PersonPerception

judgementswemakeaboutpeople,typicallybaseduponnotmuchinformation,ex.,judgingabookby
itscover
FacecuesUniversalfacialexpressions:surprise,anger,happiness,sadness,disgust,fear
Hansen&Hansen(1988)TheFaceintheCrowdEffect
BabyFaces
Characterizedbyaroundface,highforehead,largeeyes,smallnose,smallchin(Zebrowitz&Montepare,
2005)
BabyfaceOvergeneralizationEffectBabyfacedpeoplejudgedtohavechildliketraits(Zebrowitz&
Montepare,1992);perceivedtobeweak,nave,compassionate,honest(Keating&colleagues,2003)
Receivemorehelp(Keating&colleagues,2003)
Recommendedforjobsrequiringwarmth,butnotforjobsrequiringleadership(Zebrowitz&colleagues,
1991)
Adultsusemorebabytalkwithbabyfacedchildren(Zebrowitz&colleagues,1992)andparentsgiveless
cognitivelydemandingchorestobabyfacedchildren(Zebrowitz&colleagues,1991)
TeddyBearEffectBlackCEOsaremorebabyfacedandjudgedtobewarmerthanWhiteCEOs,and
babyfacedBlackCEOsearnmorethanmaturefacedBlackCEOs(babyfacednessseemstoreducethe
stereotypethatBlacksarethreatening;Livingston&Pearce,2009)
Bodylanguage(kinesics)
Montepare&ZebrowitzMcArthur(1988)gaitandage
Emblemsandillustrators
Extendingthemiddlefingerincreasesgesturershostileperception;extendingthethumbincreases
gesturersfavorableperception[butonlyforwomen](Chandler&Schwarz,2009)
Voicecues(paralanguage)
MoreonNonVerbalCommunication
1.Distancingcues(e.g.,Fleming&Rudman,1993;Johnson&colleagues,2003)
2.TheIllusionofTransparency
Peopleoverestimatehowapparenttheirdisgustistoothers(Gilovich&colleagues,1998)
Negotiatorsoverestimatehowapparenttheirpreferencesaretoothers(VanBoven&colleagues,2003)
Publicspeakersoverestimatehowapparenttheiranxietyistotheaudience(MacInnis&colleagues,2010)
Awarenessoftheillusionimprovespublicspeaking(Savitsky&Gilovich,2003)
3.Mimicry
Peoplemimicunconsciously(Chartrand&Dalton,2007)
Waitresseswhoverballymimiccustomersreceivelargertips(vanBaaren&colleagues,2003a)
Negotiatorswhomimicreceivebetteroutcomes(Maddux&colleagues,2008)
Collectivistsmimicmore(vanBaaren&colleagues,2003b)
Attribution
FoundedbyFritzHeider(1958)
Twobranches:
1.Causalattributionthestudyofexplanationsforbehavior
2.Correspondenttraitinferencethestudyofjudgmentsaboutpersonality

ThreePerspectivesonCausalAttribution
1.IntuitiveScientistsandLogicalExplanations:
Kelley's(1967)Covariation(ANOVA)Model
A.Consensushowothersreact
B.Distinctivenesshowthepersonreactsacrosssituations
C.Consistencyhowthepersonhasreactedinthissituationovertime
CovariationPrinciplePeopleattributebehaviortothecausewithwhichitcovaries
2.CognitiveMisersandTopOfTheHeadExplanations
Suggestswedrawattributionsbasedonsalience
Aggressivebehaviorattributedmoretothevictimwhenthevictimhasredhairoralegbrace(McArthur
&Solomon,1980)
Apersonsbehaviorisattributedmoretootherswhentheothersarebrightlylitormoving(McArthur&
Post,1977)
Peopleplacemoreresponsibilityonconversantstheyarefacing(Taylor&Fiske,1975)
3.StoryUnderstandersandTheoryDrivenExplanations
Suggestswedrawattributionsbasedonbackgroundknowledge(Knowledgebasedcausalattribution;
Hilton&Slugoski,1986)
CulturalDifferencesinCausalAttribution
Miller(1984)U.S.andIndia
Morris&Peng(1994)U.S.andChina
Hong&colleagues(2000)PeoplewithexperienceinU.S.andChineseculturemakemoresituational
attributionswhenprimedwithChineseicons(e.g.,Chinesedragon)thanU.S.icons(e.g.,Americanflag)
However:Menon&colleagues(1999),Chiu&colleagues(2000)
MallesFolkConceptualTheoryofExplanation
Emphasizesdifferencebetweenintentionalandunintentionalbehaviors
Dispositionalandsituationalcausesworkforunintentionalbehaviors(e.g.,tripandfall)
Intentionalbehaviorexplainednotbycauses,butbyreasons(beliefs,desires)
IfCharissegoestoNKU,isitbecauseshelikesNKU(dispositional)orbecauseNKUisgood
(situational)?
ActorObserverDifferences
TheclassicActorObserverHypothesis(observersexplainmoredispositionally,actorsmoresituationally)
Malle(2006)findslittlesupportfortheclassicview
However,thereareactorobserverdifferences(Malle&colleagues,2007)
Actorsgivemorereasons(IdeclaredabusinessmajorbecauseIminterestedinbusiness),butobservers
givemorecausalhistoryofreasons(Hedeclaredabusinessmajorbecausehegrewuparoundbusiness
people)
CorrespondentTraitInferences
Jones&Davis'(1965)CorrespondentInferenceTheory
DiscountingandtheCorrespondenceBias
Kelley's(1973)DiscountingPrinciple:Ifbehaviormatchesthesituation,behaviorshouldbediscountedas
anindicatorofthetarget'sdisposition

Jones&Harris(1967)CastroStudy
Correspondencebias:thetendencytoinferthatpersonalitycorrespondstobehavior(drawa
correspondenttraitinference)whenthesituationiscanexplainthebehavior
TheCorrespondenceBias
Weinferthatapersonhasananxiouspersonalityevenwhenweknowthediscussiontopicsareanxiety
provoking(Snyder&Frankel,1976)
Weinferthatapersonspoliticalviewscorrespondtohisanswers,evenwhenheisreadinganswerswe
askedhimtoread(Gilbert&Jones,1986)
Wegivehigherevaluationstostudentswhohavehighergrades,evenwhenthosegradesreflectthe
schoolsgradingstandards(Moore&colleagues,2010)
Weinferthatactorsandactressespersonalitiesmatchtherolestheyplay(TalOr&Papirman,2007)
However,CBisnotnecessarilyanerror(e.g.,chosensituations,superfluoussituations;Gilbert&Malone,
1995)
ExplanationsfortheCorrespondenceBias
Gilbert&Malone(1995)
1.LackofawarenessRoss&colleagues(1977)
2.UnrealisticexpectationsBierbrauer(1979)
3.IncompletecorrectionsGilbertsModel(Gilbert&colleagues,1988)
4.Inflatedcategorizationsperceptualassimilation(e.g.,Trope,1986)
CorrespondentSituationalInferences
Krull&Dill(1996)Situationalinferencescanbefirst
Krull&Erickson(1995)Discountingforpersonalitycanbedifficult
CultureandtheCorrespondenceBias
Correspondencebiasoccursacrosscultures(Krull&colleagues,1999)
But,collectivistsshowlessbias:
whensituationsaresalient(Choi&Nisbett,1998)
whenpeoplearedistracted(Knowles&colleagues,2001)
whenthebehaviorisunpersuasive(Miyamoto&Kitayama,2002)
ReedersMultipleInferenceModel(MIM)
LikeMalle,Reedersuggeststhedispositionalsituationaldistinctionisinsufficientforintentional
behaviors,forwhichpeopleinfermotivesandusethemtoinfertraits
Wehavealessfavorableviewofapersonwhoshockssomeoneformoneythantoretaliate(Reeder&
colleagues,2002)
Wehavealessfavorableviewofahelperifwesuspectulteriormotives(Reeder&colleagues(2004)
Wehaveamorefavorableviewofsomeonewhohelpswillinglythangrudgingly,evenifthegrudging
helperhelpsmore(andtheeffectofmotiveisevenstrongerwhenwearedistracted;Krull&colleagues,
2008)
SpontaneousInferences
1.CuedRecallparadigmWinter&Uleman(1984)
2.RelearningparadigmCarlston&Skowronski(1994)
3.RecognitionProbeparadigmUleman&colleagues(1996)

ThePowerofFirstImpressions
Asch(1946)sixtraits
Tworeasonswhyfirstimpressionsarepowerful:
1.ChangeofMeaningEffectOurimpressionaffectsthemeaningoflaterinformation(impulsivecouldbe
seenasspontaneousinsomeonewelikeordangerousinsomeonewedislike)
2.HaloEffectMeaningofinformationisnotchanged,butreactionsareacombinationoftheimpression
andtheinformation(impulsivedoesntchange,butwereactdifferentlytoimpulsivenessinsomeonewe
likeversussomeonewedislike)