By ivaRamakrishna waharlal Nehru Technological Univer: sllege of EngineeringACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 am heartily thank 1 beloved principal Prof K. Padma raj si for allowing us 10 undertake the one day field work program. This report isa prt of field work and it contains the collective information on Deccan taps. Inthe field we have a wonderful exposure on the Practical aspects of Deccan raps, We learnt very interesting points onthe Devean traps 1 am thankful to Prof 1. Vinod babu sir head ofthe department of Petroleum and petrochemical engincering, forgiving permission on this fel visit This field visit helps usa Torin develop ourself As fick! location contain a Tot of geological features we are exposed toa lot of interesting fects about the Deccan taps 1am sincerely thankful to Prof. K. V. Rao sir and Shri P. V. N. Rao sir program Airectors of pitoleum and petrochemical engineering fr allowing to the one day Field work ‘rogram on Decean traps This field vist helps 2 Teton learning about the basic ology of Deccan taps. At the fckd we are exposed to various types of bed formations, and also the depositions made by the ever Pranahitha Godavari express my sincere gratitude to our beloved faculty Dr. K. Srinivas ra sit for your ance and encouragement. Under your guidance we learned So many things about the Siatigraphy of Devcan taps andthe river ranahitha Godavari, Your perfect schedule helped Ao accomplish this ack i time Weare graleful tA. venkataprasad sit for yout guidance in the field trip. With your collaboration we had lesmed a clear view of Deccan Wraps and beds formed by marine ‘encroachment We happy for taking us into the right locations. We leaned some important fact behind the formation of sedimentary rock We are thankful o Prof. Padma kumi civil engineering department for providing us necessary apparatus, ae alo the rpreseratves of RORUY water plant of INTUK. for providing water Special thanks to dhe KITE insttations for providing bus facility and the owners of the quorres for allowing us into the quarries.INDEX Stratigraphy of peninsear india 1 Introduet 1.2 Plate tectonics 1.3 Major rock groups 13.1 Mesozoic 1.32 Cenaroie 2. Basie concepts of geology 21 Introduction 22 Rock forming minerals 22.1 Igneous rock forming minerals 22.2 Sedimentary rock forming minerals 23 Rock cycle 24 Rock identification 3. Field work locations 3.1 Location: 1 3.2 Location: 2 33 Location: 3 3.4 Location: + 3.5 Location: § 3.6 Location: 6 4. Highlights of etd work1. Stratigraphy of peninsula 1.1 Introduction The geology of Indias diverse. Different regions of India contain rocks belonging to Aiferent geologic periods, dating as far back 2s the Eoarchean Era. Some of the rocks are very deformed and altered. Other deposits include recently deposited allevium that has yet to undergo diagenesis. Mineral deposis of great variety are found in the Indian subcontinent in Ihuge quantity even india fossil record is impressive in which stromatoites, invertebrates, ‘vertebrates and plant fossils are included. Inia’ geographical lad area can be classified into Decean trap, Gondwana and vindhyan. Firstly the Deccan Trap covers almost all of Maharashira, a part of Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh marginally It is believed tht the Decean Trap was formed as result ‘of sub-aerial voleanc activity associated with the continental deviation in this part of the Farth during the Mesozoic Era. That is why the rocks found in this region are generally igneous type During its journey northward after breaking off from the rest of Gondwana, the Indian Plate passed over a geologic hotspot, theRéunion hotspot, which caused extensive melting underneath the Indian Craton. The melting broke through the surface of the craton in a massive flood basalt event, creating what is known as the Decsan Traps. It is also thought thatthe Reunion botspot caused the separation of Madagascar and India, ‘he Gondwana and Vindbvan include within ds fold parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Bitar, Jharkhund, West Bengal, Andlva Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jammu and Kashi, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Ustarakhand ‘The Gondwana Supergroup forms 2 unique sequence of fuviatile rocks deposited in Permo- Carboniferous time. Damodar and Sone river valley and Rajah hills in the easter India ace depository’ ofthe Gondsvana rocks 11 Plate tectonics ‘The Indian Craton was once part of the supercontinent of Pangaca. AL that time, what is now India's southwest coast was attached to Madagascar and southern Africa, and what is now is exst coast was attached to Australia During the Jurassic Period about 160 Ma , rifting caused Pangaea to break apart into two supercontinents,narnely Gondwana tothe south and Laurasia to the north. The Indian Craton remained atached 19 Gondwana, until the supercontinent began to rift apart about im the early Cretaceous, about 125 million years ago . The Indian Plate then drifted northward toward the Eurasian Pate, at apace that isthe fastest hnown movement of anyplate It is goncrally believed thatthe Indian Plate separated from Madagascar about 90 Million ‘Yeu ago, however seme biogeographical and geological evidence suggests tat the connection ‘between Madagascar and Affica was retained atthe time when the Indian Plate collided with the ‘Eurasian Plate about $0 Nblion years ago. This orogeny, which is continuing today, is related 0 slesure of the Tethys Ocean. The closure of this ocean which created the Alps ia Europe, and the Caucasus range in wesiem Asia created the Himalaya Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau ia South Asia. The current orogenic event i causing parts of the Asian continent 40 deform ‘westward and eastward on either ide of the ecogen, Concurrently with this collision, the Indian Plate surered on tothe adjacent Australian Plats forming a new larger plat, the Indo-Australisn Plate The earliest phase of tectonic evolution was marked by the cooling and solidifcation of the Upper crust ofthe earth's surface in the Archacan Era. which is represented by the exposure of gneisses and granites especially on the Peninsula. These form the core of the Indian Craton. The Aravalli Range is the remnant of an carly Proterozoic orogen called the Arwvali-Delhi Orogen that joined the two older segments that make up the Indian Craton, It extends approximately 500 [lometres (311 mi) fiom its norther end to isolated hills aad rocky ridges into Haryana, ending neat Delhi Minor igncous intrusions, deformation folding and faulting and subsequent metamorphism of the Arivalli Mountains represeat the main phase of orogenesis. The erosion of ‘the mountains, and further deformation of the sediments of the Dharwarian group marks the 6‘second phase. The volcanic activities and intrusions, associated with this second phase are recorded in the composition of these sediments. Early t9 Late Proterozoic calcareous and arenaceous deposits, which correspond to furid and Semi-ard climatic regimes, were deposited the Cuddapah and Vindhyan basins. These basins “which border or lie within the existing crystalline basement, were uplified during the Cambrian ‘The sediments are generally undeformed and have in many places preserved their original horizontal stratification. The Vindhyans are believe to have been deposited berween ~1700 and 650 Ms Early Paleozoic rocks are found in the Himalayas and consist of southerly derived sediments eroded from the crystalline craton and depesited on the Indian platform In the Late Paleozoic, Permo- Carboniferous glaciations left extensive glacio- Aavial deposits across central India, im new basins created by saginormal faulting. These sites and slacially derived sediments are designated the Gondwanas series The sediments are overlain by rocks resulting from 2 Permian marine transgression Early Paleozoic rocks are found in the Himalayas and consist of southerly derived sediments croded from the erysalline craton and deposited on the Indian platform in the Late Paleozoic, Permo-Carbonifroas glacatoas let extensive glacio-fovial deposits across. central India, in new basins created by sazinormal faulting. These tilites and slacially derwved sediments are designated the Gondwanas series. The sediments are overlain by rocks resulting from a Permian marine transgression The late Paleozoic coincided with the deformation and daft of the Guodwana supercontinent. To this drift the uplift of the Vindhyan sediments and the deposition of sarher peripheral sediments in the Himalayan Sea, can be atibsted During the Jurassic, as Pangea began to nft apart, large erabens formed in central India filisg with Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaccous sandstones and conglomerates. By the Late Cretaceous India had separaicd from Australia and Africa and was moving northward towards Asia. At tis time, prot to the Deccan cruptions, uplift in souther Indiaresulted in sedimentation in the adjacent nascent Indian Ocean. Exposures of these rocks occur ‘along the south Indian coast at Pondicherry and in Tamil Nadu. ‘At the close of the Mesozoic one of the greatest voleanic eruptions in earths history occurred, the Deccan lava flows. Covering more than $00,000 square kilometres (193,051 sq mi) area, ‘these mark the final break from Gondwana. 1.3 Major rock types 13.1 Mesozoic In the Triassic the Ceratte beds, named after the ammonite ceratte, consist of arenaccous limestones, ealcerous sandstones and mars. The Jurassic consists of two distinct units. The Kioto Timestone, extends from the lower the middle Jurassic with a thickness 2,000 fect to 3,000 feet. ‘The upper Jurassic is represented by the Spiti black shales, an stretches fromm the Karakoram to Sikkim. Cretaccous rocks are cover an extensive arca in India. In South Indi, the sedimentary rocks are divided into four stages; the Niniyur, the Ariyalur, the Trichinopol snd the Utarur ‘stages. In the Utatur stage the rocks host phosphatic nodules, which constitute an important ‘Source of phosphates inthe country. In the central provinces, the well developed beds of Lameta ‘contain fossil records which are helpful in estimating the age of the Deccan Traps. This sequence ‘of basaltic rocks was formed near the end of the Cretaceous period due to voleanic activity. ‘These lava flows occupy an area of 200,04K) square miles. These rocks are a source of high ‘quality building stone and also provide a very fertile clayey loam, panicularly suited to cotton cultivation, 13.2 Cenozoic Teritiary period In this penod the Himalayan orogeny beyan, and the volcanisin associated with the Decean ‘Traps continued. The rocks ofthis era have valuable deposits of petroleum and coal. Sandstones fof Eocene age are found in Punjab, which grade into chalky limestones with oil seepages Further north the rocks found in the Simla area are dived into thice series, the Sabathu series ‘consisting of grey and red shales, the Dagshai series comprising bright red clays and the Kasauli ‘series comprising sandstones. Towards the cast in Assam, Nummulitic limestone is found in the Khas hills. Oil is associated with these rocks of the Oligo-Miocene age. Along the foothills of the Himalayas the Siwalik molasse is composed of sandstones, conglomerates and shales with thicknesses of 16,000 feet (4,877 m) 10 20,000 fect (6,096 m) and ranging. from Eocene 10 Pliocene. These rocks are famous for their rich fossil vertebrate fauna including many fossil hominoids.2. Basic concepts of geology 2.1 Introd The sold Earth i composed of rocks and minerals. These two words arc often lumped together, but they mean different things. Minerals: are naturally occuring erytalline compounds that can be defined by a specific chemical composition. In practice, the most common minerals atc idemified by looking at specific physical Dropertics unique to cach: the luster (the way the mineral reflects light), the hardness, the presence or absence of cleavage (the tendency t9 break into at planes) and many others. ‘Rocks: are solid aggregates or mixtures of one or more minerals. In other words, a mineral isa single compound, and analysis of any part will give the same composition. A rock consists of numerous ‘mineral grins in a solid mass and thus will provide different compositions as each different partis tested Rocks are identified as + econ 15 Sedimentary Metamorphic ‘Asa Petroleum engincer we ate more concemed with soimentary racks 2.2 Rock forming minerals There are thousands of different kinds of minerals, but over 95% of the earth's crust fs yeneous rock, and the ipncous rocks wally contain no more than a few minerals and most of these are ‘part of just four groups or farmlies: these are called the igneous rock-forming minerals “The light colored minerals ae s vic and less dense. They ar called the fesie minerals. The darker mafic minerals eosin iron and magnesium, ate denser, and only melt at high temperatures. The rock forming minerals are readily identified by observing certain basic Physical properties. 202.2.1 Igneous rock forming minerals Faldspar: The most common mineral family, the fekispars come in a variety of colors, including pink, white or gray. The most distinctive property isthe tendency of the mineral to split or cleave in two directions. One variety, plagioclase feldspar may exhibit very fine lines, called striations, on some surfaces. These look like record grooves. The pink varity of feldspar is called omboclase or potassium feldspar. All the fekspars can seraich glass. Chemically, the feldspars are aluminum silicates with varying amounts of clei, sodium and potassium ‘Quartz: Quartz is easly distinguished by great hardness (scratches glass), clear or light color (many shades are possible: milky, pinkish, purple, smoky, etc), and unlike the feldspars, it does rot have cleavage. Instead it fractures into smooth rounded surfaces much like glass does ‘Conchoidal fracture). When crystals are presen, they have a distinctive hexagonal shape. Quartz 15 a simple silicate composed only of silicon and oxygen. Mica: A mincral familiar 1o most people, mica’s most distinctive property is the tendeney to ‘leave into very thin sheets. The dark varicty is known as biotite, while the lighter clear variety is muscovite. The micas are softer than glass. Both micas are complex silicates with varying amounts of aluminum, potassium and iron, Ferromagnesian Minerals: These minerals contain iron and magnesium in their chemical structure and are characterized by relative hardness, dark color (except for the bright ereen of olivine), and greater density. Amphibole (homblende) is black and has a poorly developed cleavage. Pyroxene (augite) is usually greenish black, also with cleavage. Olivine has no ‘leavage, occurs in granular masses, and has a bright apple-green glassy appearance. It is a main ‘coustituent of the Earth’s mantle, the very thick layer underlying the thin continental or oceanic ‘cust. Itis also known to many as the gemstone peridot 222 Sedimentary Rock Forming Mincrals Sedimentary rocks make up only a small percentage of the crus, but sediments and sedimentary rocks cover most of the planet's surfaces and sea floor. Sedimentary rocks may contain some of nthe igneous rock-forming minerals (especially quartz), but the process of weathering tends to ‘break the minerals down into new forms. ‘Clay: Around 70%6 of all sediments are composed of the clay minerals. The clays are the ‘Product of the weathering of feldspars and other igneous rock-forming minerals, They are ‘generally characterized by an even fracture, an earthy (or dll) luster, and a distinctive odor (Hike ‘moist soil) when wet. The clays are used in ceramics and building materials (adobe and bricks, for instance), Bentonite clay is a form that oficn develops from the weathering of volcanic ash, fand is exposed widely in several formations on the Colorado Plateau, where it presents cengincering problems because ofthe tendency ofthe clay to absorb water and swell. (Quartz : Quarty is very stable mineral atthe earth's surface, but it will be much changed by sedimentary processes. Although itis often seen as small glassy grains of sand, in other eases, it ‘occurs in a microcrystalline form called chert or agate. Mierocrystalline quartz is found in many colors and forms, but can be distinguished by its extreme hardness (the only common sedimentary mineral that is harder than glass). Chert was often used by Native Americans to construct arrowheads and spear points Calcite and dolomite: Both carbonate minerals. Cal sedimentary rocks together and at times makes up the entire roek (limestone), The most te is offen the cement that binds interesting propeny of calite isthe reaction of cakite when hydrochloric ac is dropped on it fizzes in a reaction called effervescence. Dolomite is similar to calcite in many ways but is less reactive t0 acd and is slightly harder. The carbonate minerals often develop in warm shallow ‘seas by both orgamte processes and by chemical precipitation. Dolomite is often secondary, developing when the already formed limestone reacts with mapnesium rich groundwater. evaporates in coastal bays or desert dry lakes. Halite $s none other than common table salt, and has cubie cleavage. Gypsum has platy cleavage, and is softer than a fingemal. It is used in 9 variety of ways, most commonly as drywall and plaster of Paris.Hematite (reddish brown) and Limonite (yellowish brown) ‘These are oxides of iron (in the most asic Sense they are forms of rust) A small amount of ther mineral is sufficient to stain other rocks bright red, brown or yellow. Many of the spectacularly colorful exposures of sedimentary rock in Grand Canyon, Zion and Bryce Canyon result from the presence ofthese iron ide minerals 23 Rock eycle [Esccntaly all racks are made of the remains of some kind of pre-existing rock. Igneous rocks develop because some previous rock melted, Sedimentary rocks form hecamse previously exposed rocks were weathered. Metamorphic rocks result when previous rocks are changed by Ineat and pressure. Wf they got hot enough, they melt and form magina, This recognition thatthe crust ofthe Earth is avast recycling system was one of the fundamental discoveries that made gevlogy a science two hundred years ago One comoquence of the rock cycle model is the ‘recognition that tly ancient rocks are very rare. Once exposed the rocks a eroded and become 1-46 billion year old Earth are older very oldest rocks date back to only 27 ‘ncomporated into younger rocks. Asa result, a0 rocks than 4 billion yeas, and inthe wester United States, th Dillion years. The oldest rocks on the Colorado Plateau arc but 1.8 billion years old, less than half the age ofthe Fart The Fock Cycle see ek TiC ewes Uplit and exposure Fig: 2.1 Rock Cycle a24 Rock Identification Teneous rocks develop as molten magma cools and crystallizes, cither deep underground (potonic or intrsive igneous) or at the Earth's surface (volcanic or extrusive). Plutonic rocks can be identified by their coarsely crystalline appearance, since erystals can grow large enough to see during the long cooling process deep inthe crus. Volcanic rocks most often have @ very fine crystalline structure hecavse of rapid cooling, so that visible eysals are rare or absent (they ‘ate visible in a microscope however, with the exception of volcanic lass) The igneous rocks are categorized by the mineral content (esi, mafic, or intermediate), which means overall color is a 00d guide to identifying them . Obsidian and pumice are composed of volcanic glass and therefore donot have mineras:+ ] Texture Light (Felsic) Medium (gray) Dark (Matic) 100% Olivine | | Proton Granite | Diorite Gabbro Peridotive (coarse-grained) | | Volcanic ryote Andesite Bast | (ine grainca) | | 1 Table 1 rock went Sedimentary rocks ‘These rocks form as a result of weathering and erosion at the surface of the Earth. Exposed rocks ofall kinds are broken down by erosive processes into smaller bits and pieces, and many ae changed chemically by way of interaction with water, acids, and gases in the atmosphere, expecially carbon dioxide and oxypen. The croded sediments ate deposited in a variety of ‘vironments on land (teresra) at sea (marine), or at the complex boundary between the two, ‘such as beaches or river des (anstional). Clasico detrital sedimentary rocks are composed of Fngments of previously existing rocks and are classified by the size of the grains (coarse, ‘medium or fine). Chemical sedimentary rocks are the products of chemical reactions such as “hen seawater evaporates (mek satis a common example) and are classified the basis of ‘mineral content. Biogenic seimentary rocks form asthe res of organic processes, such asthe ‘roth ofa coral ret (forming limestone) oF the accumulation of undeeayed plant material in a ssvamp (forming coal and peat). They are also clasifid on the basis of composition Sestimantary rocks are lasted as + Chastic sedimentary rocks + Chemical sedimentary rocks Biogenic sedimentary rocks ‘Sedimentary Rock Classificati Fig22_ Classification of sedimentary tock 1-— ‘Seimentary rock is having a great importance in hydrocarbon exploration. Around the world ‘most ofthe reservoirs are found in the sedimentaray rocks ‘Metamorphic rock: when previously existing rocks are buried deeper i the erst, subjecting them to cxtreme heat and pressre. The heat may be provided simply by deep burl. or by the presence of nearby jgncous inrusons. By definition, melting doesnt take place (otherwise the rocks would he Hecous), but minerals are changed by the reactions with hot chemical solutions into new and ferent minerals. Intense presure results in layering or fineatios in the rock refered to as {Gliaton. Metamorphic rocks are subvided on the bass of whether thy are foliated o¢ not Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earths crust and are classified by texture and by ‘chemical and mineral assemblage (metamorphic facies). They may be formed simply by being ‘deep beneath the Fant’ surface, subjected to high temperatures and the gest pressure of the Fock layers above it They can form from teconic processes such a continental collisions, which ‘cause horizontal presut, friction and distortion. They are also formed when rock is heated up bby the intrusion of hot molien rock called magma from the Ears interior. The study of ‘metamorphic rocks (now exposed at the Eart’s surface following erosion and upli) provides ‘formation about the temperatures and pressures Ut occur at great depths within the Earth's Crust. Some examples of metamorphic rocks are gneiss sat, marble, schist, and quart Metamogphic minerals ave those that form ooly atthe high temperatures and pressures associted ‘with the process of metamorphism. These minerals, known as index minerals. include sillimanite,kyanite, sturoie, andalusite, and some garne3. Field work locations 3 Location: 1 Village: Kondagudem Time 7:57AM ‘The village Pangidi near Rajahmundry i frst location of our visit. I consist different types of rock traps which are in arranged form “The traps we observed are Al igneous Rocks These are the racks formed by the solidification of magma cither underneath the sure of above ICs divided into two types (a) Intrusive Igneous Rocks Extrusive igneous __ Intrusive igneous ‘These are formed underneath the surface fOCK formation rock formation fof earth. Iniusive igneous rocks such as | that solidify below car's surface (b) Extrusive Igneous Rocks These are due to the consolidation of magma above surface ofthe cath. These are also known as volcanic rocks Fuunusive igneous rocks suchas andesite, basalt, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite and scona that solidity on or shove earth's surface. Bucsecan Fig: 31 Inrusive and Extrusive Rocks ‘On the basis ofthe depth of formation, intrusive rocks ate of twa types In the middle of the both igncous rocks we find a clay deposition by the river Pranahitha Godavari and the top most layer is covered witha red colored layer mtcial called laterite soi vPlatonic rocks, which are formed at very great depths Hypabyssal rocks, which are formed at shallow depth ‘These are the extrusve rock that find at location: 1 Hypabyssal rocks at location: 1 Fig: 3.3 rocks with columnar joints Important features of igneous rocks: 1. Generally hard, massive, compaet with interlocking grains 2. Entire absence of fossils 3. Absence of hoding planes 44 nelosing rocks are hake 5. Usually contain much feldspar iB sil32 Locati Villag Komatigunta Time 1002 AM ere we find the outcrop shale rock called Raghavspuram shale roe. Fig: 3.4 Ray Shale isa fine-grained, clastic scdimentary rock composed of mud that isa mix of flakes of cla sized particles) i variable rmincrals and tiny fragments (5 “The ratio of clay to other material ther minerals, especially quartz and calcite Properties 1, Shale isa compact material having porosity 2. The permeability of shale rock is zero. 3. Free gas present within the rock particles 4. Effective porosity ~caleulated as volume of interconnected pores by bulk volume of the rock3.3 Location: 3 Village: Jangaredlyguddem Time © 11:25AM ere we find the sedimentary rock Sedimentary rocks. “These rocks have been derived from the pre-cuisting rocks, through the process of erosion. transportation and deposition by various natural agencies like wind water glacier te The loose ‘sediments which are deposited undergo the process of compaction and the resulting products are ‘known as sedimentary rocks. Fig: 3.5 Sand stone ‘These are the residual deposits, formed! atthe ste ofthe pre-existing rocks from which they have been derived. These are not formed by the process of transportation rocks: Important features of sedimentary 1. Generally soft straiie, i characterstically bedded 2 Suatification, lamination, cross-bedding, ripple marks mud-cracks, etc we the usual 3. No effect onthe enclosing oF the top an bottom rocks, 4. Quart, clay minerals, calcite dolomite and hematite are the common minerals, 23.4 Location: 4 Village: Duddukury Time + 1 00PM The village Duddakuru is eur fourth location near Koyyalagudem. Here we find basalt layer rock, turritetla fossil basalt rock “The above image is interface basalt and mat 1 of manne encroachment 3.5 Location: 5 Vilage: Meenanagar Time :2.000M The fourth action our fed vist 's Mceranogar near Rajahmundry. Here we fd sedimentary rock ‘beds This shows unconformity in the sedimentary rock sur Peeples PEBBLES, cosscis n«4 3.6 Location: 6 Village: Boramurs Time 5.10PM The last location of our field work is Bornmura near Rajahmundry. The bed formation is consist of altemative deposition silt and Godavari clay Inter-trappean beds tive positon in bed formation hence they ae * Material calle silt. ts duet the deposition ofthe nver Pranabitha Godavari 4 —_| These taps are in alterative position in be formation hence 1-6 |" they are called inter trappean beds. The composition ofthese ods contain clay material it dic tothe depetion of the river Prana nighlights of field workshop 1 sample collected a village Duddukurs near koyyalaguden isthe interface of basalt and marine fossils turritetla fossil basalt rock 42 Location: 6 “The inter trappean beds present 3 location 6 was protects rotextd from crown by a basalt layer. So these beds are6. Conclusion “The field on trip is conducted in 22.08.2015 morning 5:00AM. Then our field work started with the location:1 Kondagudem near Pangidi. We collected several samples each sample from Glfferent rock types. It helps a lotto learn about the Decean traps. And classification of different beds. We learned some more properties like intrusive and extrusive rocks in class room but it is clear by watching them in the field. The concept of infra-trappean and intra-trappean is very Clear atthe location:1 and Location:6. We saw extrusive outcrop shale rock at Location:2 and feature of unconformity at Location:S. At the field work we are come up many doubts and they are clarified at a time. During the ficld work we have all entered into the quarries for collection ‘of samples. In case of any inconvenience of health It might be better to provide some ‘commodities like fist aid kit for treatment. My request isto conduct a lot of such field work in a ‘Semester to develop our self ina practical way. I request principal si to provide a special bus to Petroleum department for field works and technical tours and to provide more instruments Tike sgcological hammers, chisels ee. for collecting fossils, rock samples etc. AS a petroleum engineer itis necessary and beneficial for us to leam from such kind of field works. Iam feeling happy for conducting a successful feld work in this semester. I hope to increase this number in future. 5