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1. INTRODUCTION
Buildings as they are designed and used today, contribute to serious environmental
problems because of excessive conception of energy and other natural resources. The close
connection between energy use in buildings and environmental damage arises because energy
intensive- solutions sought to construct a building and meets it demands for heating, cooling,
ventilation and lighting cause severe depletion of invaluable environmental resources.
Buildings consume,
70% of the Electricity
39% of Private Energy
25% of all water supplies
39% of all raw materials
And as the same time;
Buildings generate,
35% of Solid Wastes
36% of CO2 emissions
46% of SO2 emissions
19% of NOx emissions
10% of fine particulate emissions
Our need is reduce the energy use and minimize the natural impacts and improve energy
efficiency and improve building efficiency. So good to go to green building
Green building one which minimize the energy use and maximize the renewable energy use
with out compromising human health and comfort. Five major areas is
Sustainable site planning.
Safeguarding water and water efficiency.
Energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Conservation of materials and resources.
Indoor environmental quality.
Locate projects on sites away from wetlands, above the 100-year flood level, away from
prime agricultural land and away from endangered or threatened species habitat. Locate projects
on sites where there is already urban infrastructure to serve them. Locate projects on brown field
sites that have been remediated of contamination; these usually have infrastructure already in
place. Provide opportunities and building infrastructure for people to commute to work using
public transit and bicycles. Minimize parking to discourage excessive auto use. Provide lowemission vehicles and car-sharing arrangements to reduce gasoline use. Protect open space in site
development and restore open space on already impacted sites. Manage storm water to reduce
the rate and quantity of storm water runs, and use best practices to clean storm water before it
leaves the Site.
pavement that cause heating of the area around a building in summer, leading to more airconditioning use. Control interior and exterior light from leaving the site, helping to make skies
darker at night.
cabinetry. Purchase 50% or more of the wood products in the building from forests certified for
sustainable harvesting and good management practices.
1.3.5 INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Provide non-smoking buildings, or separate ventilation systems where smoking is
allowed (such as in high-rise housing). Monitor delivery of outside air ventilation so that it
responds to demand by using sensors for carbon dioxide levels to adjust air flow. Provide for
30% increased ventilation above code levels, or natural ventilation of indoor work areas, to
increase the amount of healthy air in the building. Conduct construction activities so that there is
clean air at the startup of systems and no dust or moisture in materials such as ductwork and
sheet rock. The idea is to get rid of new-building smell and its associated toxicity. Use lowemitting materials in the building to reduce sources of future contamination ,including off
gassing from paints and coatings, adhesives and sealants, carpets and backing and composite (or
engineered) wood or agric fiber products. Make sure that areas where chemicals are mixed or
used (such as in house printing plants or large copy rooms) are separately ventilated, and install
walk-off mats or grilles at building entrances to capture contaminants before they enter the
building. Provide for individual thermal comfort of building occupants, with respect to
temperature and humidity. Provide for occupant control of building lighting and ventilation
systems. Provide for adequate day lighting of interior work spaces, using both vision glazing
and overhead light sources such as skylights and roof monitors (vertical glazing). Provide for
views of the outdoors from at least 90% of all workspaces so that people can connect with the
environment.
IGBC is the regulatory authority in India that has set guidelines for green buildings. It aims to
usher a green building movement and facilitate India as one of the world leaders in green
buildings.
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Categories:
Sustainable Sites
Materials and Resources
Water Efficiency
Energy and Atmosphere
Innovation and Design
Indoor Environmental Quality
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Points are earned when all the pre-requisites are met with.
Certified (26 32 Points)
Silver (33 38 Points)
Gold (39-51 Points)
Platinum (52 69 Points)
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. SOLAR PASSIVE TECHNIQUES
Passive systems provide thermal and visual comfort by using natural energy sources and
sinks e.g. solar radiation, outside air, sky, wet surfaces, vegetation, and thermal gains. Energy
flows in these systems are by natural means such as radiation, conduction, and convection with
minimal or no use of mechanical means. The solar systems vary from one climate to the other.
for example in a cold climate, an engineers aim would be to design a building in such a way that
solar gains are maximized, but in a hot climate, the engineers primary aim would be to reduce
solar gains, and maximize natural ventilation.[1]
2.2. ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Once the passive solar architectural concepts are applied to a design, the load on
conventional systems (HVAC AND LIGHTING) is reduced. Further energy convention is
possible by judicious design of the artificial lighting and HVAC system using energy- efficient
equipment, controls, and operation strategies.[1]
2.3. RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
To meet a part of building load. The pressure on the earths nonrenewable resources can
be alleviated by judicious use of earths renewable resources. I.e. solar energy. Use of solar
energy for meeting electrical needs of a building can further reduce conception of conventional
form of energy.[1]
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adverse conditions, and taking advantage of the desirable conditions. A few common design
elements that directly or indirectly affect thermal comfort conditions and there by the energy
consumption in a building and listed below,[3]
Landscaping
Ratio of built form to open spaces
Location of water bodies
Orientation
Building envelope and fenestration
2.4.1. LANDSCAPING
Landscaping is an important element in alternatively the microclimate of a place. proper
landscaping reduces direct sun from striking and heating up building surface. It prevents
reflected light carrying heat in to a building from the ground or other surfaces. Landscaping
creates different air flow patterns and can be used to direct or divert the wind advantageously by
causing a pressure difference.[3]
2.4.2 BUILDING FORM / SURFACE TO VOLUME RATIO
The volume of space inside a building that needs to be heated or cooled and its
relationship with the area of the envelope enclosing the volume affect the thermal performance
of the building. This parameter, known as the surface to volume ratio, is determined by the
building form.[3]
2.4.3 LOCATION WATER BODIES
Water is a good modifier of microclimate. It takes up a large amount of heat in
evaporation and causes significant cooling especially in a hot and dry climate. In humid climates
water should be avoided as it adds to humidity.[16]
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2.4.4 ORIENTATION
Building orientation is a significant design consideration, mainly with regard to solar
radiation and wind. in predominantly cold regions, building should be oriented to maximize solar
gain, the reverse is advisable for hot regions.[17]
2.4.5 BUILDING ENVELOPE AND FENESTRATION
The building envelope and its components are key determinants of the amount of heat
gain and loss and wind that enters inside. The primary elements affecting the performances of a
building envelope are
Materials and construction techniques
Roof
Walls
Fenestration and shading
Finishes
2.5. MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
2.5.1 MATERIALS WITH LOW EMBODIED ENERGY
Choice of building materials is important in reducing the energy content of buildings
strain on conventional energy can be reduced by use of low- energy materials, efficient structural
design and reduction in transportation energy.[15]
The choice of materials also helps to maximize indoor comfort use of materials and a component
with low embodied energy has been demonstrated in various buildings. The innovative materials
and constructions techniques to reduce embodied energy of the building and attain the desired
comfort conditions conductive to the warm and humid climate.[17]
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2.5.4 WALLS
Walls are a major part of the building envelope and receive large amounts of solar
radiation. The heat storage capacity and heat conduction property of walls are key to meeting
desired thermal comfort conditions. The wall thickness, material and finishes can be chosen
based on the heating and cooling needs of the building. Appropriate thermal insulation and air
cavities in walls reduce heat transmission in to the building, which is the primary aim in a hot
region.[8]
2.5.5 AIR CAVITIES
Air cavities with in walls or an attic space in the roof ceiling combination reduce the solar
heat gain factor, thereby reducing space conditioning loads. The performance improves if the
void is ventilated. Heat is transmitted through the air cavity by convection and radiation. A cavity
represents a resistance, which is not proportional to its thickness for a thickness > 20mm reduces
radiative heat transfer from roof to ceiling. The radi active component of heat transfer may be
reduced by using low emissivity or high reflective coating (e.g. aluminum foil) on either surface
facing the cavity with aluminum foil attached to the top of ceiling, the resistance for download
heat flow increases to about 0.7 m2 k/w compared to 0.21 m2k/w in the absence of the foil. [4]
2.5.6 FENESTRATION AND SHADING
Of all the elements in the building envelope, windows and other glazed areas are most
vulnerable to heat gain or losses. Proper location, sizing, and detailing of windows and shading
from an important part of bioclimatic design as they help to keep the sun and wind out of a
building or allow them when needed.
The location of openings for ventilation is determined by prevalent wind direction, openings at
higher levels naturally aid in venting out hot air. Size, shape, and orientation of openings
moderate air velocity and flow in the room. A small inlet and a large outlet increase the velocity
and distribution of air flow through room.[5]
2.5.7 FINISHES
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The external finish of a surface determines the amount of heat absorbed or rejected by it.
For example, a smooth and light color surface reflects more light and heat in comparison to a
dart color surface. Lighter color surfaces have higher emissivity and should be ideally used for
warm climate.[5]
2.6 ADVANCED PASSIVE HEATING TECHNIQUES
Advanced passive heating techniques are used by architects in building design to achieve
thermal comfort conditions in cold climate. Passive solar heating systems can be broadly
classified in to direct gain systems and indirect gain systems.[6]
2.6.1 DIRECT GAIN
Direct gain is the most common passive solar system. In this system, sun light enters
rooms through windows, warming the interior space. The glazing system is generally located on
the southern side to receive maximum sun light during winter ( in the northern hemisphere). The
glazing system is usually double glazed, with insulating curtains to reduce heat loss during
night. South facing glass admits solar energy in to the building, where it strikes thermal storage
materials such as floors or wall made of adobe, brick, concrete, stone, and water. The direct gain
system uses 60% - 75% of solar energy striking the windows. The interior thermal mass tempers
the intensity of heat at night, the thermal radiation heat in to the living space, thus warming the
spaces.[17]
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In an indirect gain system, thermal mass is located between the sun and the living space.
The thermal mass absorbs the sun light that strikes it and transfers it to the living space. The
indirect gain system uses 30%-45% of suns energy striking the glass adjoining the thermal mass.
A few commonly used indirect gain systems are[17]
Trombe wall
Water wall
Roof based air heating system
Sun spaces
2.7 ADVANCED PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES
Before the turn of the century, buildings were designed to take advantage of daily
temperature variations, convective breeze, shading, evaporative cooling and radiation cooling.
However, with a thoughtless imitation of the west, these concepts took a back seat and buildings
became energy guzzlers. Today, with high energy costs and growing environmental concerns,
many of these similar techniques are once again becoming attractive. Passive cooling system rely
on natural heat Sinks to remove heat from the building. They derive cooling directly from
evaporation, convection and radiation without using any intermediate electrical devices. All
passive cooling strategies rely on daily changes in temperature and relative humidity. The
applicability of each system depends on the climatic conditions.[11]
2.7.1 VENTILATION
Outdoor breezes create air movement through the house interior by the push pull effect of
positive air pressure on the wind ward side and negative pressure (suction) on the leeward side.
Good natural ventilation requires locating openings in opposite pressure zones. Also, designers
often choose to enhance natural ventilation using fall spaces called stacks in buildings with
openings near the top of stacks, warm air can escape where as cooled air enters the building
from openings near the ground.[14]
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In a wind tower, the hot air enters the tower through the openings in the tower, gets cooled
And thus becomes heavier and sinks down, the inlet and outlet of room induce cool air
movement in the presence of wind, air is cooled more effectively and flows faster down the
tower and in to the living area.[14]
2.7.3 EVPERATIVE COOLING
Evaporative cooling lowers indoor air temperature by evaporating water. If is effective in hot
and dry climate where the atmospheric humidity is low. In evaporative cooling, the sensible heat
of air is used to evaporative water, there by cooling the air, which in turn, cools the living spare
of the building. Increase in contact between water and air increases the rate of evaporation.[1]
2.7.4 PASSIVE DOWN DRAFT COOLING
Evaporative cooling has been used for many centuries. In this system, wind catchers guide
outside air over water filled pots, inducing evaporation and causing a significant drops in
temperature before the air enters the interior such wind catches become primary elements of the
architectural form also. Passive down draft evaporative cooling is particularly effective in hot
and dry climates.[1]
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3. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
Lot of issues may arising, when we construct a building such as size, cost, material,
durability etc. But we should not neglect the importance of efficient energy usage in order
improve the overall energy efficiency of the building. It will reduce the energy demand and other
natural impacts due to building construction. It will further reduce the cooling load of the
building.
Walls are a major part of the building envelope that receives large amount of solar
radiation. The heat storage capacity and heat conduction property of walls are key to meet the
desired thermal comfort conditions inside a building. The wall thickness, material and finishes
can be chosen based on the heating and cooling needs of the building. Appropriate thermal
insulation in the walls may reduce the heat transmission in to the building, which should be the
primary objective fir a green building in hot climate regions.
The objective of this work is to improve the energy efficiency of the building by
providing thermal insulation on the walls to reduce the cooling load of the building by doing
experimental work.
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4. SOLUTION METHODOLOGY
4.1 CLAY HOLLOW BRICKS
Clay hollow bricks are going to be the future construction material (fig.4.1)and(fig.4.2).
Clay hollow bricks are strong, solid material that blends itself well to high rise construction at
minimum dead loads. The reduced dead load results in substantial savings on steel and concrete.
Further savings are possible due to the light weight, which ensures faster transportation and ease
of handling at the site. The air in the perforations of clay hollow bricks ensures good thermal
insulation. Hence, it can maintain a pleasant temperature inside a building even during summer
which ensures lower energy consumption and cost savings.
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and 1200
which
makes them withstand fire naturally. It also does not produce harmful vapors in the event of a
fire.Being composed of a natural material; clay hollow bricks are an assured way to lower the
relative humidity inside your home. The atmosphere of your home can be maintained at a
comfortable level because of its unique properties bestowing it with a longer life span and
comfortable living for generations to come.
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5. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Two identical model rooms with the following dimensions are constructed (fig. 5.1) and
(fig 5.2)
Length 1 meter
Width - 1 meter
Height - 1.5 meter
One model room will be constructed by using ordinary clay brick, where as the Other
model room to be constructed by using clay hollow bricks. the temperature variations through
the walls from outside to inside will be continuously monitored and recorded with the help of
thermo couples and data logger attached with a computer and the results are used to compare the
impact of heat gain in two rooms.
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values automatically.
It can detect output going beyond the limit specified.
It takes corrective actions.
To record are select reading on Varity of output devices, data loggers are used.
It can pars the data to a computer for further processing.
Data logger takes care of measurement rangers and speed
5.3 THEMOCOUPLE
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6.1 thermocouple
Depending upon the wires used thermocouples is capable of measuring
temperature in range of -200
to + 2500 .
Thermocouples are rugged devices that are immune to shock and vibrations are
suitable for hazards environment.
Thermocouple responds rapidly temperature changes
Thermocouples are not prone to self heating and are intrinsically safe.
7. VISION
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7. CONCLUSION
The objective of this project to study various wall insulation materials and various energy
saving opportunities in the building. Wall contributes for a good percent of heat infiltration in to
the building when exposed to sun light. The aim of this project phase I work is to propose the
effect of the thermal insulation and study the various properties of the thermal insulating material
through extensive literature survey. On that note, extensive literature survey was done by myself
and also the experimental setup and the instruments required for the experimental analysis has
been procured.
8. REFERENCES
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Concepts and Architectural Interventions Civil Engineering & Architecture Vol. 55, No. 1(2012)
[2] Dr. Mohammad S. Al-Homoud, Performance characteristics and practical applications of
common building thermal insulation materials ( Building and Environment 40 (2005) 353366)
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[8] Danielle E.M. Bond, William W. Clark, Mark Kimber Configuring wall
layers for improved insulation performance
Margot
Pellegrino,
Biswajit
Thakur,
Himadri
Guha,
Marco
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[15] Guo Lingun, Guo Yangun, (2011) Study on building materials and
indoor pollution(procedia engineering 21 (2011) 789 794)
[16] Lee Xia Sheng, Tamil Salvi mari, Ati Rose Mary Mohd Ariffin,
Haxreena Hussein,(2011) Integrated sustainable roof design (procera
engineering 21 (2011) 846 852)
[17] Pan Ferg, (2011) Brief discussion of green buildings (procedia
engineering 21(2011) 939 942)
[18] Pan Feng, Wu Xingkuan,(2011) sustainable development of high
rise building(procedia engineering 21(2011) 943-947)
[19] Energy efficient buildings in India Mili Majumdar
[20] Green building A to Z.- Jerry Yudelson.
[21] Smart breating walls for integrated ventilation, heat exchange,
energy efficiency & air filteration.- M.S.Imbabi, A. Peacock.