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Amplifier
Roberto Arroba, Javier Cargua, Karina Rocha, Adriana Guayasamin
Escuela Po litcnica Nacional
Quito, Ecuador
jorge.arroba@epn.edu.ec,
javier.cargua@epn.edu.ec.
karina.rocha@epn.edu.ec,
adriana.guayasamin@epn.edu.ec,
INTRODUCTION
For the heart to beat, the sinus node (SA), the same one that is in
the heart, generating an electric impulse, the same that starts
with a neurotransmitter. The SA node allows the heart to
maintain a steady rhythm. An electrocardiogram traces the path
of the electrical energy sent by the SA node through the heart.
The electrocardiogram evaluates heart rhythm and function
through a record of all electrical activity performed by the heart,
which is why it is used to diagnose heart problems, pulmonary
pathologies, and ion disorders.
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Electrocardiogram
The electrocardiogram conveys all the complexity Electrical
energy of the heart, is the summation of all the cellular partial
potentials that happen in the heart in each moment. The electric
current that travels through the heart is distributed throughout its
surface, The information you provide relates to each and every
heart area.
It can be seen how the partial potentials are able, when added, to
generate the typical output wave of the electrocardiogram, at the
same time allows to know the path that follows the electrical
impulse from the node SA.
Path at the atrial level: it travels through the right atrium, the
time it takes in this course, 100 ms, which coincides
approximately with the PR interval (110 ms on average), is
broken down as follows:
Right atrium: 40 ms.
Atrial septality: 20 ms.
If we want a G=10=
R2
, I assume R 2=33 k
R1
III.
FILTER DESIGN
For the design of the ECG we use filters which will allow us to
amplify the signal as well as other problems described above in
classes, the final diagram will be shown in another section.
A. Differential Filter
Hs
Hs
= 2
(Butterworth filter )
2
2
s + Wos+Wo s + 2 s+1
We choose : H =2C 1=0.1uF , R 3=10 k
7
R 1=
+ 2+H 1
=2.5 M
4k
4
1
+ + H 1
R 2=
=4.04 M
k
2
C3
, C 3=540 pF
2
Now : R 1=R 2=2 R 3, withthat : R 3=5 M
C 1=C 2=
F. Circuit of Return
HARDWARE
Elements
Instrumentation amplifier
Capacitores
Electrodes
Amplifer
Resistencias
Fuente de energizacion
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
U5
33k
OP1P
R24
10k
10k
C9
C11
R28
4M
0.1uF
0.1uF
C10
10k
R33
0.1uF
R17
U4
3.3k
7.5k
U8
U7
E. Notch Filter
OP1P
OP1P
3.3k
R19
33k
OP1P
U6
5
7
22.5k
1k
R18
R22
10k
R25
R26
10k
10k
R30
C12
0.15uF
R31
2.5M
10k
R36
R37
10M
R34
10k
R29
OP1P
TL074
540pF
10k
R35
R38
10k
5M
C13
C15
270pF
270pF
PRUEBAS
Once the circuits for the ECG were designed, the respective tests
were performed.
8
10
10M
C14
TL074
VI.
U1:C
R32
R21
LII
U1:B
4
LI
R23
R20
11
R27
V.
Description
AD620AN
22pF,10F
4
TL084
330
5 [v]
11
2
R 2=
= =7.5 k
2mk 2 mk
OUTPUT
VII. RECOMENDATIONS
When designing the different filters always take into account
what the cut-off frequencies will be and mainly what the inputs
and outputs of the filter will be when it forms part of a large
electronic circuit such as the ECG
Before connecting the complete circuit that forms the ECG, it is
always necessary to test step by step, since after all the
electronic circuit is connected and a fault occurs it will be very
complex to find the error, which does not happen when we
check our design part by part.
Filters must be made as accurate as the cutoff frequency greatly
influences both the low pass and the high pass so that the desired
signal can be obtained and there is no signal cut.
VIII.CONCLUTIONS
Once placed the electros are set to put in a position where there
is as little movement as possible so that the signal is not affected
by the movement of the electrodes and the desired signal is not
obtained.
For the heart to beat, the sinus node (SA), the same one
that is in the heart, generating an electric impulse, the
same that starts with a neurotransmitter. The SA node
allows the heart to maintain a steady rhythm. An
electrocardiogram traces the path of the electrical
energy sent by the SA node through the heart.
The larger the order of the filter, the more complex the
design will be, the more accurate the cutoff frequencies
will be. For ECG application, only two orders were
necessary, because with this we were able to design
without greater difficulty giving an acceptable
precision.