometric configuration of a cold
formed chord, a joist manufacturer may elect to verify the design assumption by a
test. In the numerical factor of 1.10/0.90, stipulated as a multiplier for the factored
loads, the factor of 1.10 provides that the results of limited number of tests bear
a similar statistical relationship to the entire series of joists that the average yield
strength has to the specified minimum yield strength, Fy and the factor 0.90 the
resistance factor in the divisor increases the test load as is appropriate.
16.5.4 MEMBER AND CONNECTION RESISTANCE

Member and connection resistance shall be calculated in accordance with the
requirements of Clause 13 except as otherwise specified in Clause 16.
16.5.5WIDTH-TO-THICKNESS RATIOS
16.5.5.1
Width-to-thickness ratios of compressive elements of hot-formed sections shall be
governed by Clause 11. Width-to-thickness ratios of compressive elements of
cold-formed sections shall be governed by CSA Standard S136.
16.5.5.2
For the purposes of determining the appropriate width-to-thickness ratio of
compressive elements supported along one edge, any stiffening effect of the deck
or the joist web shall be neglected.
55
Standards
16.5.6 BOTTOM CHORD
16.5.6 BOTTOM CHORD
A minimum radius of gyration is specified for bottom chord members, when in
tension, to provide a minimum stiffness for handling and erection.
Under certain loading conditions, net compression forces may occur in segments
of bottom chords and must be considered. Bracing of the chord, for compression,
may be provided by regular bridging only if the bridging meets requirements of
Clause 9.2. As a minimum, lines of bracing are specifically required near the ends of
bottom chords in tension in order to enhance stability when the wind causes a net
uplift.
Bottom chord bracing may be required for continuous and cantilever joists as
shown in Figure 2-38.
In those cases, where the bottom chord has little or no net compression, bracing
is not required for cantilever joists. However, it is generally considered good
practice to install a line of bridging at the first bottom chord panel point as shown
in Figure 2-38.
16.5.6.1
The bottom chord shall be continuous and, when in tension, may be designed as an
axially loaded tension member unless subject to eccentricities in excess of those
permitted under Clause 16.5.10.4 or subject to applied load between panel points.
The governing radius of gyration of the tension chord or any component thereof
shall be not less than 1240 of the corresponding unsupported length. For joists
with the web in the y-plane, the unsupported length of chord for computing Lx/rx
shall be taken as the panel length centre to centre of panel points, and the
unsupported length of chord for calculating Ly/ry shall be taken as the distance
between bridging lines connected to the tension chord. Joist shoes, when anchored,
may be assumed to be equivalent to bridging lines. A tension chord subjected to
concentrated loads between panel points shall be designed in accordance with the
provisions of Clause 13.9 when the chord is in tension or Clause 16.5.7.3,
as applicable.
16.5.6.2
The bottom chord shall be designed in accordance with Clause 16.5.7.3 for the
resulting compressive forces when net uplift is specified, when joists are made
continuous or cantilevered, when end moments are specified, or when it provides
lateral support to compression elements of beams or columns. Bracing, when
required, shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of Clause 9.2. For
joists with net uplift, a single line of bottom-chord bridging shall be provided at
each end of the joists near the first bottom chord panel points, unless the ends of
the bottom-chord are otherwise restrained. (See also Clause 16.7.9(a).)
56
Bracing
or bridging
Reinforced to resist
uplift, if necessary.
Bracing
Reinforced to resist
uplift, if necessary.
Figure 2-38
Bracing and bridging of cantilever joists
Standards
16.5.7 TOP CHORD
16.5.7 TOP CHORD
When the conditions set out in Clause 16.5.7.1 are fulfilled, only axial force need be
considered when the panel length is less than 610mm (Kennedy and Rowan 1964).
In these cases, the stiffness of the floor or roof structure tends to help transfer loads
to the panel points of the joist, thus offsetting the reduction in chord capacity due
to local bending. When the panel length exceeds 610mm, axial force and bending
moment need to be considered. When calculating bending moments in the end
panel, it is customary to assume the end of the chord to be pinned, even though the
joist bearing is welded to its support. The stiffening effect of supported deck or of
the web is to be neglected when determining the appropriate width-thickness ratio
(Clause 16.5.5.1) of the compression top chord.
The requirement in Clause 16.5.7.5, that the flat width of the chord component be at
least 5mm larger than the nominal dimension of the weld, should be considered
an absolute minimum. Increasing the dimension may improve workmanship. See
Clauses 16.8.5.1 and 16.8.5.2 regarding workmanship requirements when laying and
attaching deck to joists.
16.5.7.1
The top chord shall be continuous and may be designed for axial compressive force
alone when the panel length does not exceed 610mm, when concentrated loads
are not applied between the panel points, and when not subject to eccentricities in
excess of those permitted under Clause 16.5.10.4. When the panel length exceeds
610mm, the top chord shall be designed as a continuous member subject to
combined axial and bending forces.
16.5.7.2
The slenderness ratio, KL/r, of the top chord or of its components shall not exceed
90 for interior panels or 120 for end panels. The governing KL/r shall be the
maximum value determined by the following:
a) for x-x (horizontal) axis, L x shall be the centre-to-centre distance between
panel points and K = 0.9;
(b) for y-y (vertical) axis, Ly shall be the centre-to-centre distance between the
attachments of the deck. The spacing of attachments shall be not more than
the design slenderness ratio of the top chord times the radius of gyration of
the top chord about its vertical axis and not more than 1000mm, and K = 1.0;
(c) for z-z (skew) axis of individual components, L z shall be the centre-to-centre
distance between panel points or spacers, or both, and K = 0.9. Decking shall
not be considered to fulfil the function of batten plates or spacers for top
chords consisting of two separated components and where r = the appropriate
radius of gyration.
57
Standards
16.5.7.3
Compression chords shall be proportioned such that:
C f + Mf # 1.0
Cr M r
where
Mr = value given in Clause 13.5
Cr = value given in Clause 13.3
At the panel point, Cr may be taken as AFy and Clause 13.5(a) may be used to
determine Mr provided that the chord meets the requirements of a Class 2 section
and Mf/Mp < 0.25.
For top chords with panel lengths not exceeding 610mm, Mf resulting from any
uniformly distributed loading may be neglected.
The chord shall be assumed to be pinned at the joist supports.
16.5.7.4
Top chords in tension whose panel lengths exceed 610mm shall be designed in
accordance with the provisions of Clause 13.9.
16.5.7.5
When welding is used to attach steel deck to the chord of a joist, the flat width of
any chord component in contact with the deck shall be at least 5mm larger than the
nominal design dimensions of the deck welds, measured transverse to the
longitudinal axis of the chord.
16.5.8WEBS
16.5.8WEBS
The length of web members for purposes of design are shown in Figure 2-39. With
the exception of web members made of individual members, the effective length
factor is always taken as 1.0. For individual members this factor is 0.9 for buckling
in the plane of the web (see Clause G7 of Appendix G), but is 1.0 for buckling
perpendicular to the plane of the web.
It has been observed, on occasion, in the testing of joists that with critical chords
and webs designed to reach their factored loads more or less simultaneously using
the S16 requirements, that the first compression web member fails first even though
the joist deformations may be quite significant. This appears to happen because the
tension chord, after yielding in the panel where the joist bending moment is a
maximum, continues to carry load into the strain-hardening range. It overloads itself
and the joist. The first compression web member with no such reserve fails by
buckling. By reducing the resistance factors for this member and its connections to
85% more ductile modes of failure are encouraged at little extra cost. This
requirement is also applied to trusses in Clause 15.2.4.
Vertical web members of modified Warren geometry are required to resist load
applied at the panel point plus a bracing force to preclude in-plane buckling of the
compression chord. A frequently used rule to provide full support (Winter 1960) is
for a brace to have a capacity in the order of 2% of the force in the main compression
member.
58
Exception:
For individual members when
considering buckling in the plane
of the web, effective length = 0.9 x Length
Length of
web member
Figure 2-39
Length of joist web members
Standards
Web members in tension are not required to meet a limiting slenderness ratio. This
is significant when flats are used as tension members; however, attention should be
paid to those loading cases where the possibility of shear reversal along the length
of the joist exists. Under these circumstances, it is likely that some diagonals
generally near mid-span may have to resist compression forces.
16.5.8.1
Webs shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of Clause 13 to resist
the shear at any point due to the factored loads given in Clause 16.5.1. Particular
attention shall be paid to possible reversals of force in each web member.
16.5.8.2
The length of a web member shall be taken as the distance between the intersections
of the neutral axes of the web member and the chords. For buckling in the plane of the
web, the effective length factor shall be taken as 0.9 if the web consists of individual
members. For all other cases, the effective length factor shall be taken as 1.0.
16.5.8.3
The factored resistances of the first compression web member subject to transverse
shear, and its connections, shall be determined with their respective resistance
factors, , multiplied by 0.85.
16.5.8.4
The vertical web members of a joist with a modified Warren geometry shall be
designed to resist an axial force equal to the calculated sum of the compressive
force in the web member plus 0.02 times the force in the compression chord at that
location.
16.5.8.5
The slenderness ratio of a web member in tension need not be limited.
16.5.8.6
The slenderness ratio of a web member in compression shall not exceed 200.
16.5.9SPACERS AND BATTENS

Compression members consisting of two or more sections shall be interconnected
so that the slenderness ratio of each section calculated using its least radius of
gyration is less than or equal to the design slenderness ratio of the built-up member.
Spacers or battens shall be an integral part of the joist.
16.5.9SPACERS AND BATTENS
Spacers and battens must be an integral part of the joist and (see Clause 16.5.7.2(c)
the steel deck is not to be considered to act as spacers or battens.
59
Standards
16.5.10 CONNECTIONS AND SPLICES
Eccentricity limit
Distance equal to y 1 or y
whichever is greater.
16.5.10 CONNECTIONS AND SPLICES
As a general rule, the gravity axes of members should meet at a common point
within a joint. However, when this is not practical, eccentricities may be neglected
if they do not exceed those described in Clause 16.5.10.4; see Figure 2-40.
Kaliandasani et al. (1977) have shown that the effect of small eccentricities is of
minor consequence, except for eccentricities at the end bearing and the intersection
of the end diagonal and bottom chord. (See also Clause 16.5.11.4.)
16.5.10.1
y1
Although splices are permitted at any point in chord or web members, the splices
must be capable of carrying the factored loads without exceeding the factored
resistances of the members. Butt-welded splices are permitted provided they
develop the factored tensile resistance of the member.
Chord
web
(a)
Continuous web member
Eccentricity limit
Eccentricity e can be
neglected when e e 1.
e1
Component members of joists shall be connected by welding, bolting, or other

approved means.
16.5.10.2
Chord
web
Connections and splices shall develop the factored loads without exceeding the
factored member resistances given in Clause 16. Butt-joint splices shall develop the
factored tensile resistance, Tr, of the member.
16.5.10.3
Splices may occur at any point in chord or web members.
16.5.10.4
Members connected at a joint should have their centroidal axes meet at a point.
Where this is impractical and eccentricities are introduced, such eccentricities may
be neglected if they do not exceed:
a) for continuous web members, the greater of the two distances measured from
the neutral axis of the chord member to the extreme fibres of the chord
member; and
b) for non-continuous web members, the distance measured from the neutral
axis to the back (outside face) of the chord member.
When the eccentricity exceeds these limits, provision shall be made for the
effects of total eccentricity. Eccentricities assumed in design shall be taken as
the maximum fabrication tolerances and shall be stated on the shop details.
16.5.11BEARINGS
16.5.11.1
Bearings of joists shall be proportioned so that the factored bearing resistance
of the supporting material is not exceeded.
16.5.11.1
As required by Clause 16.4.1(c), the factored bearing resistance of the supporting
material or the size of the bearing plates must be given on the building design
drawings.
60
(b)
Non-continuous web member
Full eccentricity e
must be considered.
e
Chord
web
(c)
Non-continuous web member
Figure 2-40
Eccentricity limits
at panel points of joists
Standards
Centre of bearing
Intersection of
axes of chord
and end diagonal
16.5.11.2
Where a joist bears, with or without a bearing plate, on solid masonry or concrete
support, the bearing shall meet the requirements of CSA Standards S304.1 for
masonry and CSA Standard A23.3 for concrete.
16.5.11.2
Bearing width
Figure 2-41
Joist end bearing eccentricity
Depth of bearing shoes vary, check with manufacturer.
Steel plate with anchor

Reinforced to resist uplift, if necessary.
Figure 2-42
Joists bearing on steel plate anchored
to concrete and masonry
1/
It is likely that the centre of bearing will be eccentric with respect to the intersection
of the axes of the chord and the end diagonal as shown in Figure 2-41. Because the
location of the centre of bearing is dependent on the field support conditions, and
their construction tolerances, it may be wise to assume a maximum eccentricity
when designing the bearing detail. In lieu of specific information, a reasonable
assumption is to use a minimum eccentricity of one half the minimum bearing
on a steel support of 65mm. When detailing joists, care must be taken to provide
clearance between the end diagonal and the supporting member or wall. See Figure
2-42. A maximum clearance of 25mm is suggested to minimize eccentricities. One
solution, to obtain proper bearing, is to increase the depth of the bearing shoe.
For spandrel beams and other beams on which joists frame from one side only,
good practice suggests that the centre of the bearing shoe be located within the
middle third of the flange of the supporting beam (Figure 2-43(a). As the depth of
bearing shoes vary, the building designer should check with the joist manufacturer
in setting top of steel elevations. By using a deep shoe, interference between the
support and the end diagonal will be avoided as shown in Figure 2-43(b).
If the support is found to be improperly located, such that the span of the joist is
increased, the resulting eccentricity may be greater than that assumed. Increasing
the length of the bearing shoe to obtain proper bearing may create the more serious
problem of increasing the amount of eccentricity.
16.5.11.3
Where a joist bears on a structural steel member, the end of the shoe shall extend
at least 65mm beyond the edge of the support, except that when the available
bearing area is restricted, this distance may be reduced, provided that the shoe is
adequately proportioned and anchored to the support.
3b
16.5.11.4
b
(a)
Normal shoe
The joist shoe and the end panel of the joist shall be proportioned to include the
effect of the eccentricity between the centre of the bearing and the intersection of
the centroidal axes of the chord and the end diagonal.
16.5.11.5
Bottom bearing joists shall have their top and bottom chords held adequately in
position at the supports.
May
vary
(b)
Deeper than normal shoe
(c)
See Clause 16.6.12.3 when
bearing is less than 65 mm.
Figure 2-43
Joists bearing on steel
61
Standards
16.5.12ANCHORAGE
16.5.12.1
Joists shall be properly anchored to withstand the effects of the combined factored
loads, including net uplift. As a minimum, the following shall be provided:
a) when anchored to masonry or concrete
(i) for floor joists, a 10mm diameter rod at least 300mm long embedded
horizontally;
(ii) for roof joists, a 20mm diameter anchor rod 300mm long embedded
vertically with a 50mm, 90 hook;
(b) when supported on steel, one 20mm diameter bolt, or a pair of fillet welds
satisfying the minimum size and length requirements of CSA Standard W59;
the connection shall be capable of withstanding a horizontal load equal to
10% of the reaction of the joist.
16.5.12.1
When a joist is subject to net uplift, not only must the anchorage be sufficient to
transmit the net uplift to the supporting structure but the supporting structure must
be capable of resisting that force.
The anchorage of joist ends to supporting steel beams provide both lateral restraint
and torsional restraint to the top flange of the supporting steel beam (Albert et al.
1992). When the supporting beam is simply supported, the restraint provided to the
compression flange likely means that the full cross-sectional bending resistance
can be realized. In cantilever-suspended span construction, the restraint provided
by the joists is applied to the tension flange in negative moment regions and is,
therefore, less effective in restraining the bottom (compression) flange from
buckling.
Albert et al. (1992) and Essa and Kennedy (1993) show that, while the increase in
moment resistance due to lateral restraint is substantial, in cantilever-suspended
span construction, the further increase when torsional restraint is considered is
even greater. The torsional restraint develops when the compression flange tends
to buckle sideways distorting the web and twisting the top flange that is restrained
by bending of the joists about the strong axis. The anchorage must therefore be
capable of transmitting the moment that develops. For welds, a pair of 5mm fillet
welds 50mm long coupled with the bearing of the joist seat would develop a
factored moment resistance of about 1.8 kN.m.
16.5.12.2
Tie joists may have their top and bottom chords connected to a column. Unless
otherwise specified, tie joists shall have top and bottom chord connections that are
each at least equivalent to those required by Clause 16.5.12.1. Either the top or
bottom connection shall utilize a bolted connection.
16.5.12.2
The function of tie joists is to assist in the erection and plumbing of the steel frame.
Either the top or bottom chord is connected by bolting and, after plumbing the
columns, the other chord is usually welded (Figure 2-44). In most buildings, tie joists
remain as installed with both top and bottom chords connected; however, current
practices vary throughout Canada with, in some cases, the bottom chord connections
to the columns being made with slotted holes. Shrivastava et al. (1979) studied the
behaviour of tie joist connections and concluded that they may be insufficient to
carry lateral loads which could result from rigid bolting.
The designation tie joist is not intended to be used for joists participating in
frame action.
Figure 2-44
Tie joists
62
Standards
16.5.12.3
Where joists are used as a part of a frame, the joist-to-column connections shall be
designed to carry the moments and forces due to the factored loads.
16.5.12.3
When joists are used as part of a frame to brace columns, or to resist lateral forces
on the finished structure, the appropriate moments and forces are to be shown on
the bullding design drawings to enable the joists and the joist-to-column connections
to be designed by the joist manufacturer.
In cantilever suspended span roof framing, joists may also be used to provide
stability for girders passing over columns. See also the commentary on Clauses
16.5.12.1, and 13.6.
16.5.13DEFLECTION
16.5.13DEFLECTION
The method of computing deflections is now based on truss action, taking into
account the axial deformation of all components rather than the former approximate
method of using a moment of inertia equal to that of the truss chords and adding an
allowance for the shear deformation of the web members.
16.5.13.1
Steel joists shall be proportioned so that deflection due to specified loads is within
acceptable limits for the nature of the materials to be supported and the intended
use and occupancy. Such deflection limits shall be as given in Clause 6.2.1 unless
otherwise specified by the building designer.
16.5.13.2
The deflection shall be calculated based on truss action, taking into account the
axial deformation of all the components of the joists.
16.5.14CAMBER
Unless otherwise specified by the building designer, the nominal camber shall be
0.002 of the span. For tolerances, see Clause 16.10.9.
16.5.14CAMBER
The nominal camber based on Clause 16.5.14 is now taken to vary linearly with the
span and is tabulated in Table 2-1 rounded to the nearest millimetre. Manufacturing
tolerances are covered in Clause 16.10.9. The maximum difference in camber of
20mm for joists of the same span, set to limit the difference between two adjacent
joists, is reached at a span of 16,000mm.
63
Standards
TABLE 2-1
CAMBER FOR JOISTS
Span
Up to 6000
Nominal
camber (mm)
Minimum
camber (mm)
Maximum
camber (mm)
12 +
20
22
7,000
14
8,000
16
24
9,000
18
10
26
10,000
20
11
29
11,000
22
13
31
12,000
24
15
33
13,000
26
17
35
14,000
28
18
38
15,000
30
20
40
16,000
32
22
42
16.5.15VIBRATION
The building designer shall give special consideration to floor systems where
unacceptable vibration may occur. When requested, the joist manufacturer shall
supply joist properties and details to the building designer (see Appendix E of
S16-01 Guide).
16.5.15VIBRATION
Appendix E of S16-01, Guide for Floor Vibrations, contains recommendations for
floors supported on steel joists. By increasing the floor thickness (mass), both the
frequency and the peak acceleration are reduced, thus reducing the annoyance
more efficiently than by increasing the moment of inertia (Ix) of the joists. For this
reason, the building designer should weight, at the building design stage, the
options in the Guide for Floor Vibrations to achieve the best performance.
16.5.16WELDING
16.5.16.1
Welding shall conform to the requirements of Clause 24. Specific welding procedures
for joist fabrication shall be accepted by the Canadian Welding Bureau.
16.5.16.1
Many welded joints used in joists are not prequalified under CSA W59, therefore the
certified fabricator must have all these welded joints accepted by the Canadian
Welding Bureau (CWB).
16.5.16.2
When welding joists to supporting members, surfaces to be welded shall be free of
coatings that are detrimental to achieving an adequate weldment.
16.5.16.3
Flux and slag shall be removed from all welds.
16.5.16.3
Flux and slag are removed from all welds to assist in the inspection of the welds,
as well as to increase the life of the protective coatings applied to the joists.
64
Standards
16.6STABILITY DURING CONSTRUCTION
Means shall be provided to support joist chords against lateral movement and to
hold the joist in the vertical or specified plane during construction.
16.6STABILITY DURING CONSTRUCTION
Figure 2-45
Diagonal bridging of joists
A distinction is made between bridging, put in to meet the slenderness ratio

requirements for top and bottom chords, and the temporary support required
by Clause 16.6 to hold joists against movement during construction. Permanent
bridging, of course, can be used for both purposes.
16.7BRIDGING
Bridging welded
to chord.
16.7BRIDGING
Figures 2-45, 2-46 and 2-47 provide illustrations of bridging and details of bridging
connections.
16.7.1GENERAL
Bridging transverse to the span of joists may be used to meet the requirements of
Clause 16.6 and also to meet the slenderness ratio requirements for chords.
Bridging is not to be considered bracing as described in Clause 9.2.
Figure 2-46
Horizontal bridging
connections to the joists top chord
Bridging welded
to diagonals.
A
16.7.2INSTALLATION
All bridging and bridging anchors shall be completely installed before any
construction loads, except for the weight of the workers necessary to install the
bridging, are placed on the joists.
16.7.3TYPES
Unless otherwise specified or approved by the building designer, the joist
manufacturer shall supply bridging that may be either of the diagonal or of the
horizontal type.
16.7.4DIAGONAL BRIDGING
A
A-A
Overhead weld is preferred.

Toe to toe weld of chord
angle to bridging angle rod
is not recommended.
Figure 2-47
Horizontal bridging connections
to the joists bottom chord
Diagonal bridging consisting of crossed members running from top chord to bottom
chord of adjacent joists shall have a slenderness ratio, L/r, of not more than 200,
where L is the length of the diagonal bridging member or onehalf of this length when
crossed members are connected at their point of intersection, and r is the least radius
of gyration. All diagonal bridging shall be connected adequately to the joists by bolts
or welds.
16.7.5 HORIZONTAL BRIDGING

A line of horizontal bridging shall consist of a continuous member perpendicular to
the joist span attached to either the top chord or the bottom chord of each joist.
Horizontal bridging members shall have a slenderness ratio of not more than 300.
16.7.6 ATTACHMENT OF BRIDGING

Attachment of diagonal and horizontal bridging to joist chords shall be by welding or
mechanical means capable of resisting an axial load of at least 3 kN in the attached
bridging member. Welds shall meet the minimum length requirements stipulated in
CSA Standard W59.
65
Standards
16.7.7 ANCHORAGE OF BRIDGING
Each line of bridging shall be adequately anchored at each end to sturdy walls or to
main components of the structural frame, if practicable. Otherwise, diagonal and
horizontal bridging shall be provided in combination between adjacent joists near
the ends of bridging lines.
16.7.7 ANCHORAGE OF BRIDGING
(a) Anchorage of bridging

to steel beam (bolted)
Ends of bridging lines may be anchored to the adjacent steel frame or adjacent
concrete or masonry walls as shown in Figure 2-48.
Where attachment to the adjacent steel frame or walls is not practicable, diagonal and
horizontal bridging shall be provided in combination between adjacent joists near the
ends of bridging lines as shown in Figure 2-49. Joists bearing on the bottom chord
will require bridging at the ends of the top chord.
16.7.8 BRIDGING SYSTEMS
(b) Anchorage of bridging

to steel beam (welded)
Bridging systems, including sizes of bridging members and all necessary details,
shall be shown on the erection diagrams. If a specific bridging system is required
by the design, the design drawings shall show all information necessary for the
preparation of shop details and erection diagrams.
16.7.9 SPACING OF BRIDGING

Diagonal and horizontal bridging, whichever is furnished, shall be spaced so that
the unsupported length of the chord between bridging lines or between laterally
supported ends of the joist and adjacent bridging lines does not exceed:
(c) Anchorage of bridging

to walls (side connection)
a) 170r for chords in compression; and

b) 240r for chords always in tension
where
r = the applicable chord radius of gyration about its axis in the plane of the web
Ends of joists anchored to supports may be assumed to be equivalent to bridging
lines. If ends of joists are not so anchored before deck is installed, the distance
from the face of the support to the nearest bridging member in the plane of the
bottom chord shall not exceed 120r. In no case shall there be less than one line
of horizontal or diagonal bridging attached to each joist spanning 4 m or more. If
only a single line of bridging is required, it shall be placed at the centre of the joist
span. If bridging is not used on joists less than 4 m in span, the ends of such joists
shall be anchored to the supports so as to prevent overturning of the joist during
placement of the deck.
(d) Anchorage of bridging

to walls (top connection)
Figure 2-48
Anchorage of joist bridging
16.7.9 SPACING OF BRIDGING

Either horizontal or diagonal bridging is acceptable, although horizontal bridging is
generally recommended for shorter spans, up to about 15 m, and is usually attached
by welding. Diagonal bridging is recommended for longer spans and is usually
attached by bolting. Bridging need not be attached at panel points and may be
fastened at any point along the length of the joists. When horizontal bridging is used,
bridging lines will not necessarily appear in pairs as the requirements for support
of tension chords are not the same as those for compression chords. Because the
ends of joists are anchored, the supports may be assumed to be equivalent to
bridging lines.
(a) diagonal bridging with horizontal bridging
(b) horizontal bridging with diagonal bridging
Figure 2-49
Bracing of joist bridging
66
Standards
16.8DECKING
16.8.1 DECKING TO PROVIDE LATERAL SUPPORT
Decking shall bear directly on the top chord of the joist. If not sufficiently rigid to
provide lateral support to the compression chord of the joist, the compression
chord of the joist shall be braced laterally in accordance with the requirements of
Clause 9.2.
16.8.1DECKING TO PROVIDE LATERAL SUPPORT
When the decking complies with Clause 16.8 and is sufficiently rigid to provide
lateral support to the top (compression) chord, the top chord bridging may be
removed when it is no longer required. Bottom (tension) chord bridging is
permanently required to limit the unsupported length of the chord to 240r, as
defined in Clause 16.7.9.
16.8.2DECK ATTACHMENTS
Attachments considered to provide lateral support to top chords shall meet the
requirements of Clause 9.2.3. The spacing of attachments shall be not exceed the
design slenderness ratio of the top chord times the radius of gyration of the top
chord about its vertical axis, nor shall it exceed 1 m.
16.8.3 DIAPHRAGM ACTION

Where decking is used in combination with joists to form a diaphragm for the
purpose of transferring lateral applied loads to vertical bracing systems, special
attachment requirements shall be fully specified on the building design drawings.
16.8.4 CAST-IN-PLACE SLABS

Cast-in-place slabs used as decking shall have a minimum thickness of 50mm.
Forms for cast-in-place slabs shall not cause lateral displacement of the top
chords of joists during installation of the forms or the placing of the concrete.
Non-removable forms shall be positively attached to top chords by means of
welding, clips, ties, wedges, fasteners, or other suitable means at intervals not
exceeding 1 m; however, there shall be at least two attachments in the width of
each form at each joist. Forms and their method of attachment shall be such that
the cast-in-place slab, after hardening, is capable of furnishing lateral support to
the joist chords.
16.8.5 INSTALLATION OF STEEL DECK

16.8.5.1
To facilitate attachment of the steel deck, the location of the top chord of the joist
shall be confirmed by marking the deck at suitable intervals or by other means.
16.8.5.1
Workmanship is of concern when decking is to be attached by arc-spot welding
to top chords of joists. When the joist location is marked on the deck as the
deck is positioned, the welders will be more likely to position the arc-spot welds
correctly.
67
Standards
16.8.5.2
The installer of the steel deck to be fastened to joists by arc spot welding shall be a
company certified by the Canadian Welding Bureau to the requirements of CSA
Standard W47.1.
The welding procedures shall be accepted by the Canadian Welding Bureau.
The welders shall have current qualifications for arc spot welding issued by the
Canadian Welding Bureau.
16.8.5.2
Arc-spot welds for attaching the deck to joists are structural welds and require
proper welding procedures.
16.9 SHOP COATING

Joists shall have a shop coating meeting the requirements of Clause 28.8.6, unless
otherwise specified.
16.9 SHOP PAINTING
Interiors of buildings conditioned for human comfort are generally assumed to be
of a non-corrosive environment and therefore do not require corrosion protection.
Joists normally receive one coat of paint suitable for a production line application,
usually by dipping a bundle of joists into a tank. This paint is generally adequate for
three months of exposure, which should be ample time to enclose, or paint, the
joists.
Special coatings, and paints that require special surface preparations, are expensive
because these have to be applied individually to each joist by spraying or other
means. For joists comprised of cold-formed members, surface preparations that
were meant to remove mill scale from hot-rolled members are not appropriate.
16.10MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES
16.10 MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES
Figure 2-50 illustrates many of the manufacturing tolerance requirements.
16.10.1
The tolerance on the specified depth of the manufactured joist shall be 7mm.
16.10.2
The deviation of a panel point from the design location, measured along the length
of a chord, shall not exceed 13mm. The centroidal axes of the bottom chord and
the end diagonals carrying transverse shear should meet at the first bottom panel
point even when the end diagonal is an upturned bottom chord (see Clause
16.5.10.4).
Lenght
+- 7 mm (1/4 in.)
16.10.3
The deviation of a panel point from the design location, measured perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis of the chord and in the plane of the joist, shall not exceed 7mm.
16.10.4
The connections of web members to chords shall not deviate laterally more than
3mm from that assumed in the design.
Specified
depth
Nominal or specified camber (see 6.2.9).
+- 7 mm
(1/4 in.)
1/50 W
max.
+- 25 mm
(1 in.)
Hole
location
+- 3 mm (1/8 in.)
16.10.5
The sweep of a joist or any portion of the length of the joist, upon completion of
manufacture, shall not exceed 1/500 of the length on which the sweep is measured.
Panel point
location
Specified
shoe
depth
+- 3 mm (1/8 in.)
W
Shoe
Figure 2-50
Joist manufacturing tolerances
68
Standards
16.10.6
The tilt of bearing shoes shall not exceed 1 in 50 measured from a plane perpendicular
to the plane of the web and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the joist.
16.10.7
The tolerance on the specified shoe depth shall be 3mm.
16.10.8
The tolerance on the specified length of the joist shall be 7mm. The connection
holes in a joist shall not vary from the detailed location by more than 2mm for joists
10 m or less in length or by more than 3mm for joists more than 10 m in length.
16.10.9
The tolerance in millimetres on the nominal or specified camber shall be
( 6 + L ).
4,000
The minimum camber in a joist shall be 3mm. The range in camber for joists of the
same span shall be 20mm.
16.11 INSPECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL

16.11.1INSPECTION
Material and quality of work shall be accessible for inspection at all times by qualified
inspectors representing the building designer. Random in-process inspection shall
be carried out by the manufacturer, and all joists shall be thoroughly inspected
by the manufacturer before shipping. Third-party welding inspection shall be in
accordance with Clause 30.5.
16.11.2IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF STEEL

Steel used in the manufacture of joists shall, at all times, be identified in the
manufacturers plant as to its specification (and grade, where applicable) by
suitable markings, by recognized colour-coding, or by any system devised by the
manufacturer that will ensure to the satisfaction of the building designer that the
correct material is being used.
16.11.3 QUALITY CONTROL

Upon request by the building designer, the manufacturer shall provide evidence of
having suitable quality control measures to ensure that the joists meet all specified
requirements. When testing is part of the manufacturers normal quality control
program, the loading criteria shall be 1.0/0.9 times the factored loads for the specific
joist design.
16.11.3 QUALITY CONTROL
When testing forms part of the manufacturers normal quality control programme,
the test shall follow steps 1 to 4 of the loading procedure given in Part 5 of Steel
Joist Facts (CISC 1980).
69
Standards
16.12 HANDLING AND ERECTION
16.12.1GENERAL
Care shall be exercised to avoid damage during strapping, transport, unloading,
site storage, piling, and erection. Dropping of joists shall be avoided. Special
precautions shall be taken when erecting long, slender joists, and hoisting cables
shall not be released preferably until the member is stayed laterally by at least one
line of bridging. Joists shall have all bridging attached and permanently fastened
in place before the application of any loads. Construction loads shall be adequately
distributed so as not to exceed the capacity of any joist. Field welding shall not
cause damage to joists, bridging, deck, and supporting steel members.
16.12.2 ERECTION TOLERANCES

16.12.2 ERECTION TOLERANCES
Figure 2-51 illustrates many of the erection tolerance requirements. In this edition,
Clause 16.12.2.5 has been added to control the differential deflection between any
three adjacent joists to smooth the supported decks profile.
16.12.2.1
The maximum sweep of a joist or a portion of the length of a joist upon completion
of erection shall not exceed the limit given in Clause 16.10.5 and shall be in
accordance with the general requirements of Clause 29.
1/500 L1 max.
Plan view
of joists
16.12.2.2
L1
All members shall be free from twists, sharp kinks, and bends.
Lenght = L
16.12.2.3
1/500 L max.
The deviation of joists as erected from the location in the plan shown on the
erection diagrams shall not exceed 15mm.
Sweep
16.12.2.4
1/50 d
The deviation of the bottom chord with respect to the top chord, normal to the
specified plane of the web of a joist, shall not exceed 1/50 of the depth of the joist
90
The maximum deviation in elevation between the tops of any three adjacent joists
shall not be greater than 0.01 times the joist spacing, and in no case greater than
25mm. The deviation is the vertical offset from the top of the centre joist to the line
joining the tops of the centres of the adjacent joists.
16.12.2.5
Figure 2-51
Joist erection tolerances
70
1/5
0d
Parrallel
to roof
deck
Joist depth selection table

METRIC
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
XXX
: Mass of joist (kg/m)
XXX
: % of service load to produce a deflection of L/360

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
8.2
6.0
4.0
8.2
7.5
5.0
8.2
9.0
6.0
8.2
10.5
7.0
8.2
12.0
8.0
8.2
13.5
9.0
8.2
15.0
10.0
8.2
16.5
11.0
9.5
18.0
12.0
9.8
19.5
13.0
10.2
21.0
14.0
10.6
22.5
15.0
12.0
200
192
154
128
110
96
86
77
85
81
75
72
79
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.6
8.6
9.8
9.8
9.8
200
200
200
200
178
155
138
124
113
104
116
108
101
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
186
171
159
149
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.4
10.4
10.6
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.6
10.8
10.8
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.7
10.7
10.8
10.8
10.9
10.9
11.0
11.1
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.9
11.1
11.1
11.2
11.3
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
16.5
11.0
15.8
18.0
12.0
17.3
19.5
13.0
18.8
21.0
14.0
20.4
22.5
15.0
22.1

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
7.8
6.0
4.0
7.8
7.5
5.0
8.4
9.0
6.0
8.8
10.5
7.0
10.3
12.0
8.0
11.5
13.5
9.0
12.8
15.0
10.0
14.4
105
79
73
64
65
64
65
65
65
64
64
65
64
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.2
8.8
9.7
11.3
12.0
12.6
13.5
13.9
14.4
170
128
102
85
73
74
68
75
72
69
67
66
66
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
10.3
10.6
12.4
13.4
13.4
13.7
200
200
183
153
131
115
102
96
90
98
95
88
86
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
10.1
10.1
10.5
10.5
11.8
12.9
13.6
200
200
200
200
181
159
141
127
121
111
112
116
114
9.9
9.9
9.9
9.9
9.9
9.9
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.4
10.9
10.9
12.0
200
200
200
200
200
200
187
168
153
140
135
126
128
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.4
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.7
11.1
11.2
11.2
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
195
179
165
153
150
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.6
10.6
10.7
10.7
10.9
10.9
11.3
11.3
11.6
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
191
178
16.5
11.0
19.0
18.0
12.0
20.1
19.5
13.0
22.9
21.0
14.0
24.6
22.5
15.0
25.9

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
8.0
7.5
5.0
9.4
9.0
6.0
11.4
10.5
7.0
12.4
12.0
8.0
13.8
13.5
9.0
15.6
15.0
10.0
17.4
86
64
65
70
65
65
64
64
65
63
65
65
64
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.9
10.2
11.8
12.4
13.5
14.5
15.3
16.9
18.3
19.5
154
115
92
80
72
74
69
67
67
64
66
67
64
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.8
10.1
10.7
12.0
12.3
13.3
14.4
15.1
15.6
17.2
200
160
128
107
96
87
86
82
78
81
79
76
76
9.6
9.6
9.6
10.0
10.0
10.6
10.6
12.2
13.2
13.6
13.9
15.4
15.9
200
200
169
141
121
111
99
103
99
95
92
92
91
9.8
9.8
10.2
10.2
10.6
10.6
10.9
11.3
13.1
13.4
13.9
14.3
14.9
200
200
200
180
155
135
126
113
120
116
107
105
102
9.9
9.9
10.2
10.6
10.9
11.9
12.3
13.1
13.5
13.9
14.9
15.1
16.5
200
200
200
200
200
196
182
169
154
144
145
135
136
10.8
10.8
10.8
11.2
11.5
12.2
13.0
13.3
13.8
14.5
15.0
15.8
16.7
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
187
182
173
165
154
Lightest joist
71

METRIC
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
350
400
450
500
550
600
600
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
XXX

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
9.1
6.0
4.0
9.7
7.5
5.0
11.2
9.0
6.0
12.8
10.5
7.0
14.6
12.0
8.0
16.8
13.5
9.0
18.9
15.0
10.0
20.8
16.5
11.0
22.7
18.0
12.0
24.7
19.5
13.0
26.3
21.0
14.0
30.8
22.5
15.0
30.8
88
69
64
64
65
65
65
65
64
64
63
64
64
9.3
9.6
10.0
11.7
12.4
13.6
14.9
16.1
18.3
19.0
20.3
24.1
24.1
122
92
77
74
71
67
68
66
68
64
66
65
64
9.4
9.9
9.9
10.6
12.0
13.1
13.6
15.1
15.9
16.9
19.4
21.6
21.6
162
121
97
85
84
82
76
74
74
73
76
74
71
9.9
10.1
10.1
10.5
11.0
12.6
13.5
14.8
15.5
16.4
17.4
20.1
20.7
200
155
124
108
97
94
93
91
86
87
83
83
88
10.1
10.2
10.2
10.7
11.1
11.6
13.0
14.6
14.9
15.7
16.9
18.9
18.9
200
193
154
129
116
101
104
105
100
98
96
93
93
10.7
10.8
11.1
11.1
11.6
11.9
13.5
14.6
15.4
15.8
16.2
16.9
18.4
200
200
188
157
134
123
120
121
110
106
103
103
107
10.8
10.9
11.8
12.5
13.4
13.8
15.0
16.0
16.3
17.5
18.5
18.5
18.5
200
200
200
200
196
177
172
158
147
146
138
142
119
16.5
11.0
26.1
18.0
12.0
28.4
19.5
13.0
28.7
21.0
14.0
31.6
22.5
15.0
33.6

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
9.1
6.0
4.0
10.5
7.5
5.0
12.6
9.0
6.0
14.3
10.5
7.0
17.1
12.0
8.0
20.1
13.5
9.0
21.8
15.0
10.0
23.7
76
66
65
64
65
64
63
64
64
64
64
64
64
9.3
10.0
11.8
13.0
14.1
16.4
17.9
19.1
21.3
22.6
24.3
24.3
26.1
101
79
74
68
66
64
65
64
65
63
64
64
65
9.9
10.1
10.6
12.9
13.2
16.0
16.5
17.2
20.0
20.7
21.7
23.7
24.8
129
97
81
83
75
74
72
70
75
71
70
70
69
9.9
10.2
11.0
12.6
13.2
14.6
16.2
16.9
18.6
18.7
19.2
20.5
21.8
161
121
105
98
89
85
85
84
82
85
84
86
85
10.5
10.9
11.2
12.7
13.4
14.3
15.0
15.7
18.0
18.6
19.0
19.1
20.4
196
147
123
111
102
98
96
98
93
92
96
95
94
10.7
11.2
12.0
12.9
13.9
14.7
15.2
15.5
17.9
17.9
18.1
18.8
19.3
200
176
148
128
130
114
110
115
105
112
115
110
107
12.0
12.3
12.5
13.8
14.3
14.8
15.4
15.7
15.8
16.3
17.6
17.6
19.0
200
200
200
200
189
165
147
136
127
123
126
117
121
16.5
11.0
28.3
18.0
12.0
31.6
19.5
13.0
34.4
21.0
14.0
36.5
22.5
15.0
38.0

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
9.2
6.0
4.0
11.5
7.5
5.0
14.0
9.0
6.0
16.0
10.5
7.0
20.5
12.0
8.0
20.6
13.5
9.0
24.0
15.0
10.0
26.5
67
65
66
65
65
63
65
65
64
64
64
65
66
9.6
10.3
12.5
14.1
16.9
18.5
20.2
21.7
23.9
25.9
28.5
30.3
30.3
86
70
70
66
65
66
65
65
65
64
64
65
63
9.7
10.3
11.9
13.4
15.8
16.0
17.0
17.3
19.1
20.5
22.9
24.9
26.0
107
84
78
73
70
68
74
69
69
68
65
67
68
10.4
10.6
11.6
13.3
14.5
15.6
16.0
17.1
17.9
19.5
22.7
24.8
24.8
131
98
86
84
80
80
76
81
77
77
77
74
73
10.7
10.9
11.8
14.1
15.0
15.2
15.6
16.4
17.6
18.1
22.6
24.5
24.5
156
117
98
101
91
86
92
91
88
84
81
83
82
12.2
13.6
13.7
14.3
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.6
16.6
17.9
20.0
22.4
22.8
200
200
176
151
126
110
98
98
104
96
92
98
94
12.3
13.7
13.9
14.4
15.8
16.0
16.1
16.5
17.0
18.0
20.3
21.3
22.0
200
200
200
176
158
128
114
106
106
112
106
108
107
Lightest joist
72
XXX

METRIC
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
500
550
600
10
650
700
750
800
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
550
600
650
11
700
750
800
900
XXX
XXX

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
10.7
6.0
4.0
12.7
7.5
5.0
15.3
9.0
6.0
19.9
10.5
7.0
21.0
12.0
8.0
23.7
13.5
9.0
26.6
15.0
10.0
30.0
16.5
11.0
34.7
18.0
12.0
34.7
19.5
13.0
36.3
21.0
14.0
38.1
22.5
15.0
42.4
66
64
66
67
65
64
65
63
65
64
66
64
64
10.5
12.5
13.4
14.8
16.7
18.2
20.1
22.8
30.5
30.5
30.5
32.0
34.2
79
73
64
64
66
64
63
64
64
65
64
64
64
10.3
11.4
13.2
14.4
16.4
17.1
18.5
20.3
23.6
24.1
25.8
26.8
29.1
91
75
74
70
67
71
68
68
65
65
67
64
65
10.7
11.5
13.7
14.2
15.9
16.0
18.3
20.2
23.5
23.8
25.4
26.1
28.0
109
86
85
78
79
78
79
73
80
80
76
75
75
12.4
13.6
13.8
14.5
15.2
15.5
18.2
20.0
23.3
23.3
24.7
25.6
26.5
181
154
123
106
95
83
94
90
87
88
83
84
82
12.5
13.7
13.9
14.7
15.6
16.2
17.3
19.7
21.5
21.6
23.6
25.3
25.9
200
179
143
123
108
111
88
101
91
95
93
94
91
12.7
13.8
14.0
14.9
15.7
16.3
17.6
19.4
19.9
19.9
21.4
22.5
23.6
200
195
165
142
125
103
114
114
106
94
96
92
92
16.5
11.0
33.6
18.0
12.0
37.0
19.5
13.0
42.0
21.0
14.0
45.5
22.5
15.0
45.5

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
11.6
6.0
4.0
13.5
7.5
5.0
16.8
9.0
6.0
18.2
10.5
7.0
21.8
12.0
8.0
24.7
13.5
9.0
31.5
15.0
10.0
33.1
66
65
64
65
65
64
64
64
64
65
68
69
64
10.5
13.3
13.9
15.6
18.4
20.2
24.6
28.3
28.3
30.0
33.3
36.1
38.4
70
68
68
65
65
63
65
65
64
64
64
67
64
11.1
13.2
13.6
14.4
17.2
18.8
21.8
23.9
24.8
26.4
28.6
31.7
35.2
83
77
76
70
71
69
67
65
67
65
64
65
68
11.8
13.4
13.7
14.2
16.0
17.8
20.7
22.7
23.2
25.3
27.0
28.9
31.8
132
112
89
83
78
76
74
72
72
73
69
70
72
11.9
13.5
13.8
14.3
15.4
17.2
19.9
22.3
22.3
24.8
25.2
26.7
29.9
153
14
104
87
85
85
81
80
76
83
75
75
80
12.1
13.6
14.0
14.4
15.7
16.8
18.3
19.9
21.6
23.1
25.0
26.5
28.3
177
133
120
100
95
98
90
90
87
88
88
89
87
12.3
13.7
14.1
14.5
16.0
17.1
19.3
21.9
21.9
22.9
24.1
26.0
27.4
200
172
137
114
98
95
100
96
93
95
93
94
93
16.5
11.0
36.8
18.0
12.0
42.3
19.5
13.0
45.1
21.0
14.0
49.8
22.5
15.0
50.5

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
12.9
6.0
4.0
13.7
7.5
5.0
17.7
9.0
6.0
20.1
10.5
7.0
23.1
12.0
8.0
26.1
13.5
9.0
34.6
15.0
10.0
34.6
64
63
66
65
64
65
63
64
65
68
68
69
64
12.8
13.2
14.9
17.2
20.4
22.2
27.0
28.2
31.5
33.9
37.4
39.2
45.6
72
71
65
64
65
64
63
64
64
64
64
64
67
13.1
13.4
14.1
15.6
18.7
19.6
22.3
25.2
27.6
29.5
31.7
36.2
37.4
112
84
72
67
67
65
64
66
65
64
64
67
66
13.3
13.5
14.2
14.5
17.8
19.2
22.0
23.5
25.3
27.6
29.6
32.0
35.8
115
98
78
70
76
69
72
71
70
71
69
70
73
13.4
13.7
14.4
14.7
16.3
17.9
20.9
21.9
24.9
26.7
28.0
30.2
32.4
133
113
90
81
77
77
77
75
78
78
76
74
75
13.5
13.9
14.6
14.9
17.3
18.8
21.0
21.4
23.2
25.8
27.1
28.5
30.7
172
129
103
86
89
88
83
85
82
82
82
81
79
13.8
14.1
14.7
15.0
17.6
19.0
21.3
21.8
23.4
24.6
26.5
27.8
29.1
200
164
131
109
104
107
95
98
95
96
97
95
94
Lightest joist
73

METRIC
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
600
650
700
12
750
800
900
1 000
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
650
700
750
13
800
900
1 000
1 100
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
700
750
800
14
900
1 000
1 100
1 200
XXX

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
13.9
6.0
4.0
15.0
7.5
5.0
18.4
9.0
6.0
21.4
10.5
7.0
26.6
12.0
8.0
32.8
13.5
9.0
32.8
15.0
10.0
36.7
16.5
11.0
42.4
18.0
12.0
46.1
19.5
13.0
50.8
21.0
14.0
50.8
22.5
15.0
54.6
65
65
66
64
64
64
64
66
68
68
68
64
65
13.1
13.4
15.8
18.8
23.3
25.5
28.3
31.6
34.2
38.0
43.3
47.0
47.4
86
64
64
65
65
65
65
64
64
64
68
65
65
13.5
13.5
14.4
17.6
20.5
21.9
24.9
27.5
29.5
31.8
36.1
37.5
41.5
100
75
67
68
64
64
66
66
65
64
66
65
67
13.5
13.6
14.6
16.5
18.2
21.1
23.4
25.3
27.9
31.1
32.9
36.0
40.9
115
87
74
75
70
70
70
68
69
70
68
71
74
13.6
13.8
14.7
16.7
18.8
19.6
22.7
23.9
26.7
29.6
31.6
33.2
36.4
132
99
79
79
77
76
75
72
75
75
74
72
76
13.8
14.0
14.9
16.8
19.0
19.8
21.4
23.6
25.2
27.4
28.9
30.9
33.5
168
126
101
93
94
88
87
89
88
85
85
84
82
14.1
14.3
15.0
17.0
19.1
20.0
21.5
23.7
25.4
27.0
28.3
29.8
31.4
200
156
125
107
108
102
100
99
97
100
98
96
94
16.5
11.0
43.2
18.0
12.0
46.4
19.5
13.0
51.1
21.0
14.0
54.9
22.5
15.0
63.5

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
13.5
6.0
4.0
16.6
7.5
5.0
20.4
9.0
6.0
23.6
10.5
7.0
27.3
12.0
8.0
31.5
13.5
9.0
35.6
15.0
10.0
39.5
67
64
65
64
65
64
64
64
63
64
64
65
67
13.3
15.4
17.9
20.8
23.9
27.2
29.9
33.6
37.5
40.8
45.5
46.5
50.3
79
68
64
65
65
65
64
64
64
64
69
64
65
13.4
13.8
15.4
18.2
21.7
23.8
27.6
29.6
32.8
35.9
38.9
41.9
46.9
91
68
65
64
65
64
66
65
65
65
64
65
69
13.6
13.9
15.6
17.4
21.2
23.1
25.5
27.2
31.1
33.4
36.6
38.2
42.4
103
78
69
70
71
68
68
66
67
68
69
67
69
13.7
14.2
15.7
17.6
19.5
21.3
23.3
26.2
28.4
30.8
33.5
37.2
38.5
132
99
85
86
85
80
77
78
79
77
77
80
77
13.9
14.8
15.8
17.7
19.6
21.5
23.4
25.3
27.0
28.8
32.4
34.1
37.2
164
127
98
99
92
92
90
91
91
88
88
88
90
14.1
15.2
15.9
17.9
19.8
21.8
23.6
25.5
27.2
29.1
31.5
32.8
35.1
199
154
123
103
112
108
102
102
101
101
101
98
100
16.5
11.0
46.0
18.0
12.0
49.8
19.5
13.0
53.5
21.0
14.0
58.4
22.5
15.0
67.1

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
14.8
6.0
4.0
18.0
7.5
5.0
20.9
9.0
6.0
25.8
10.5
7.0
28.9
12.0
8.0
33.0
13.5
9.0
36.8
15.0
10.0
42.1
68
66
65
65
64
64
64
65
65
65
65
64
68
13.5
15.5
18.9
22.5
25.7
29.3
33.2
38.0
40.8
45.9
46.9
50.2
54.5
72
65
66
64
65
65
65
67
64
69
64
64
65
14.1
14.6
17.4
21.0
23.1
26.4
29.2
32.2
35.9
38.5
42.3
47.5
50.5
83
67
68
65
65
65
64
64
65
64
64
68
69
14.4
14.8
16.5
19.5
21.5
24.1
26.5
29.7
31.8
34.4
38.5
42.1
43.9
105
79
83
74
73
72
72
72
70
69
72
74
74
14.6
15.0
16.6
18.5
20.0
22.2
26.1
27.6
29.9
33.5
36.4
38.6
42.0
135
98
87
86
82
81
86
82
81
80
83
82
84
14.9
15.2
16.9
18.7
20.2
22.4
24.3
26.8
29.0
31.8
34.7
37.9
38.7
164
119
98
104
96
95
94
92
93
90
92
94
90
15.3
15.5
17.0
18.9
20.5
22.6
24.5
27.1
29.3
32.2
33.2
35.1
38.2
190
143
114
115
110
105
103
106
102
104
101
99
105
Lightest joist
74
XXX

METRIC
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
750
800
900
15
1 000
1 100
1 200
1 300
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
750
800
900
16
1 000
1 100
1 200
1 300
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
800
900
1 000
17
1 100
1 200
1 300
1 400
XXX
XXX

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
14.8
6.0
4.0
18.5
7.5
5.0
22.3
9.0
6.0
26.5
10.5
7.0
31.1
12.0
8.0
35.4
13.5
9.0
42.2
15.0
10.0
45.7
16.5
11.0
50.0
18.0
12.0
53.5
19.5
13.0
58.8
21.0
14.0
63.7
22.5
15.0
67.5
68
64
64
65
65
64
68
67
66
66
65
63
64
13.7
16.9
20.3
24.0
27.4
31.6
35.6
40.1
43.1
46.8
50.3
54.2
59.8
67
64
65
65
64
65
64
64
64
64
64
65
64
13.8
14.8
18.1
21.2
23.8
26.9
29.8
32.8
36.8
40.0
43.7
51.7
51.7
86
71
70
69
67
67
65
66
68
65
69
76
71
14.0
14.9
17.1
19.4
22.5
25.3
27.4
31.0
34.5
39.7
41.8
43.3
44.8
106
80
84
77
76
76
74
74
75
83
79
77
75
14.3
15.1
17.3
19.6
21.5
24.1
27.4
29.3
32.3
35.8
38.3
42.3
43.7
129
97
94
93
86
86
88
83
84
83
85
90
86
15.6
15.6
17.5
19.8
21.7
24.6
27.6
29.6
31.1
33.7
37.5
39.2
43.1
154
116
103
101
99
98
95
97
95
92
96
94
97
15.9
15.9
17.6
19.9
21.8
24.8
27.7
29.9
31.5
34.0
35.1
38.0
42.9
182
140
122
110
108
112
111
108
106
105
102
105
112
11.7
7.8
41.4
12.6
8.4
45.9
13.5
9.0
49.1
14.4
9.6
53.7
15.3
10.2
53.7

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
16.5
5.4
3.6
19.9
6.3
4.2
22.6
7.2
4.8
25.5
8.1
5.4
28.4
9.0
6.0
31.5
9.9
6.6
35.2
10.8
7.2
37.7
64
65
65
65
64
63
64
64
65
66
67
68
64
14.9
17.8
20.1
23.1
25.4
28.4
31.1
34.1
37.3
43.0
43.0
45.8
50.2
64
65
64
65
64
64
65
65
66
69
64
66
67
13.6
15.3
17.5
19.0
21.4
23.7
26.1
28.0
30.2
32.8
34.6
36.5
38.7
70
65
66
64
65
64
65
65
65
65
65
64
64
13.9
14.3
16.5
17.6
19.1
22.1
23.5
25.8
27.4
29.1
31.5
33.6
36.5
87
73
82
74
71
72
70
72
70
69
70
70
68
14.0
14.4
16.6
17.9
19.3
20.4
22.2
24.0
25.6
28.2
29.2
31.5
33.1
106
89
85
87
83
82
80
78
79
80
78
78
77
14.5
14.9
16.7
18.0
19.4
20.5
22.4
24.4
26.5
27.8
28.3
29.7
33.2
127
106
93
96
92
89
90
90
91
89
86
85
87
15.3
15.3
16.8
18.2
19.6
20.7
22.5
24.5
26.7
28.3
29.2
31.3
32.0
154
125
110
113
101
101
98
99
98
99
98
100
97
11.7
7.8
45.2
12.6
8.4
49.0
13.5
9.0
50.4
14.4
9.6
53.8
15.3
10.2
58.5

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
18.3
5.4
3.6
20.4
6.3
4.2
24.2
7.2
4.8
26.8
8.1
5.4
30.3
9.0
6.0
34.0
9.9
6.6
37.0
10.8
7.2
41.5
67
64
65
64
64
65
65
67
68
68
64
65
65
15.2
17.1
19.9
22.5
25.4
27.7
29.8
32.7
34.9
37.9
42.7
43.3
46.7
68
64
66
65
66
65
64
65
64
64
68
64
66
14.0
15.4
18.3
19.6
22.2
24.0
25.7
27.9
30.4
32.1
36.3
38.2
38.8
73
68
71
66
67
66
66
65
65
66
69
66
64
14.1
15.5
17.2
18.5
20.2
23.2
24.4
26.5
28.6
31.3
32.8
34.2
37.8
89
82
83
78
76
75
73
73
73
74
73
71
74
14.4
15.6
17.4
18.6
20.4
21.7
24.0
25.9
28.4
29.3
30.8
33.8
35.5
106
88
92
87
85
84
82
85
83
81
80
81
80
15.2
15.8
17.6
18.9
20.5
21.9
24.2
26.2
27.2
28.6
30.0
32.2
34.3
125
104
102
94
93
93
90
93
92
91
89
90
89
16.1
17.0
17.7
20.0
21.7
23.1
24.4
26.4
28.1
29.3
30.7
32.6
34.0
145
124
107
116
111
109
101
99
104
102
101
102
101
Lightest joist
75

METRIC
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
900
1 000
1 100
18
1 200
1 300
1 400
1 600
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
1 000
1 100
1 200
19
1 300
1 400
1 600
1 800
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
1 000
1 100
1 200
20
1 300
1 400
1 600
1 800
XXX

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
17.0
5.4
3.6
21.7
6.3
4.2
26.7
7.2
4.8
31.9
8.1
5.4
35.4
9.0
6.0
39.6
9.9
6.6
42.1
10.8
7.2
44.6
11.7
7.8
46.5
12.6
8.4
47.4
13.5
9.0
49.1
14.4
9.6
51.2
15.3
10.2
52.9
65
71
76
80
85
86
94
94
91
98
99
98
97
15.0
18.9
22.9
27.0
31.1
36.2
38.1
40.9
41.6
43.1
46.4
46.7
47.8
68
72
78
80
84
87
87
90
91
92
93
100
101
14.2
18.1
20.8
25.5
28.6
30.7
31.4
36.5
37.8
38.4
39.0
41.3
46.2
75
81
83
89
91
92
96
100
109
103
104
98
115
14.6
17.2
20.5
23.9
25.4
27.1
29.0
31.6
33.4
35.1
36.2
38.6
41.9
89
97
95
98
101
101
105
106
111
108
125
117
110
15.0
17.9
19.1
20.0
23.0
25.2
28.1
30.7
32.3
33.8
34.1
36.1
38.7
105
106
105
109
112
113
114
121
128
125
119
138
130
16.3
18.1
20.3
21.9
23.9
26.0
26.4
28.4
30.9
31.7
33.0
35.4
38.0
122
108
117
117
126
127
126
128
130
138
136
130
152
16.9
19.0
21.3
22.9
24.3
27.0
27.4
29.2
31.1
31.5
32.5
34.8
37.3
160
149
143
142
152
156
150
153
172
165
165
159
169
11.7
7.8
40.3
12.6
8.4
44.5
13.5
9.0
47.4
14.4
9.6
52.9
15.3
10.2
53.9

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
17.0
5.4
3.6
19.7
6.3
4.2
22.0
7.2
4.8
25.7
8.1
5.4
28.1
9.0
6.0
30.8
9.9
6.6
33.7
10.8
7.2
37.3
68
65
64
66
64
64
64
66
65
65
67
68
64
15.7
17.9
20.0
22.3
25.4
27.5
29.3
31.8
35.9
38.7
42.0
44.0
48.3
70
69
68
66
68
66
66
65
67
66
68
67
71
14.9
17.7
19.3
21.0
24.1
26.1
28.8
30.2
33.0
36.9
38.2
43.6
44.2
78
83
76
73
74
73
72
71
72
75
74
77
74
15.4
17.8
19.6
20.8
23.6
26.0
27.9
29.5
31.2
34.5
37.3
39.4
42.4
92
90
86
83
84
83
83
80
78
80
82
79
83
16.5
17.9
19.9
21.7
23.8
26.1
28.1
29.2
31.0
32.7
35.1
38.9
39.1
104
91
100
93
89
88
87
88
88
86
87
90
87
17.0
18.3
20.2
22.3
24.0
26.3
28.3
29.7
31.5
32.5
33.7
36.8
38.4
140
123
121
118
107
107
106
110
112
106
104
107
104
19.5
21.0
22.4
23.1
25.3
28.0
28.9
30.3
32.4
33.5
34.3
37.0
39.5
187
152
141
141
139
132
129
126
124
123
121
120
124
11.7
7.8
46.4
12.6
8.4
51.7
13.5
9.0
55.1
14.4
9.6
55.2
15.3
10.2
59.8

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
18.5
5.4
3.6
21.7
6.3
4.2
26.0
7.2
4.8
28.1
8.1
5.4
31.9
9.0
6.0
35.6
9.9
6.6
39.2
10.8
7.2
42.8
65
64
67
64
64
64
65
65
66
67
68
64
64
17.5
19.3
21.9
24.7
27.5
29.9
34.1
38.3
39.2
42.1
44.7
48.5
51.7
71
66
64
65
65
64
64
68
64
64
64
66
67
16.4
18.6
20.8
23.9
25.6
28.3
31.9
32.9
37.7
38.3
42.1
44.2
45.4
74
73
72
72
69
68
70
66
71
68
72
69
67
15.5
18.4
20.1
21.8
25.5
28.0
29.9
32.1
34.9
38.0
39.4
43.4
44.7
79
83
79
76
79
78
76
74
74
78
74
77
77
17.1
18.7
20.7
22.8
25.0
27.0
29.4
30.9
33.5
34.9
38.0
42.8
43.3
91
90
85
85
84
82
84
81
82
80
82
88
85
17.2
19.1
20.9
23.0
25.4
27.9
29.6
31.1
31.9
33.4
35.9
41.0
42.6
120
108
104
101
102
104
103
98
96
97
108
98
102
19.9
22.0
22.7
23.7
26.5
28.6
30.0
32.0
33.3
34.8
36.3
42.8
43.1
157
141
123
123
119
122
118
115
118
115
113
124
122
Lightest joist
76
XXX

METRIC
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
1 100
1 200
1 300
22
1 400
1 600
1 800
2 000
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
1 200
1 300
1 400
24
1 600
1 800
2 000
2 200
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
1 300
1 400
1 600
26
1 800
2 000
2 200
2 400
XXX
XXX

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
20.1
5.4
3.6
23.7
6.3
4.2
27.6
7.2
4.8
31.3
8.1
5.4
35.3
9.0
6.0
38.7
9.9
6.6
43.9
10.8
7.2
47.3
11.7
7.8
52.4
12.6
8.4
55.7
13.5
9.0
59.8
14.4
9.6
65.5
15.3
10.2
69.2
64
64
65
64
64
64
65
66
66
67
66
66
67
18.3
21.2
24.1
27.3
32.1
34.1
37.7
41.1
44.4
48.3
52.3
53.1
56.5
66
65
63
64
65
65
65
66
64
67
68
64
66
18.2
20.4
23.5
26.9
29.3
31.7
34.4
37.9
42.7
44.5
45.4
49.4
53.4
75
72
70
69
68
67
67
68
72
70
67
76
71
18.7
21.5
23.0
26.2
28.6
31.0
33.6
37.2
39.3
42.8
44.9
48.0
53.3
81
80
76
77
75
76
72
77
73
77
79
74
83
19.1
21.8
23.5
24.5
27.9
29.6
31.4
32.9
37.6
42.2
43.8
45.4
46.7
97
98
92
89
92
88
88
85
91
93
93
89
86
21.1
22.8
25.6
26.7
28.2
31.0
32.8
34.7
37.2
40.1
43.1
45.2
46.2
124
115
115
107
106
106
104
103
101
103
107
104
104
21.9
24.5
26.4
27.2
28.6
31.4
33.1
35.0
37.7
43.2
43.2
44.9
45.8
149
134
128
124
120
123
119
121
118
128
124
125
121
11.7
7.8
55.3
12.6
8.4
60.4
13.5
9.0
69.1
14.4
9.6
70.7
15.3
10.2
75.4

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
22.2
5.4
3.6
25.5
6.3
4.2
30.9
7.2
4.8
33.7
8.1
5.4
42.0
9.0
6.0
42.8
9.9
6.6
47.4
10.8
7.2
52.1
65
64
65
64
71
64
66
66
66
65
70
66
67
20.4
23.3
27.5
30.5
33.6
37.9
42.1
44.7
49.1
52.9
57.2
66.2
66.6
66
65
64
64
64
64
65
65
66
66
68
72
68
21.0
23.0
27.0
29.2
32.6
34.7
38.7
42.7
44.7
49.8
53.5
58.1
64.2
74
68
70
69
68
66
68
69
67
71
72
68
80
21.3
23.2
25.8
28.5
30.2
32.4
35.8
42.1
44.0
45.5
50.3
54.2
54.8
91
83
84
83
80
78
77
86
82
80
77
89
84
22.9
24.4
26.4
29.3
31.3
32.8
35.6
39.3
43.8
44.9
50.0
50.3
51.6
107
101
96
98
96
91
92
93
98
94
100
90
93
23.2
24.6
27.2
30.0
31.7
33.5
36.1
41.5
43.0
44.7
45.9
50.0
51.5
126
117
117
113
112
111
107
119
114
110
109
113
109
25.2
27.6
30.9
32.4
33.3
34.3
36.5
42.3
43.6
44.9
45.7
46.4
51.3
200
142
135
131
127
122
118
134
129
128
124
120
125
11.7
7.8
60.9
12.6
8.4
71.1
13.5
9.0
71.4
14.4
9.6
75.8
15.3
10.2
81.6

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
24.2
5.4
3.6
28.6
6.3
4.2
32.5
7.2
4.8
41.1
8.1
5.4
44.3
9.0
6.0
48.1
9.9
6.6
52.9
10.8
7.2
55.6
65
64
64
72
68
67
66
67
65
70
65
66
66
22.8
26.4
29.7
33.7
37.5
42.2
45.8
49.0
53.4
57.2
63.3
67.7
73.4
64
65
64
64
64
66
65
65
65
66
66
66
67
22.0
25.6
28.5
31.0
34.3
38.2
44.0
44.5
46.9
53.8
54.4
60.9
67.0
78
77
75
73
72
73
76
74
72
80
75
79
77
24.0
26.2
29.0
31.5
33.6
37.8
43.8
44.3
46.1
48.3
52.5
56.2
66.0
93
88
88
87
84
82
91
86
84
82
86
89
95
24.8
26.4
29.6
31.8
34.5
36.7
43.3
43.7
45.1
46.7
51.2
53.4
55.6
108
105
104
101
97
96
106
100
99
95
100
96
94
25.8
26.6
30.0
32.1
35.1
36.9
43.5
44.5
45.6
45.7
48.7
52.9
55.5
134
122
116
115
118
112
119
118
113
108
107
111
107
27.3
28.2
32.3
33.5
36.8
38.1
45.1
45.6
47.5
48.4
53.1
53.7
55.6
160
136
147
131
135
124
137
131
130
125
128
124
121
Lightest joist
77

METRIC
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
1 400
1 600
1 800
28
2 000
2 200
2 400
2 600
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
1 600
1 800
2 000
30
2 200
2 400
2 600
2 800
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
1 800
2 000
2 200
34
2 400
2 600
2 800
3 200
XXX

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
27.7
5.4
3.6
31.4
6.3
4.2
35.9
7.2
4.8
40.3
8.1
5.4
47.2
9.0
6.0
52.1
9.9
6.6
56.0
10.8
7.2
60.8
11.7
7.8
67.1
12.6
8.4
71.6
13.5
9.0
75.1
14.4
9.6
81.9
15.3
10.2
94.5
65
65
64
65
70
68
68
66
66
65
66
65
70
23.7
28.2
32.6
34.5
40.7
44.2
46.4
53.2
53.9
59.3
63.4
68.8
81.0
69
70
67
67
72
69
66
75
69
68
70
70
75
25.3
28.9
31.4
34.4
39.7
43.2
45.8
47.4
51.7
56.4
59.5
65.4
68.1
81
82
79
78
80
83
80
77
79
82
81
83
79
25.5
29.3
31.7
33.8
36.7
42.6
44.6
46.0
50.8
53.8
57.5
65.0
68.0
96
97
93
91
88
96
91
88
92
91
94
100
89
26.3
29.9
32.1
35.2
37.2
42.7
44.8
46.9
47.6
53.0
54.4
64.4
67.2
107
108
103
108
100
109
106
101
99
101
100
108
114
27.8
30.7
33.8
36.5
38.9
43.9
45.5
47.2
49.6
53.5
55.7
59.9
65.1
128
123
127
129
121
121
118
117
111
117
113
114
121
28.1
33.6
36.9
39.6
44.2
45.9
47.0
50.2
53.6
53.7
57.2
60.4
63.0
137
200
150
131
135
136
134
127
127
129
125
131
127
11.7
7.8
63.4
12.6
8.4
72.5
13.5
9.0
75.8
14.4
9.6
79.8
15.3
10.2
84.8

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
29.2
5.4
3.6
32.8
6.3
4.2
35.9
7.2
4.8
40.9
8.1
5.4
43.5
9.0
6.0
50.1
9.9
6.6
53.2
10.8
7.2
59.8
69
65
64
66
64
67
66
64
65
70
66
66
66
28.1
31.1
35.1
39.2
43.3
45.6
51.1
55.7
59.3
65.9
68.8
72.6
81.3
87
74
72
74
75
73
76
77
76
77
72
72
78
27.6
30.7
34.0
36.7
43.0
44.8
47.0
52.8
56.7
63.5
68.2
68.8
77.7
87
88
84
82
87
84
80
83
89
87
87
84
89
27.9
31.0
34.7
36.8
43.3
45.6
46.1
52.4
53.3
60.0
61.6
63.8
64.0
101
98
99
94
102
98
92
96
93
106
99
93
88
29.7
33.0
35.7
37.7
44.3
45.9
48.6
52.9
54.7
60.2
62.0
65.4
70.2
115
114
108
105
113
109
107
108
106
109
119
111
111
31.3
36.5
38.2
38.9
45.0
46.4
48.8
53.2
55.2
60.7
62.5
66.9
70.4
131
168
146
118
128
120
117
123
117
121
117
139
123
37.4
37.7
39.3
39.8
46.3
46.9
49.0
53.8
55.9
61.0
62.9
68.3
71.0
200
195
170
151
149
134
131
132
132
132
132
134
130
11.7
7.8
76.1
12.6
8.4
77.9
13.5
9.0
84.7
14.4
9.6
89.1
15.3
10.2
95.0

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
33.9
5.4
3.6
41.9
6.3
4.2
50.6
7.2
4.8
51.2
8.1
5.4
54.8
9.0
6.0
59.5
9.9
6.6
64.4
10.8
7.2
70.3
68
72
74
64
71
68
68
67
66
65
66
65
66
33.0
35.1
49.0
49.5
50.7
55.9
61.6
64.5
69.8
72.6
78.7
82.0
86.4
79
73
88
74
74
79
76
70
71
71
75
71
72
33.2
36.0
42.8
45.4
46.5
51.9
61.5
64.0
66.2
71.2
74.3
81.9
82.6
107
83
90
84
80
83
93
85
79
86
80
86
81
33.4
36.3
43.5
45.6
48.1
51.0
59.1
63.5
65.9
67.9
73.1
77.3
80.2
98
96
100
94
92
94
95
102
94
87
96
90
89
33.9
37.0
43.8
45.8
49.1
53.2
58.9
60.5
64.7
67.6
69.4
76.6
79.9
117
117
113
107
102
104
106
103
111
103
96
106
99
35.6
37.5
44.9
46.2
49.9
53.7
62.2
62.2
65.1
65.1
69.0
75.5
79.8
138
115
131
119
114
117
127
113
111
107
111
111
121
49.0
50.1
53.0
55.4
58.9
61.5
65.9
67.2
67.7
69.7
70.5
79.6
87.6
200
200
200
151
159
137
167
153
137
131
126
145
143
Lightest joist
78
XXX

METRIC
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
2 000
2 200
2 400
38
2 600
2 800
3 200
3 600
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
2 200
2 400
2 600
42
2 800
3 200
3 600
4 000
Span
(m)
Joist
depth
(mm)
2 400
2 600
2 800
46
3 200
3 600
4 000
4 400
XXX
XXX

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
49.5
5.4
3.6
53.0
6.3
4.2
56.0
7.2
4.8
60.8
8.1
5.4
61.4
9.0
6.0
65.1
9.9
6.6
70.0
10.8
7.2
76.3
11.7
7.8
85.0
12.6
8.4
89.8
13.5
9.0
95.3
14.4
9.6
101.4
15.3
10.2
106.7
78
76
72
75
67
66
64
64
67
66
67
68
67
40.3
52.0
55.0
55.6
60.6
63.2
68.4
75.2
79.6
85.2
87.8
93.6
99.7
95
90
82
78
81
80
73
72
76
70
71
71
67
36.3
43.5
54.0
55.0
58.1
62.8
65.9
74.5
76.1
83.8
85.4
87.0
95.7
82
86
95
89
83
87
79
86
79
84
78
73
80
38.0
55.2
55.4
55.2
58.9
64.3
65.6
66.8
75.9
77.6
83.9
86.2
91.9
134
135
94
93
93
103
93
86
93
86
92
87
87
38.4
56.3
56.3
56.3
61.0
64.9
67.5
69.1
73.6
77.5
80.5
84.5
90.5
113
157
101
105
108
100
109
100
98
100
98
92
95
45.2
60.7
60.7
60.7
69.9
70.1
72.4
74.2
76.1
79.7
81.2
89.0
93.1
170
199
123
123
200
127
116
112
121
119
111
121
114
64.5
66.5
68.5
69.9
71.6
74.1
75.4
76.3
80.4
84.6
89.9
93.1
101.9
200
200
200
200
200
162
147
135
128
151
141
138
130
11.7
7.8
101.5
12.6
8.4
104.9
13.5
9.0
106.9
14.4
9.6
109.7
15.3
10.2
117.2

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
51.7
5.4
3.6
59.5
6.3
4.2
65.5
7.2
4.8
65.8
8.1
5.4
70.7
9.0
6.0
71.9
9.9
6.6
96.6
10.8
7.2
98.8
77
79
82
72
71
64
84
70
65
70
68
64
64
43.8
47.5
58.1
63.5
68.1
69.3
81.4
89.7
92.4
99.9
101.2
106.2
113.3
80
73
77
101
72
200
69
73
67
72
67
71
67
53.4
54.4
55.3
59.9
64.4
67.3
75.3
80.1
85.1
93.6
99.0
102.5
107.3
120
93
86
82
85
76
81
78
79
78
79
78
78
54.9
55.3
56.0
59.5
64.2
67.0
74.9
77.0
85.0
90.1
96.4
100.5
106.7
135
91
92
173
98
89
85
87
84
85
85
86
85
57.8
60.2
62.5
63.7
66.1
71.9
77.0
81.6
85.9
87.8
94.5
99.2
106.1
151
147
139
121
105
116
112
103
110
102
101
104
102
67.8
69.4
71.5
78.5
84.4
90.2
95.5
97.4
99.4
101.6
105.9
107.6
108.6
200
200
200
154
137
120
115
130
126
117
128
120
118
73.3
74.2
78.6
87.5
98.4
101.1
102.5
104.2
108.1
110.6
111.7
115.7
117.4
200
200
200
191
170
153
150
138
190
145
175
171
140
11.7
7.8
111.9
12.6
8.4
115.7
13.5
9.0
118.4
14.4
9.6
125.5
15.3
10.2
131.0

Service load (kN/m)
4.5
3.0
55.1
5.4
3.6
58.8
6.3
4.2
70.1
7.2
4.8
73.6
8.1
5.4
76.9
9.0
6.0
82.4
9.9
6.6
88.1
10.8
7.2
97.0
77
70
109
96
85
66
65
64
70
67
66
65
65
56.4
58.5
66.1
70.9
73.6
78.6
87.0
95.0
102.0
106.7
112.7
123.9
128.3
91
78
129
113
76
81
71
75
70
73
71
73
68
57.6
58.9
62.9
66.4
72.0
76.9
86.1
86.5
99.2
103.0
108.6
116.9
124.5
106
88
83
105
79
79
83
76
81
79
79
78
80
60.8
61.9
64.1
68.0
72.1
77.0
86.6
88.8
98.8
100.1
108.4
116.4
117.1
139
200
106
114
98
94
99
91
98
91
96
95
89
68.7
69.9
71.8
73.2
73.9
82.3
89.1
95.9
99.0
100.8
110.5
118.7
121.4
177
200
200
117
107
119
113
126
113
105
112
110
113
76.1
76.4
76.8
76.9
78.3
84.0
93.3
96.9
100.7
108.4
121.2
123.2
123.5
200
200
200
145
129
126
140
128
125
135
145
136
128
110.9
113.1
114.8
116.3
117.8
118.6
120.3
122.0
125.4
125.7
126.1
127.7
129.2
200
200
200
200
200
200
139
200
200
140
193
165
155
Lightest joist
79

IMPERIAL
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
8
10
12
10
14
16
18
20
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
8
10
12
13
14
16
18
20
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
10
12
14
16
16
18
20
22
: Mass of joist (lb./ft.)
XXX

300
200
5.5
405
270
5.5
510
340
5.5
615
410
5.5
720
480
5.5
200
193
153
127
108
95
84
87
83
79
73
78
77
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.8
5.8
6.6
6.6
7.2
200
200
200
200
175
153
136
122
111
101
113
105
103
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
7.3
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
198
181
167
155
145
825
550
5.5
930
620
5.5
1,035
690
5.9
1,140
760
6.4
1,245
830
6.6
1 ,350
900
6.8
1,455
970
7.8
1,560
1,040
8.7
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.4
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.5
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.3
8.4
8.7
9.0
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.7
7.9
8.1
8.4
8.5
8.7
9.1
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
1,140
760
10.6
1,245
830
11.9
1,350
900
12.8
1,455
970
13.8
1,560
1,040
14.6

300
200
5.3
405
270
5.3
510
340
5.3
615
410
5.7
720
480
6.5
825
550
8.2
930
620
8.7
1,035
690
9.5
116
86
68
65
64
71
65
64
65
64
64
65
64
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
6.3
6.5
6.9
8.3
8.4
9.1
9.3
10.4
187
138
110
91
78
82
76
71
76
73
70
68
70
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.9
7.0
8.4
8.4
9.0
9.0
200
200
197
163
139
122
108
101
92
103
95
93
86
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.7
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.6
8.7
8.7
200
200
200
200
193
168
149
134
122
117
108
123
114
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.0
7.3
7.6
7.8
200
200
200
200
200
200
198
178
161
148
143
132
135
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.5
7.8
8.0
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
189
174
162
158
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.1
7.5
8.1
8.2
8.5
8.8
9.1
9.1
9.8
10.1
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
1,140
760
12.0
1,245
830
12.6
1,350
900
14.1
1,455
970
15.3
1,560
1,040
16.7

300
200
5.3
405
270
5.3
510
340
5.8
615
410
6.5
720
480
7.5
825
550
8.8
930
620
9.6
1,035
690
10.4
99
73
67
64
64
67
64
64
65
64
65
64
64
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.5
6.7
7.6
8.2
8.6
9.3
10.3
10.8
11.4
12.5
177
131
104
86
77
78
73
72
70
71
67
67
69
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.6
6.6
7.0
8.0
8.3
8.8
9.2
9.7
10.5
11.0
200
181
144
119
102
93
96
91
87
83
82
84
78
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.7
6.7
7.0
7.2
7.4
8.5
8.9
9.2
9.7
10.4
200
200
191
158
135
118
109
102
104
100
97
94
95
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.8
7.2
7.5
8.0
8.3
8.6
9.2
9.7
10.1
10.7
200
200
200
200
188
175
162
146
136
136
129
126
127
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.3
7.6
8.0
8.6
8.8
9.3
9.8
10.2
10.8
200
200
200
200
200
200
194
182
165
156
157
146
139
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.4
7.6
8.0
8.4
8.8
9.1
9.5
10.0
10.4
11.1
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
195
185
179
164
Lightest joist
80
XXX

IMPERIAL
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
12
14
16
20
18
20
22
24
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
14
16
18
23
20
22
24
26
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
16
18
20
26
22
24
26
28
XXX
XXX

300
200
6.1
405
270
6.4
510
340
7.5
615
410
8.6
720
480
9.9
825
550
11.3
930
620
12.8
1,035
690
14.0
1,140
760
15.8
1,245
830
17.7
1,350
900
18.4
1,455
970
19.9
1,560
1,040
20.3
89
69
64
63
64
64
64
64
65
64
64
64
64
6.2
6.4
6.7
7.9
8.3
9.2
10.1
10.8
12.4
13.6
14.1
15.3
16.2
124
92
76
73
70
66
66
64
66
65
64
65
65
6.3
6.7
6.7
7.1
8.1
8.8
9.4
10.1
10.7
12.0
13.5
13.9
14.5
164
121
96
84
83
81
75
72
72
71
77
74
73
6.7
6.7
6.7
7.1
8.1
8.7
9.3
9.9
10.7
11.8
12.3
13.7
13.9
200
155
123
107
106
98
95
89
87
87
86
89
86
6.8
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.8
8.3
8.9
9.8
10.3
11.1
11.4
11.6
11.8
200
193
153
133
118
115
108
103
101
99
98
94
94
7.2
7.3
7.5
7.5
7.8
8.5
9.1
9.8
10.0
10.9
11.3
11.4
11.7
200
200
187
155
132
121
118
119
114
109
108
106
104
7.2
7.5
7.9
8.7
9.3
9.6
10.4
10.6
10.7
11.0
11.1
11.2
11.2
200
200
200
200
199
178
172
158
146
145
134
124
116
1,140
760
17.2
1,245
830
18.6
1,350
900
19.3
1,455
970
20.8
1,560
1,040
22.1

300
200
6.1
405
270
6.8
510
340
8.2
615
410
9.3
720
480
11.2
825
550
13.4
930
620
14.6
1,035
690
15.5
81
66
64
63
65
66
65
64
64
64
65
64
64
6.5
6.5
7.9
8.4
9.5
10.8
11.8
12.8
14.0
15.2
16.3
16.3
17.2
107
79
76
71
68
65
64
66
64
65
65
64
64
6.6
6.6
7.2
8.4
9.0
10.6
11.1
11.6
13.5
14.0
15.0
15.9
15.9
137
101
84
81
77
76
74
72
77
73
71
71
72
6.7
6.7
7.4
8.5
8.9
10.3
10.9
11.4
12.5
12.5
12.7
13.5
14.7
170
126
109
101
91
87
87
85
83
87
86
84
87
7.0
7.3
7.6
8.6
9.0
9.7
9.9
10.4
12.1
12.4
12.5
12.8
13.7
200
154
128
114
105
101
98
101
95
93
98
97
96
7.2
7.5
8.1
8.7
9.4
10.1
10.3
10.3
12.1
12.1
12.1
12.6
13.1
200
184
153
132
134
117
113
118
107
115
108
112
109
8.1
8.3
8.4
9.4
9.6
10.1
10.5
10.6
10.7
11.0
11.8
11.8
12.9
200
200
200
200
194
169
150
139
129
125
128
119
123
1,140
760
18.2
1,245
830
20.3
1,350
900
22.5
1,455
970
23.1
1,560
1,040
24.5

300
200
6.3
405
270
7.5
510
340
8.7
615
410
11.2
720
480
12.5
825
550
13.6
930
620
15.4
1,035
690
16.9
74
66
64
65
67
65
65
65
64
65
64
64
63
6.3
6.7
8.2
9.2
10.2
11.4
12.8
14.0
15.5
15.7
17.1
18.2
19.2
94
73
71
65
66
64
65
64
65
64
64
64
63
6.5
6.9
7.7
9.0
9.9
10.7
10.8
11.7
12.8
13.7
16.9
16.9
17.1
117
91
84
78
75
72
73
73
73
71
70
72
70
7.2
7.2
7.8
9.5
9.6
9.7
10.1
11.5
12.1
12.8
16.4
16.7
16.7
143
106
88
90
81
82
81
86
81
79
78
77
78
7.2
7.5
8.6
9.6
9.8
9.9
10.0
10.3
11.9
12.2
14.4
14.6
15.9
171
133
122
108
103
99
94
87
93
89
90
88
88
8.3
8.7
9.2
9.7
10.3
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.8
12.0
13.5
13.7
14.5
200
200
189
161
144
117
103
103
96
101
97
96
95
8.4
8.7
9.3
9.8
10.4
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.9
12.1
13.2
13.3
13.8
200
200
200
161
165
136
121
108
109
118
114
105
104
Lightest joist
81

IMPERIAL
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
18
20
22
30
24
26
28
30
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
20
22
24
33
26
28
30
32
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
22
24
26
36
28
30
32
36
XXX

300
200
6.7
405
270
8.5
510
340
10.7
615
410
13.1
720
480
14.7
825
550
16.4
930
620
18.3
1,035
690
20.1
1,140
760
23.4
1,245
830
23.4
1,350
900
25.0
1,455
970
28.0
1,560
1,040
30.8
64
64
65
68
64
64
64
64
65
64
64
67
68
6.7
8.4
9.7
11.1
11.5
12.5
13.9
15.4
20.7
20.7
20.7
21.6
23.8
76
73
66
65
65
66
64
64
65
65
64
64
65
7.1
7.8
9.4
9.4
10.3
11.8
12.2
13.7
18.5
18.5
18.5
19.8
21.3
92
75
74
72
68
72
66
68
66
66
67
68
68
7.3
7.8
9.0
9.3
10.3
10.7
12.0
13.1
17.9
17.9
17.9
18.3
19.2
111
90
84
80
79
76
77
76
74
74
77
75
73
8.3
9.1
9.3
9.5
9.7
10.6
11.9
12.5
15.3
15.3
16.0
18.1
18.9
183
154
122
101
87
94
92
90
84
80
79
83
85
8.4
9.1
9.7
9.9
9.9
10.7
11.1
12.0
14.1
14.5
15.5
16.9
16.9
200
179
142
122
101
95
93
92
90
88
87
92
84
8.5
9.2
9.8
10.0
10.1
10.8
12.2
13.3
14.2
14.2
14.8
16.2
16.5
200
195
164
140
116
102
114
114
110
100
98
97
99
1,140
760
23.6
1,245
830
24.9
1,350
900
28.4
1,455
970
30.7
1,560
1,040
31.1

300
200
7.3
405
270
9.4
510
340
10.3
615
410
11.9
720
480
14.6
825
550
16.8
930
620
22.7
1,035
690
23.6
65
66
65
64
64
64
65
64
64
65
68
69
65
7.1
8.6
9.1
10.2
12.4
14.2
17.1
19.8
19.8
20.5
22.4
23.5
26.1
73
70
65
64
64
64
64
66
65
64
65
64
64
7.3
8.7
9.0
9.4
11.9
13.2
14.4
15.5
16.8
17.4
20.3
21.3
21.9
83
79
77
71
72
69
68
65
68
64
67
66
64
7.9
8.9
9.1
9.4
11.4
12.5
13.9
14.9
15.7
17.1
18.1
20.4
21.7
137
115
91
78
80
77
77
74
72
74
70
74
72
8.0
9.0
9.2
9.5
10.4
11.5
13.0
14.1
14.8
16.5
17.1
18.4
21.0
160
134
107
88
86
86
82
81
77
83
79
79
82
8.0
9.1
9.2
9.6
10.8
11.6
12.4
13.4
14.4
16.0
16.9
17.8
18.6
185
137
123
102
100
99
91
90
87
88
89
87
86
8.9
9.1
9.2
9.8
10.9
11.7
12.5
14.3
14.3
15.5
16.3
16.8
18.5
200
177
141
117
100
97
101
97
94
95
93
90
93
1,140
760
24.3
1,245
830
26.1
1,350
900
28.5
1,455
970
31.1
1,560
1,040
33.9

300
200
8.3
405
270
9.3
510
340
10.9
615
410
13.2
720
480
15.4
825
550
18.6
930
620
21.9
1,035
690
24.3
65
67
65
64
64
65
64
65
64
64
64
64
66
7.8
9.0
9.4
11.7
13.2
15.8
19.2
19.2
20.6
22.1
24.0
25.7
30.6
70
64
64
64
64
65
64
64
65
65
64
64
69
8.0
9.1
9.1
10.8
12.2
13.9
15.2
16.8
18.5
20.1
21.1
22.6
24.6
106
88
70
69
68
65
67
68
67
66
66
64
66
8.1
9.2
9.2
9.8
12.0
13.3
14.4
15.8
17.0
18.5
20.0
21.5
23.9
123
103
82
73
76
71
74
73
72
73
71
72
75
8.1
9.3
9.3
10.1
10.7
12.0
13.6
15.2
16.8
17.5
18.8
20.4
21.3
142
119
95
84
80
80
80
80
81
78
78
77
75
8.9
9.4
9.4
10.2
10.9
12.7
12.8
14.2
16.1
17.3
18.2
19.2
20.7
184
136
108
90
85
87
86
83
85
85
85
83
82
9.1
9.5
9.5
10.4
11.1
13.0
13.0
14.4
14.8
16.3
17.9
18.7
19.7
200
173
138
114
100
103
99
101
98
96
100
98
96
Lightest joist
82
XXX

IMPERIAL
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
24
26
28
40
30
32
36
40
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
26
28
30
43
32
36
40
44
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
28
30
32
46
36
40
44
48
XXX
XXX

300
200
9.3
405
270
10.0
510
340
12.8
615
410
14.7
720
480
18.0
825
550
22.5
930
620
22.6
1,035
690
25.0
1,140
760
29.1
1,245
830
31.1
1,350
900
33.4
1,455
970
37.2
1,560
1,040
40.0
66
65
65
65
63
65
64
65
67
67
67
68
66
8.8
9.3
11.3
12.7
15.7
17.6
19.6
21.5
23.5
27.1
29.4
32.1
34.3
87
64
65
64
64
64
65
64
64
65
67
67
69
9.1
9.1
10.3
11.8
14.2
15.2
16.8
18.5
20.4
22.0
24.1
26.5
30.5
101
75
66
67
66
65
64
64
65
64
65
64
70
9.2
9.1
9.5
10.8
12.2
14.5
15.9
17.7
19.9
21.0
24.0
25.0
28.5
117
87
74
75
69
70
68
70
71
68
73
70
73
9.3
9.3
9.7
11.2
12.5
13.3
15.2
17.0
18.2
20.3
22.3
23.7
25.5
133
99
79
85
76
77
74
76
73
74
76
72
74
9.4
9.5
9.9
11.6
12.7
13.4
14.4
15.6
17.5
19.0
20.0
21.8
22.9
170
126
100
92
93
90
85
87
86
86
83
86
84
9.5
9.6
10.0
11.8
12.9
13.6
14.6
15.7
17.6
18.4
19.5
21.6
22.1
200
156
124
103
107
101
102
97
103
100
98
98
97
1,140
760
29.0
1,245
830
31.1
1,350
900
34.4
1,455
970
36.8
1,560
1,040
42.8

300
200
9.0
405
270
11.3
510
340
13.3
615
410
15.4
720
480
17.8
825
550
21.0
930
620
23.5
1,035
690
26.4
70
64
64
63
64
65
64
64
64
64
64
65
67
8.9
10.3
12.0
13.6
16.2
17.8
20.2
22.6
26.3
28.7
31.0
31.3
34.0
81
65
65
64
65
63
64
64
66
68
67
64
65
9.0
9.3
10.2
12.2
14.5
16.8
18.2
20.0
22.1
24.2
26.1
31.3
31.3
94
70
66
65
65
67
65
65
65
65
64
72
69
9.1
9.7
10.3
11.6
14.2
15.2
17.2
19.2
21.4
22.6
24.6
28.1
29.5
107
79
70
71
72
67
68
70
69
68
69
72
72
9.2
10.0
10.5
11.9
13.0
14.1
15.8
17.6
19.6
20.9
22.7
25.1
26.5
137
101
87
87
83
80
78
78
81
77
78
80
78
9.3
10.4
10.6
12.0
13.2
14.3
16.0
17.0
18.3
20.5
22.4
23.1
25.6
170
129
100
100
93
92
91
91
91
88
90
88
93
9.5
10.7
10.9
12.2
13.3
14.5
16.1
17.2
18.4
20.3
21.2
22.8
23.6
200
157
125
104
113
105
102
102
101
103
101
101
99
1,140
760
30.9
1,245
830
33.5
1,350
900
35.8
1,455
970
39.2
1,560
1,040
42.2

300
200
9.3
405
270
11.7
510
340
13.6
615
410
16.1
720
480
18.9
825
550
21.8
930
620
24.9
1,035
690
28.3
66
65
65
64
64
65
66
67
66
66
66
65
64
9.2
10.0
12.0
14.3
16.9
19.3
21.8
25.1
27.0
28.8
31.6
33.7
36.7
77
65
63
64
65
65
65
67
64
64
65
65
67
9.5
9.7
11.6
13.1
15.5
17.4
19.2
21.2
24.2
25.4
28.5
31.9
31.9
87
70
67
64
65
65
64
64
67
64
65
69
64
9.7
10.1
10.7
12.6
14.4
16.1
17.8
20.0
21.4
23.1
26.0
28.3
29.6
111
83
78
76
75
74
73
73
72
71
74
76
75
10.2
10.2
10.8
11.7
13.5
15.7
17.1
18.5
20.1
22.5
24.6
26.0
28.3
143
103
91
88
84
83
86
84
82
82
85
83
86
10.3
10.3
10.9
11.9
13.7
15.0
16.3
18.3
19.5
21.6
23.4
25.5
26.1
168
125
99
100
98
97
92
94
95
92
94
96
92
10.4
10.4
11.2
12.0
13.9
15.2
16.5
18.4
19.7
21.8
22.5
23.6
25.8
200
149
132
119
113
108
106
108
104
106
103
101
107
Lightest joist
83

IMPERIAL
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
30
32
36
49
40
44
48
52
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
30
32
36
52
40
44
48
52
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
32
36
40
56
44
48
52
56
XXX

300
200
9.4
405
270
12.0
510
340
14.2
615
410
17.0
720
480
20.0
825
550
23.0
930
620
26.1
1,035
690
28.5
1,140
760
31.5
1,245
830
36.1
1,350
900
36.7
1,455
970
42.8
1,560
1,040
45.9
68
64
64
64
64
64
65
64
64
69
64
66
66
9.3
10.9
12.9
15.4
18.0
20.5
23.0
25.2
29.1
31.3
34.4
37.0
40.3
72
64
64
64
65
64
64
63
66
67
67
68
67
9.5
9.8
12.1
13.7
16.1
17.7
20.4
21.5
25.4
28.3
31.6
32.3
34.7
92
73
74
70
70
68
69
67
70
73
74
73
74
9.6
10.0
11.3
13.2
15.1
16.9
18.4
21.2
22.6
25.2
29.1
31.7
32.7
114
85
88
81
79
80
77
77
76
78
82
86
83
10.0
10.1
11.5
12.8
14.2
15.7
18.1
20.2
22.6
23.6
28.1
28.1
31.9
139
103
91
89
90
89
86
87
85
84
95
90
95
10.5
10.4
11.6
12.9
14.4
15.8
18.5
20.0
21.3
22.2
25.0
26.3
28.5
166
123
101
106
100
98
99
98
96
96
99
97
101
10.6
10.8
11.8
13.0
15.0
15.9
18.7
20.2
21.5
22.5
23.9
25.6
28.5
200
149
119
116
115
109
113
108
112
106
106
108
112
780
520
25.4
840
560
28.3
900
600
30.4
960
640
33.2
1,020
680
33.5

300
200
10.5
360
240
12.4
420
280
14.1
480
320
15.6
540
360
17.9
600
400
19.8
660
440
21.7
720
480
23.7
65
64
65
64
65
65
64
64
65
66
67
68
64
9.4
11.3
12.8
14.4
16.1
17.7
19.2
21.1
22.7
25.1
26.2
28.6
30.8
65
64
65
65
65
65
64
65
64
67
65
66
68
9.1
10.0
11.4
12.1
13.3
15.0
16.0
17.6
18.6
19.9
21.4
24.2
24.6
77
69
72
66
64
66
64
65
64
64
65
68
66
9.3
9.6
10.1
11.5
13.0
13.8
15.1
16.3
17.5
18.5
20.2
21.9
22.6
96
80
76
78
75
74
72
73
73
71
72
73
72
9.5
9.8
10.3
11.7
12.4
13.2
13.7
16.1
17.3
18.0
19.4
20.1
21.3
116
97
85
88
85
85
82
82
83
82
81
80
80
9.8
9.8
10.5
11.8
12.6
13.4
14.0
15.1
16.9
17.8
19.1
20.0
20.8
139
116
99
105
101
94
95
92
91
92
91
90
90
10.6
10.6
11.4
12.0
12.7
13.5
14.4
15.4
17.2
18.2
19.3
19.8
20.7
163
140
130
105
110
110
107
105
103
107
104
101
102
780
520
28.6
840
560
30.4
900
600
33.3
960
640
36.0
1,020
680
36.2

300
200
11.2
360
240
13.3
420
280
15.4
480
320
17.7
540
360
19.4
600
400
21.4
660
440
23.9
720
480
25.6
64
65
65
65
64
64
64
65
65
66
67
68
64
9.7
11.4
12.6
14.5
16.0
17.8
19.3
21.0
23.0
25.0
25.9
28.8
31.6
66
67
64
64
64
64
64
65
64
67
64
67
68
9.4
10.0
11.8
13.3
14.4
15.7
17.3
18.8
20.8
20.8
21.8
26.6
26.6
76
71
71
70
69
67
69
68
68
65
64
73
67
9.6
10.3
11.4
12.4
13.2
15.1
16.0
17.4
18.9
20.0
21.5
23.2
25.1
93
80
80
79
77
77
75
74
75
75
74
73
78
9.7
10.4
11.6
12.6
13.3
14.0
15.8
17.3
18.5
19.9
21.1
22.5
23.5
111
92
91
91
87
83
86
86
84
85
84
83
82
10.1
10.7
11.8
12.7
13.5
15.0
15.9
17.0
18.2
19.1
20.4
21.3
22.6
131
109
96
99
98
94
95
93
93
92
91
90
92
10.7
11.4
12.0
13.1
14.2
15.1
16.3
17.2
18.8
19.5
20.7
21.6
22.0
152
130
115
115
114
105
106
106
104
103
102
101
101
Lightest joist
84
XXX

IMPERIAL
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
36
40
44
59
48
52
56
64
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
40
44
48
62
52
56
64
72
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
40
44
48
65
52
56
64
72
XXX
XXX

300
200
10.7
360
240
12.4
420
280
14.6
480
320
16.2
540
360
18.3
600
400
20.3
660
440
22.3
720
480
24.7
780
520
26.4
840
560
28.9
900
600
31.4
960
640
33.8
1,020
680
34.5
65
64
65
63
65
65
65
67
65
66
67
69
65
9.9
11.6
13.0
14.4
15.7
17.3
18.6
20.1
22.1
25.1
26.0
28.5
28.9
70
71
68
66
64
65
64
64
65
65
65
67
65
9.6
10.8
12.6
13.2
15.0
16.0
17.7
19.1
21.1
22.0
23.0
25.9
26.2
79
76
74
72
73
70
72
69
71
70
68
72
70
9.8
10.2
12.2
13.0
14.2
15.9
16.9
18.9
19.6
20.6
22.2
23.6
25.6
95
81
89
83
79
79
80
80
78
77
78
77
79
10.0
10.5
12.0
12.9
14.0
15.7
16.8
18.6
19.4
20.2
21.4
22.6
25.2
112
96
97
94
89
89
86
86
88
86
84
83
95
11.2
11.4
12.6
13.3
14.5
16.0
16.7
18.3
19.2
20.1
21.1
21.9
23.5
130
115
103
101
100
102
96
97
99
97
95
94
93
11.4
11.6
12.9
13.6
14.9
16.4
16.9
18.6
19.4
20.2
22.0
23.9
26.7
170
146
136
122
123
126
117
117
120
118
121
125
130
780
520
25.5
840
560
27.1
900
600
31.1
960
640
32.0
1,020
680
32.4

300
200
10.7
360
240
12.2
420
280
14.1
480
320
15.7
540
360
17.4
600
400
19.5
660
440
21.3
720
480
22.8
67
64
65
64
64
64
65
63
64
65
66
66
64
10.3
11.9
13.2
14.8
15.8
17.5
19.2
21.2
22.8
23.6
25.8
28.8
29.1
76
75
71
71
67
68
69
68
66
65
66
71
68
9.8
11.7
12.6
13.9
15.3
16.8
18.4
19.7
22.0
22.8
25.0
25.9
28.6
82
83
79
76
75
76
76
73
75
72
75
75
78
10.2
11.3
12.5
13.5
15.0
16.6
17.9
19.4
20.8
22.3
23.4
25.2
26.0
96
92
90
87
85
82
84
84
81
82
81
83
81
11.1
11.8
13.0
14.2
14.8
16.4
17.8
19.3
20.4
21.5
22.8
23.8
25.7
112
99
97
94
96
91
94
92
90
88
89
88
91
11.4
12.2
13.1
14.4
15.5
16.1
17.7
19.1
20.1
21.0
22.0
22.8
25.4
151
129
120
120
118
111
114
112
110
108
107
105
116
12.9
14.1
14.9
15.3
15.8
17.8
19.3
20.0
21.4
22.0
22.9
27.0
27.8
197
164
148
133
132
132
134
133
130
129
128
140
137
780
520
29.0
840
560
31.3
900
600
34.4
960
640
34.7
1,020
680
37.1

300
200
11.6
360
240
13.6
420
280
15.5
480
320
17.4
540
360
19.8
600
400
22.0
660
440
24.0
720
480
26.4
64
64
64
64
63
65
64
66
66
67
68
64
66
10.9
12.5
13.7
15.8
17.7
19.2
20.8
22.5
25.1
26.5
28.4
30.0
32.6
68
67
66
65
65
65
65
64
65
65
66
65
68
10.7
12.2
13.3
15.1
16.4
18.3
19.6
21.2
22.6
25.5
26.6
29.2
30.6
79
77
76
73
69
72
71
69
70
72
69
74
71
10.3
11.9
12.8
14.6
16.2
17.9
19.3
20.8
21.9
23.3
25.6
28.9
30.0
86
84
80
80
79
80
77
79
77
75
79
82
80
11.4
12.1
13.7
14.5
16.1
17.6
18.9
20.0
21.3
22.6
24.4
28.3
28.7
100
13
93
87
86
90
87
84
85
83
93
84
90
11.7
12.6
14.0
15.2
15.9
16.9
18.7
19.8
20.9
22.3
23.3
27.4
28.1
135
112
116
115
107
104
103
101
101
102
100
111
101
13.5
14.7
14.9
15.6
17.6
18.3
19.5
21.1
21.7
23.5
26.3
27.7
29.2
171
150
132
129
127
122
121
123
121
126
135
123
128
Lightest joist
85

IMPERIAL
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
44
48
52
72
56
64
72
80
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
48
52
56
79
64
72
80
88
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
52
56
64
85
72
80
88
96
XXX

300
200
13.0
360
240
15.2
420
280
17.3
480
320
19.7
540
360
22.1
600
400
26.0
660
440
27.0
720
480
29.4
780
520
32.0
840
560
35.1
900
600
37.4
960
640
40.6
1,020
680
43.6
63
65
64
64
64
67
64
64
65
65
67
66
67
12.4
13.6
15.6
17.6
19.6
21.4
23.4
26.0
28.3
30.2
32.6
35.6
37.9
68
65
66
65
64
64
64
65
67
66
67
68
64
12.1
13.4
15.3
17.5
18.9
20.4
21.8
24.7
25.6
29.4
29.5
31.2
35.6
74
74
73
71
69
69
69
71
69
73
70
68
76
12.9
13.6
15.4
16.4
18.7
20.2
21.4
23.2
25.1
28.4
29.2
30.4
31.3
86
80
78
76
78
77
75
75
76
81
77
76
74
13.2
13.7
15.6
16.9
18.4
19.4
20.6
21.9
23.7
26.0
29.0
30.0
30.7
104
97
92
92
93
92
91
90
88
90
96
93
90
14.2
14.9
16.8
17.8
18.8
20.7
21.0
22.9
24.1
27.9
28.7
29.7
30.5
129
116
120
112
106
111
107
106
105
114
103
111
108
14.6
15.2
17.0
18.1
19.4
21.0
21.4
23.2
24.7
28.5
29.7
29.9
32.9
159
143
142
133
131
124
125
122
119
124
128
128
133
780
520
35.4
840
560
37.5
900
600
41.3
960
640
45.5
1,020
680
47.4

300
200
14.2
360
240
16.6
420
280
19.2
480
320
21.6
540
360
27.7
600
400
28.7
660
440
31.8
720
480
32.1
64
64
64
64
73
64
69
64
64
65
64
69
65
13.8
15.7
18.3
19.8
21.5
24.7
28.1
28.9
32.7
34.8
36.2
38.4
41.0
67
66
65
64
63
64
67
64
69
70
65
67
67
13.6
15.5
17.6
19.3
20.8
23.5
26.0
28.6
29.5
33.3
35.9
36.0
37.3
73
72
71
70
68
68
70
73
69
73
76
71
67
13.7
15.0
16.3
18.8
20.2
21.7
24.6
25.7
29.3
30.0
31.3
34.1
36.5
88
87
83
84
82
82
79
82
84
82
79
84
88
15.3
16.4
17.8
19.6
21.1
22.0
23.9
25.2
28.9
29.6
30.8
31.5
34.4
103
106
97
98
97
96
92
92
100
99
95
92
97
15.4
16.7
18.3
19.7
21.4
22.7
24.0
27.5
29.1
29.9
30.4
31.1
32.1
127
123
123
119
118
113
108
121
115
115
111
108
104
16.0
18.1
19.6
21.2
22.9
23.7
24.9
29.5
30.5
30.9
31.1
31.5
31.7
200
136
128
129
128
128
124
121
135
130
126
122
119
780
520
37.6
840
560
41.0
900
600
44.5
960
640
48.2
1,020
680
50.9

300
200
15.1
360
240
18.4
420
280
20.5
480
320
23.9
540
360
27.1
600
400
29.9
660
440
32.1
720
480
35.9
64
65
64
65
65
66
66
65
66
65
70
66
65
15.0
17.2
19.4
21.4
23.9
28.0
28.9
30.9
35.2
35.8
38.9
45.3
45.7
66
67
64
65
64
68
66
64
70
65
67
71
67
14.4
16.1
18.4
20.2
22.0
24.8
28.4
29.7
30.6
33.5
36.4
36.6
45.2
78
77
77
76
73
76
80
77
75
77
80
75
80
15.8
17.3
19.2
21.1
21.9
24.2
27.9
29.4
30.4
31.2
34.4
35.5
37.9
92
91
94
88
86
85
95
90
88
84
89
86
90
16.3
17.5
19.9
21.2
22.5
24.1
26.7
28.9
29.9
30.7
32.3
34.6
36.0
116
107
107
104
102
97
102
108
103
99
97
100
97
17.6
17.7
20.1
21.5
23.5
25.0
27.7
29.4
30.1
30.8
32.7
34.9
35.7
144
122
127
118
122
116
123
122
116
112
112
115
112
18.4
19.0
21.3
22.6
23.9
25.5
28.9
29.8
31.3
32.2
33.8
35.8
36.3
172
146
151
141
130
136
126
135
134
129
125
129
126
Lightest joist
86
XXX

IMPERIAL
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
56
64
72
92
80
88
96
104
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
64
72
80
98
88
96
104
112
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
72
80
88
112
96
104
112
128
XXX
XXX

300
200
17.3
360
240
20.0
420
280
23.2
480
320
25.7
540
360
28.9
600
400
32.5
660
440
34.9
720
480
38.1
780
520
42.0
840
560
45.1
900
600
49.7
960
640
51.7
1,020
680
56.0
64
65
65
64
65
66
65
66
65
64
65
66
65
16.0
18.4
20.4
22.7
26.0
29.4
30.1
33.5
36.0
37.5
44.5
46.9
48.0
73
71
70
68
69
71
68
71
73
68
74
74
70
16.6
19.0
20.8
22.5
25.6
29.0
29.9
31.5
34.3
36.7
42.4
43.2
47.9
84
86
82
80
82
85
82
79
81
86
85
80
89
16.8
19.3
21.2
22.6
24.1
28.7
29.6
30.9
31.7
35.2
37.2
41.4
45.6
100
98
94
91
90
98
96
91
89
93
90
100
94
17.0
19.6
21.9
22.8
24.3
28.9
29.5
30.7
31.5
35.0
36.3
37.2
44.3
113
114
109
106
105
111
108
107
102
107
103
99
121
18.7
20.1
22.3
24.7
25.7
29.9
30.3
31.5
33.0
35.5
37.3
37.6
42.2
135
125
125
136
123
127
120
119
114
120
116
112
117
19.6
21.4
23.6
25.3
26.3
30.2
31.3
32.1
33.6
35.7
37.8
39.2
42.6
200
178
155
138
143
144
136
135
129
132
132
128
130
780
520
43.7
840
560
44.0
900
600
48.1
960
640
52.0
1,020
680
53.9

300
200
19.2
360
240
21.4
420
280
22.9
480
320
26.9
540
360
29.4
600
400
31.1
660
440
35.6
720
480
36.5
73
64
65
69
67
66
71
65
70
65
65
66
66
18.2
20.7
22.4
25.9
29.0
30.5
32.4
35.0
38.7
41.8
44.8
48.5
51.9
78
76
76
76
78
75
72
75
77
76
78
78
77
17.8
20.6
22.1
24.2
28.6
29.9
31.0
34.2
36.7
40.8
44.0
46.5
49.6
90
90
86
84
90
87
84
87
86
94
88
87
85
18.3
20.5
22.0
24.1
28.0
29.5
30.6
31.8
36.0
37.6
43.2
45.7
48.4
104
101
100
98
106
102
96
94
98
93
107
100
94
18.8
21.4
22.7
25.3
28.2
30.5
31.2
32.9
36.8
37.4
42.3
45.4
48.0
114
115
109
108
117
114
111
105
110
106
110
127
119
19.9
22.5
24.1
26.5
28.6
31.0
31.5
33.6
37.4
37.8
42.4
44.6
47.8
134
135
133
140
120
129
121
120
122
121
122
127
141
24.3
24.7
25.6
27.4
30.6
31.5
32.0
35.0
38.9
41.0
42.6
45.4
49.0
200
200
152
160
160
144
136
137
136
142
137
133
135
780
520
47.1
840
560
51.1
900
600
54.2
960
640
57.2
1,020
680
60.2

300
200
22.5
360
240
23.8
420
280
28.5
480
320
31.5
540
360
37.3
600
400
38.5
660
440
40.9
720
480
44.2
71
64
69
64
70
67
64
65
64
65
63
65
65
21.1
23.4
26.4
30.9
33.8
35.1
39.4
43.6
45.1
48.7
52.5
53.8
54.5
77
75
89
75
73
75
80
73
75
74
75
74
70
21.7
22.8
26.2
30.3
32.4
34.8
37.3
42.0
44.3
46.8
49.6
50.3
54.0
94
83
91
86
84
85
82
89
82
84
84
79
85
21.9
23.6
26.9
30.6
31.9
34.6
37.0
41.6
43.8
44.1
45.6
49.8
53.4
98
99
101
98
94
96
92
107
98
91
85
94
89
22.9
24.6
27.2
30.9
32.2
35.4
37.4
42.1
44.2
45.5
46.0
49.1
52.6
150
118
113
108
103
106
103
105
116
108
100
100
104
24.0
27.4
29.2
31.1
34.6
36.8
41.9
42.6
44.8
45.7
47.0
50.7
53.6
171
120
122
120
115
119
133
119
113
125
117
110
114
25.6
30.2
33.4
37.4
39.9
41.8
44.4
45.2
45.9
46.5
47.8
54.0
56.6
200
200
200
158
195
136
175
160
148
137
128
153
144
Lightest joist
87

IMPERIAL
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
80
88
96
125
104
112
128
144
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
88
96
104
138
112
128
144
160
Span
(ft.)
Joist
depth
(in.)
96
104
112
151
128
144
160
176
XXX

300
200
32.7
360
240
34.3
420
280
36.1
480
320
40.8
540
360
42.8
600
400
45.3
660
440
46.6
720
480
51.1
780
520
52.8
840
560
57.3
900
600
60.7
960
640
64.7
1,020
680
69.5
83
80
73
79
70
70
68
67
65
66
65
66
67
30.2
33.5
34.9
38.6
39.2
44.0
45.6
49.6
51.9
55.4
59.6
62.1
64.4
100
85
75
76
133
77
70
75
70
74
69
70
71
32.6
34.0
34.5
37.9
38.0
43.1
44.5
45.4
50.3
53.5
56.4
57.9
64.0
140
91
100
91
81
92
84
77
83
77
83
77
84
34.0
35.6
36.4
37.2
37.4
40.5
43.4
45.2
47.5
52.0
54.8
57.2
59.2
113
142
95
95
93
93
98
90
88
91
89
91
86
36.2
37.0
37.8
38.9
41.0
41.9
44.4
45.6
46.7
50.2
53.9
56.9
59.0
104
165
107
107
114
102
98
105
97
95
104
97
100
38.6
40.6
41.3
43.2
44.6
46.9
48.1
49.6
50.9
53.1
55.5
57.8
63.6
200
200
180
168
200
134
122
115
127
125
117
115
120
45.6
45.8
46.7
47.3
49.4
51.2
56.9
59.9
62.2
67.2
69.6
71.0
73.5
200
200
200
200
200
200
155
142
131
136
148
146
137
780
520
62.4
840
560
65.6
900
600
69.5
960
640
72.5
1,020
680
77.7

300
200
34.2
360
240
39.3
420
280
41.0
480
320
43.5
540
360
45.0
600
400
47.9
660
440
59.9
720
480
61.6
73
84
74
122
67
67
81
74
69
64
69
68
67
36.5
36.7
38.6
41.9
43.8
46.8
50.4
55.2
58.2
63.0
64.9
70.7
71.6
108
87
79
85
76
75
73
77
71
76
71
75
70
37.0
37.2
37.4
41.5
43.4
44.8
50.1
52.0
57.1
59.4
64.8
65.6
69.1
127
95
86
157
89
80
86
79
83
77
84
79
77
37.2
38.0
38.8
42.5
43.1
45.3
49.2
51.8
55.4
58.4
62.9
64.9
68.9
142
92
94
101
89
94
90
92
89
90
89
84
90
41.0
41.4
42.1
43.5
43.8
45.6
49.3
52.0
55.9
59.8
60.4
64.7
68.6
160
156
147
128
114
106
112
109
105
108
101
110
104
43.8
46.2
47.0
48.9
49.1
49.9
51.7
55.9
60.1
62.6
63.9
67.6
68.5
200
200
200
163
145
130
119
138
162
123
128
127
120
48.5
49.9
50.2
51.0
51.6
52.1
53.9
56.3
67.8
68.6
72.1
74.4
78.2
200
200
200
200
179
161
159
141
200
186
185
134
170
780
520
73.1
840
560
71.1
900
600
75.6
960
640
80.1
1,020
680
85.7

300
200
37.0
360
240
38.6
420
280
41.9
480
320
65.8
540
360
66.3
600
400
66.4
660
440
66.8
720
480
71.6
82
73
74
101
90
81
74
74
67
65
64
65
65
36.2
38.5
41.4
55.1
57.0
59.1
60.6
61.9
64.6
68.7
72.6
78.0
83.6
86
80
137
119
106
72
87
69
74
72
72
71
72
37.9
38.7
41.2
43.2
45.9
51.9
54.8
59.1
63.8
66.5
70.6
77.5
79.1
112
94
85
89
79
84
80
80
79
80
78
82
77
40.8
41.4
42.6
44.2
48.0
52.5
56.2
58.4
63.5
66.4
70.4
73.7
78.8
147
200
200
98
104
99
133
96
94
96
93
96
94
46.6
47.2
48.6
49.2
49.5
56.1
60.1
61.2
67.5
68.0
73.4
78.1
79.7
187
200
200
124
111
126
120
110
119
111
119
116
109
50.7
51.2
52.0
52.3
53.2
56.6
63.3
64.9
67.7
69.8
73.8
81.6
82.7
200
200
200
154
137
129
148
136
132
137
133
144
136
69.1
74.6
78.4
79.0
79.2
79.7
80.0
81.9
82.7
83.8
84.1
85.1
85.9
200
200
200
200
200
149
200
200
152
200
200
191
165
Lightest joist
88

XXX
Joist girder depth selection

Selecting a joist girder can be done using graphs on pages 93 to 96 inclusive. The
horizontal axis gives the factored moment of the joist girder, while the vertical axis
indicates the joist girder weight. The various lines indicate different joist girder
depths. The building designer must calculate the factored moment of the joist
girder in order to use the graphs.
To select the depth, it is unnecessary to calculate the bending moment from the
concentrated loads of the joists bearing on the joist girder. Considering an
equivalent uniform load is sufficiently accurate. When designing the joist girders,
the designer will consider the actual loadings, as well as other forces and special
conditions, if applicable.
Unless advised otherwise, Canam will consider that the weight of the joist girders
is included in the loads specified in the documents and on the drawings.
The two following examples explain how to select the depth of a joist girder.
Note: You will find an interactive engineering tool at www.canam-construction.com,
allowing you to select the economical depth of trusses. This solution will save
you time.
IMPERIAL
EXAMPLE 1 Comparisons
Alternative 1:
3 joist girders (G1), 12.2 m (40 ft.) span,
depths allowed: 0.6 to 1.1 m (24 to 44 in.)
12.2 m (40 ft.)
G1
For the building conditions below, use one or two intermediate columns on the two
longest exterior walls. Here is the impact comparison of the weight of joist girders
G1 versus G2:
12.2 m (40 ft.)

G1
Joists equally spaced at 1.5 m (5 ft.) c/c
18.3 m (60 ft.)
12.2 m (40 ft.)

G1
Uniform dead load (DL):
20 psf
Uniform live load (LL):
55 psf
Maximum allowable deflection under the service load:
L /240
Solution
The total moment of the joist girder can be calculated as follows:
G2
18.3 m (60 ft.)
G2
18.3 m (60 ft.)
Alternative 2:
2 joist girders (G2), 18.3 m (60 ft.) span,
depths allowed: 1 to 1.7 m (40 to 66 in.)
Example 1
Mf =(1.25DL + 1.5 LL) x girder tributary width x girder span2

8,000
The two joist girder lengths to be used are 12.2 m (40 ft.) and 18.3 m (60 ft.). The
tributary width of the joist girder is 9.1 m (30 ft.); one-half the length of the joists.
Mf alt 1 =(1.25 x 20 + 1.5 x 55) x 30 x 402 = 645 kip ft.
8,000
Mf alt 2 =(1.25 x 20 + 1.5 x 55) x 30 x 602 = 1,450 kip ft.
8,000
89

From the table on page 95, select the weight of the joist girders for the different
depths permitted. Then calculate the unit weight of the joist girders and the total
weight for each alternative. The results are presented below.
METRIC
JOIST GIRDER WEIGHT
Unit weight
(kg/m)
Depth (mm)
Alt. 1
610
0.99
Total weight
(kg)
Alt. 2
Alt. 1
(kg)
Alt. 2
1,234
Alt. 1
710
0.88
1,089
3,266
810
0.71
889
2,667
914
0.66
816
2,449
1,015
0.61
1.31
762
2,449
2,286
1,120
0.58
1.23
726
2,286
2,177
1,220
Alt. 2
3,701
4,899
4,572
1.15
2,150
4,300
1,370
1.08
2,014
4,028
1,524
0.99
1,851
3,701
1,675
0.93
1,742
3,484
Alternative 1: 3 joist girders

IMPERIAL
JOIST GIRDER WEIGHT
Unit weight
(plf)
Depth (in.)
Alt. 1
Total weight
(lb.)
Alt. 2
Alt. 1
(lb.)
Alt. 2
Alt. 1
24
68
2,720
8,160
28
60
2,400
7,200
32
49
1,960
5,880
1,800
Alt. 2
36
45
40
42
90
1,680
5,400
5,400
5,040
10,800
44
40
84
1,600
5,040
4,800
10,080
48
79
4,740
9,480
54
74
4,440
8,880
60
68
4,080
8,160
66
64
3,840
7,680

For both alternatives, the greater the depth of the joist girder, the less it weighs. In
addition, alternative 1 requires three joist girders but the total weight is generally
less than that of alternative 2. However, in making a choice, the building designer
should also consider the cost of the intermediate columns (including the foundations)
on the overall building costs.
90

Alternatives 1 and 2 can be verified to see if the maximum deflection under the
service load is respected in the worst case scenario for a depth of 0,6 m (24 in.)
(alternative 1) and a depth of 1 m (40 in.) (alternative 2).

Ialt 1 = 0.132 MfD
= 0.132 x 645 x 24
= 2,043 in.4
Ialt 2 = 0.132 MfD
= 0.132 x 1,450 x 40
= 7,656 in.4
The joist girder deflection can be estimated by using the deflection equation of a
simple beam, increased by 10% to include the elongation of web members.
= 1.10 5WLL4
384 EI
By integrating the above formula of inertia and by simplifying the equation for
deflection, we obtain:
=
alt1 =
55 x 30 x 404
154,667 x 645 x 24
= 1.76 in. < 2.0 in. (40 x 12/240)
alt2 =

W L L4
154,667 MfD
OK
55 x 30 x 60
154,667 x 1,450 x 40
4
= 2.38 in. < 3.0 in. (60 x 12/240)
OK
EXAMPLE 2 Special loading

Here is the weight evaluation of the joist girder for the conditions below:
Uniform dead load:
15 psf
Uniform live load:
45 psf
Maximal deflection allowed under live load:
L/240
Concentrated (P.L.) dead load:
5 kip
live load:
10 kip
4.6 m (15 ft.)
P.L.
Joists equally spaced at

1.8 m (6 ft.) c/c
Joist girder 1 m (40 ft.)
11 m (36 ft.)
15.2 m (50 ft.)
Example 2
91

Solution
Contrary to the previous example, the maximum moment of the joist girder does
not occur at mid-span. Therefore the maximum moment must be located first. Then
its value is calculated and the unit weight (plf) of the joist girder is selected from
the vertical axis.
1. Calculate the loading on the joist girder:
a) uniformly distributed loads
Wf = (1.25 x 15 + 1.5 x 45) x 25 = 2,156 plf
b) concentrated loads
P f = (1.25 x 5 + 1.5 x 10) x 35 =149 kip = 14,875 lb.
50
2. Locate the maximum moment:
The maximum moment is produced at the location where shear is zero. Starting
from point A,
R A= 2,156 x 36 + 14,875 x 24 = 48,725 lb.
2
36
Lvo= 48,725 = 22.6 ft.
2,156
3. Calculate the maximum moment and determine the weight of the joist girder:
Mfmax= 2,156 x 22.6 x (36 22.6) + 14,875 x 12 x 22.6
2
36

= 438,520 lb.ft. = 438.5 kip ft.
A moment of 438.5 kip-ft. and a depth of 1 m (40 in.) result in a joist girder with a
weight of approximately 30 plf or 1,080 lb. total.
4. Verify the maximum deflection criteria under the service load:
I = 0.132 MfD
= 0.132 x 438.5 x 40
= 2,315 in.4
[
[
= 1.10 5WL x L4 + PL x a x Lvo (L2 a2 Lvo2)

384 EI
6EI L
= 1.10 5 x 45 x 25 x 36 x 12 + 10 x 35 x 12 x 22.6 (362 122 22.62) x 123

384 x 29 x 106 x 2,315
50
3 x 29,000 x 2,315 x 36
4
= 1.10 [0.63 + 0.15]

= 0.86 in. < 1.8 in. (36 x 12/240)
OK
Note:
Calculations for example 2 can be simplified by adding separately the
maximum moments under the uniform and concentrated loads. A value of
468.3 kip ft. is then obtained which corresponds to a weight of 32 plf.
92
Weight (kg/m)
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
METRIC
300
600
900
1 200
500
1 800
2 100
900
2 400
1 800
800
Factored Global Moment (kNm)
1 500
600
700
2 700
2 000
1 000
3 000
3 300
2 150
1 100
Joist Girder Depth (mm) Selection Tool - Graph 1
3 600
1 350
1 200
3 900
1 650
1 500
93
94
Weight (kg/m)
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
360
375
390
405
420
4 600
5 200
1 500 1 650
METRIC
5 800
1 800
6 400
7 000
8 200
8 800
9 400
10 600
2 450
10 000
Factored Global Moment (kNm)
7 600
2 000
2 150
2 300
11 200
2 600
Joist Girder Depth (mm) Selection Tool - Graph 2
11 800
12 400
13 000
Weight (plf)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
IMPERIAL
250
500
750
1,000
20
1,500
72
1,750
32
36
Factored Global Moment (kipft.)
1,250
24
28
2,000
78
40
2,250
Joist Girder Depth (in.) Selection Tool - Graph 3

44
84
2,500
48
2,750
54
3,000
66
60
95
96
Weight (plf)
3,000
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
3,500
60
IMPERIAL
66
4,000
72
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,500
7,000
Factored Global Moment (kipft.)
6,000
78
84
90
7,500
96
8,000
102
Joist Girder Depth (in.) Selection Tool - Graph 4
8,500
9,000
9,500
10,000
Joist girder specifications

INFORMATION REQUIRED FROM THE BUILDING
DESIGNER
The building designer using joist girders shall consider the following, and provide
all the required information in the specification documents and on the drawings:
The loads that are carried by the joist girders can be specified by area (kPa or
psf), or calculated as point loads (kN or lb.) by the building designer. For
special loading conditions, a loading diagram is recommended.
The building engineer shall indicate the possible live load reduction of a floor.
The horizontal forces, applied to the joist girders and the steel joists that will
affect the buildings lateral stability, shall be indicated on the drawing for
consideration in designing the joist girders.
The building designer shall indicate special conditions, such as net uplift or
fixed ends, that will produce compression forces in the bottom chord for
consideration in determining chord size or number of knee braces required
for stability of that chord.
The depth of the joist girders must be specified.
The connection of joist girders to the columns is economical if a bearing shoe
is used, usually 190 mm (7.5 in.) deep, bolted to the top of the column or on a
bearing bracket on the web or the flange of the column. This bracket is
designed by the building designer to safely support the reaction.
Joist girder bearing must be large enough to allow a minimum bearing length
on steel 100 mm (4 in.) and concrete 150 mm (6 in.).
The maximum deflection under the live loads and the total load must be
given, if required.
All special cambers to be specified, if applicable.
Minimum and maximum inertias must be given to ensure that they follow the
analysis model for a rigid frame or the vibration calculations made by the
building designer.
The types of geometry Pratt, Warren or modified Warren, and the panel point
configurations G, BG or VG, if required, is to be specified by the building
designer. Otherwise, Canam will use the most economical geometry and
panel point configuration.
Notes: N
o perforating or cutting of the joist girders shall be performed without
the authorization of the building designer.
All loads or forces specified on the plans and specifications are considered
unfactored unless otherwise indicated.
97
Checklist - joist
The following joist design information checklist was created to assist the building designer in the preparation of the building
design drawings. (Reference: CAN/CSA S16-01 clause 16.4.1)
JOIST DESIGN ESSENTIAL INFORMATION CHECKLIST

A. Loads
A.1 - U
niform dead and live loads acting on roof,
floor and mezzanines:

Specify if joist self weight is included or not in the uniform
dead load;

Show the area of various loading (examples: concrete pavers,
corridors, etc).
B. Forces
B.1 - A xial loads (wind or seismic ) in joist top or bottom
chord coming from building bracing system (horizontal,
vertical and/or diaphragm).
B.2 - K nee brace axial loads attached to joist top or bottom chord.
A.2 - Gross wind uplift load at the roof:

Include a load distribution diagram.
B.3 - Joist end moment connection:

Indicate the magnitude and the load type for each type of load
or combination of loads (dead, live, wind or seismic).
A.3 - C oncentrated, distributed or unbalanced loads:

B
reak down the content of the load and specify if it applies to
top or bottom chord (examples: moveable partition, hanger,
roof anchor, etc.).
B.4 - Lateral loads in joist top or bottom chord

(wind post column, roof anchors, etc.).
A.4 - S
now pile up loads:
Show maximum accumulation and distribution length on
a lower roof or in area adjacent to obstructions such as
mechanical units, screen wall, etc.
A.5 - Mechanical units and openings:
(stairs, skylight opening, etc.)
Specify the position, dimensions and load affecting the joist.
A.6 - S
prinkler system loads:
Specify linear load, position and (if any) obstructions
clearance requirements;

E SFR sprinkler system.
A.7 - L oads on joist cantilever ends:
(examples: canopy, brick wall, etc.).
A.8 - Ponding load on flow control drain roofs:
Indicate if the rain load is concurrent with the snow load.
A.9 - Crane/monorail load:
Pecify loads to be applied to joist;

C onsider component weights (hoist, bridge, rail), wheel axis
c/c,capacity and impact coefficient.
C. Design criteria
C.1 - Maximum allowable deflections on roof and floor under live load
and (if required) total load:
S
pecify deflections for special conditions at mid-span and at
the end of cantilever (masonry, brick wall, cranes, etc.).
C.2 - F loor vibration criteria (if any):
Specify minimum joist inertia or maximum allowable deflection.
C.3 - Roof drain slopes:
Identify the joist affected and specify insulation where
required.
C.4 - Special camber (if any):
Specify total camber or residual camber (after installation);

Identify the joists affected.
C.5 - ULC Fire rating resistance requirement (if any).
C.6 - Duct opening passing through joists (if any):
Specify dimensions. Free opening, and position.
C.7 - Minimal material thickness for corrosion resistance (if applicable).
Notes: All loads on plans are considered service loads unless otherwise indicated.
Pictorial representations of the items in this list can be downloaded in the Documentation center at www.canam-construction.com.
Disclaimer note
This document is provided as a customer service to facilitate the provision of information required for joist design in connection with an order for joists placed with Canam, a business unit of Canam Group Inc. This document is
not intended to provide engineering advice, and all joist orders are subject to the terms and provisions specified in the actual order, including Canams Standard Terms and Conditions for Joists and Decking. Canam shall have no
liability for the use of this document, and in no event shall Canam be liable for any direct, consequential or incidental damages or cost resulting from the use of this document.
98
Bid doc.
Bid doc.
Respons.
Bidders
G. C.
Arch./Eng.
Arch./Eng.
Address
Address
Address
Address
Paint
Paint
Paint
Paint
Division:
Fax:
G. C.
Note:
Cleaning:
Paint:
General
Country:
Prov./State:
City:
Address:
Bid doc.
Respons.
Bidders
Arch./Eng.
Arch./Eng.
G. C.
Arch./Eng.
ZIP/postal code:
County:
E-mail:
Arch./Eng.
Closing date:
G. C..
G. C.
Bidders
Bidders
Bidders
General
Respbl.
Respons.
Respons.
Fax:
Bid doc.
Bid doc.
Bid doc.
Telephone:
Contact:
Name:
Engineer
Telephone:
Contact:
Name:
Architect
General
Contact:
Name:
General
Fax:
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Page 1 of
Address
Address
Address
Address
Province:
Please return this take-off sheet to the nearest Canam sales office. To locate the closest sales office to your region, please consult our Web Site at: www.canam-construction.com.
This form can also be downloaded from our website at www.canam-construction.com in the Technical publications section.
General
DSG input by:
Estimator:
Sales rep.:
Bid doc.
G. C.
Bidders
Arch./Eng.
General
Issued for:
G. C.
Addendums:
Respons.
Bidders
Specifications:
Bid doc.:
Bid doc. from:
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Recall date:
Respons.
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Branch office:
G. C.
Estimated shipping date:
Bidders
Shipping territory:
Respons.
Closing date:
Bid doc.
Alternate:
Project (sq.ft.):
General
Extra/credit:
Name:
Revision:
Deck required:
Quotation No:
Tel.:
City:
Address:
Postal code:
Company:
Name:
Take-off sheet - quotation
99
100
Inclusion:
Bridging:
Total:
Mark
Quotation No:
Qty
BCX
Bay
Depth
Span
base length
Steel deck:
Spacing
Div.
Exclusion:
Project Name:
DL
LL
Gross
uplift
LL
defl.
TL
defl.
Div.
Roof
floor
DL
LL
Gross
uplift
TL
defl.
Page of
LL
defl.
Option
Roof
floor
Total:
Mark
Quotation No:
Qty
BCX
Bay
Depth
Span
base length
Spacing
Project Name:
Div.
DL
LL
Gross
uplift
LL
defl.
TL
defl.
Roof
floor
Page of
Option
101
Quotation No:
Project Name:
Bridging
Type
Size
Steel deck
Quantity
Type
Quantity
Steel deck accessory

Type
Quantity
Page of
102
Sales offices and plant certifications

HEAD OFFICE, ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER AND MANAGEMENT
GROUPE
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Last modified on 07/2015
Printed in Canada 07/2015
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Joists

A division of Canam Group

Surface preparation and paint

The advantages of using steel joists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Description of a joist girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Joists exposed to the elements or corrosive conditions . . . . . . . . . . 34

Components of a joist girder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Advantages of joist girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Steel joist floor vibration comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Special loads and moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Various types of loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Transfer of axial loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Load reduction according to tributary area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Bridging line requirements / Metric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Joist or joist girder analysis and design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Bridging line requirements / Imperial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Joists adjacent to more rigid surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Spacing for bridging / Metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Joists with lateral slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Spacing for bridging / Imperial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Joist girder to column connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Bearing on top of the column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Maximum duct openings / Metric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Bearing facing the column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Maximum duct openings / Imperial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Bearing facing the column with center reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Geometry and shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

CAN/CSA S16-01 standards (16. Open-web steel joists)

Joist depth selection tables

Minimum depth and span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Joist girder depth selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bearing on concrete or masonry wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Joist girder specifications

Information required from the building designer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Bottom chord bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Joist design essential information checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Take-off sheet - quotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Joist and joist girder identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Products, services and solutions

DESCRIPTION OF A JOIST GIRDER

Components of a joist girder

Economical factors associated with the specification of joist girders include

Passage of mechanical conduits

Optimal rectangular bay

Distribution CentreICornwall, Ontario

ROUND AND SQUARE BARS

r yy with different gaps

ROUND AND SQUARE BARS

r yy with different gaps

Athletic Facility I Terrebonne, Quebec

Alphonse-Desjardins Sports ComplexITrois-Rivires, Quebec

Bombardier Centre I La Pocatire, Quebec

BRIDGING LINE REQUIREMENTS

TABLE FOR SELECTING THE NUMBER OF BRIDGING LINES

Service load (kN/m)

TABLE FOR SELECTING THE NUMBER OF BRIDGING LINES

Service load (plf)

SPACING FOR BRIDGING

L 11/2 x 11/2 x 0.090

L 13/4 x 13/4 x 0.118

L 13/4 x 13/4 x 1/8

L 11/2 x 11/2 x 0.118

MAXIMUM JOIST SPACING (mm) FOR DIAGONAL BRIDGING

Warren Geometry; H 350 mm (14 in.)

Modified Warren Geometry; H 400 mm (16 in.)

Warren Geometry; H 350 mm (14 in.)

Modified Warren Geometry; H 400 mm (16 in.)