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CELLULAR

respiration
January 3, 2016

S E M E S T E R

O N E

P R O J E C T

VOCABULARY
KEY
R e a c t a n t

a n d

p r o c e s s

w
v

o r

P r o d u c t

i t h i n

c r

OXIDIZATION
Achemicalreactioninwhich
energyisreleasedratherthan
absorbed

AEROBIC
WithOxygen

GLUCOSE
Sugarthatcanbefoundinfoods

ACETYL CO-A
Therawmaterialforthekrebscycle;
DeliversacetylgrouptoKrebscycle
tobeoxidizedforenergyproduction

CATABOLIC
Achemicalreactionthatdepends
onthebreakingdownofbondsfor
energy

EXERGONIC
Achemicalreactioninwhich
energyisreleasedratherthan
absorbed

REDUCTION
Gainofelectron;gainof
hydrogen

ANAEROBIC
WithoutOxygen

PYRUVATE
Therawmaterialforthekrebs
cycle

KREBS CYCLE
thesequenceofreactionsby
whichmostlivingcellsgenerate
energyduringtheprocessof
aerobicrespiration

VOCABULARY
CONTINUED

GLYCOLYSIS
Theanaerobicphaseofcellularrespirationin
whichglucoseisbrokendowninto2
moleculesofpyruvate.
CellularRespirationstartswithGlycolysisno
matterifit'saerobicoranaerobic
Figure1:GlucoseMolecule

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
TheproductionofATPusingenergy
derivedfromtheredoxreactionsof
anelectrontransportchain

ETHANOL FERMENTATION

Acatabolicprocessthatproducesa
smallamountofenergyinthe
absenceofoxygen;Pyruvateis
convertedintoethanol

Figure2:CellularRespirationOverview

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

Acatabolicprocessthatproducesa
smallamountofenergyinthe
absenceofoxygenthatmainly
happensinanimalsmusclecells,
PyruvateisconvertedtoLactate

Figure3:PyruvateMolecue

GLYCOLYSIS
The First Step to Cellular Respiration

Figure4:GlycolysisOverview

step 1:
Glucose,a6carbonmoleculeissplitinto
twothreecarbonmoleculesofpyruvate

Note:

therearetwophases
energyinvestment
phasewhen2ATP
step 2:
getsused,and
2NAD+isreducedinto2NADH energypayoffphase,
where4ATPgets
step 3:
gained
Thisproduces4ATPHoweverbecauseit
requires2ATP,netproductionisonlytwo
ATP

THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE ( KREBS

CYCLE )
Step 2 In Cellular Respiration

Founded by Hans Kreb

Every reaction is mediated by an
enzyme
1 acetyl CoA, 3 NAD+, 1 FADH,
and 1 ADP are input
2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 , and 1
ATP are produced
This cycle happens twice per
glucose

Figure5:TheCitricAcidCycle

STEP 1:
CONVERSION

STEP 2:
REDUCTION

Pyruvateisconverted
intocitricacid(aka
citrate)using
oxaloacetate
Carbonsareoxidized
into2CO2

3moleculesofNAD+
arereducedintoNADH
1moleculeofFADis
reducedintoFADH2

Figure6:NAD+Molecule

STEP 3:
PRODUCTION

ATP is
produced!!!
Citrateisconverted
backintooxaloacetate

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
3RD STEP TO CULLULAR RESPIRATION

STEP ONE
Reduced Electron shuttles, NADH and
FADH, are oxidized at the electron
transport chain.

Figure7:HumansgothroughCellular
Respiration

STEP TWO
Electronsflowthroughproteinsinchaindrivenby
theincreasingelectronegativityofthemembers
ofthechain

STEP THREE
Freeenergyreleasedbyelectronsmoves
protons,H+,againsttheirconcentrationgradient
intotheintermembranespace

STEP FOUR

Figure8:PlantsgothroughCellular
Respiration

Oxygenacquires4electronsandtwoprotonsitis
convertedintowater,whichisreleasedasa
wasteproduct

Figure9:AnimalsgothroughCellular
Respiration

CHEMIOSMOSIS
ETCestablishesprotongradient
Protonsmustuseaproteinchannel,ATPsynthase,
toexitintermembranespace
AsprotonsrushthroughATPSynthaseenergy
releasedisusedtocatalyzeADPandPintoATP;32
IshATPisReleased

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Whenundergoingcellularrespirationwithout
accesstooxygen,anorganismcanstillget
energythroughfermentation

STEPS:
NADHisoxidizedbackintoNAD+
Pyruvatereducedintodifferentcompound;thewaste
productethanolorlacticacid
EnablesGlycolysistokeepgoingwithoutneedforcitric
acidcycle

model
e t h a n o l
f e r m e n t a t i o n

Yeasts are single-celled fungi. Like the cells in your body, they can get energy from sugar
molecules. They can also break down larger carbohydrate molecules (like starches present in flour)
into simple sugar molecules, which are then processed further.
This process is called cellular respiration. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to breakdown
carbohydrates (sugar) into carbon dioxide and water with capture of some of the energy in the
form of ATP. This all takes place in the mitochondria. (Respiration can take place in the presence or
absence of oxygen (aerobic vs. anaerobic conditions.)
Cellular Respiration Equation:
Glucose +Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
C6H12O6

O2

CO2 + H2O + ATP

Yeast can take out more energy from sugar when oxygen is present in their environment. In the
absence of oxygen, yeast switch to an alternative pathway that does not require oxygen. This
process is called fermentation. With fermentation, yeast can still get energy from sugar, but less
energy is made from each sugar molecule. This process allows the yeast to survive and grow where
no oxygen is available.
Fermentation partially breaks down the sugar and a small amount of energy is captured in the form
of ATP, and a different product is formed. During fermentation in yeast, the products are carbon
dioxide and alcohol. Alcoholic fermentation in yeast can be used to make wine or beer.
Fermentation Equation:
C6H12O6 2(CH3CH2OH) + 2CO2 + energy
(alcohol)
We can respire in both ways too. Normally we use oxygen, but when we are running in a race, we
may not get enough oxygen into our blood, so our muscles start to respire without oxygen. Unlike
yeast we produce lactic acid, this causes the burning sensation and cramping in the muscles.

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