Preventive Veterinary Medicine

PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE
1. General Principles and methods of infectious disease prevention and control

Preventative measures are used to protect healthy animals, populations, herds, flocks and
individuals against potential aetiological agents.
The measures taken also aim at the protection of animal populations along with the
environment, but also the introduction of new aetiological agents that can cause the spread of
infectious diseases.
Preventative measures can be partial or complete, including measures to increase specific and
non-specific resistance of animals with controlling anthropozoonoses
Primary preventative measures to prevent exposure to aetiological agents

Secondary preventative measures for early disease detection, before clinical signs
occur
Tertiary preventative measures includes treating disease, minimising morbidity and
mortality.
Veterinary prevention plan & protection of national territory

Issued annually
Depend on the epizootological situation and analysis of the territory along with O.I.E.
recommendations
Programs are in place for elimination/eradication of diseases, import/export, exotic
diseases, emergency plans, vaccination programs, and methods of diagnosis etc.
Protection of livestock
Avoid contact between healthy and sick/dubious animals
Quarantine
Animals kept according to species/categories
Closed herds, All in all out, Black and white zones, A.I. control, Safety zones (from
water sources, roads, humans, wild animals etc)
Regulation of breeding and production
Protection Zones Between roads, rivers, humans, wild animals etc
Building and equipment Construction materials, microclimate, ventilation, sanitation
Organisation and Management Vet inspections, animal I.D. animal separation (age,
categories etc), all in all out, quarantine, daily health checks.
Animal Selection Hereditary diseases, genetics, documentation
Nutrition and hygiene Of facility, personnel, feed and water quality, cleaning and
disinfection
Animal transport Correct vehicle types, aim to reduce stress (space, rest periods etc).
minimise injury, healthy animals only, ventilation, disinfection
Prophylactic Measures
To maintain uniform immunological status colostrum administration, vaccination
(preventative, emergency and Chemoprophylactics)
Prevention of Disease Introduction
Animal to animal only healthy animals introduced, after examinations and quarantine,
isolation of sick animals, wildlife control
Man to animals Education and hygiene of employees dressing rooms, sanitation

mats, no visitors, transport control
Wildlife to animals Control movement, vaccinations, vector control
Sanitation methods disinfection, disinfestations, rodent control
2. General Principles and Methods of Infectious Disease Elimination and Eradication

Control of Diseases
Disease control (incl. elimination and eradication) is part of an annual state veterinary program
which is joined with the O.I.E. These programs are dependent on epizootological situations and
territory analysis.
Controlling disease reduces its incidence, prevalence, morbidity and mortality to acceptable levels.
This is a direct result of the intervention methods put in place, that are required to maintain these
levels
Elimination of disease
Reduction of the incidence of a disease in a defined geographical area, to zero. It is important to
remember that continued surveillance may also be required
E.g. rabies
Eradication of Disease
Permanent reduction of a disease of worldwide incidence which is caused by a specific etiological
agent, to zero. Continued intervention is no longer required e.g. Rinderpest
Strategy
Notifications
Movement restriction (of animals)
Protection zones
Diagnosis, prophylaxis, quarantine
Foci recognition determine their limits
Decisions regarding method of elimination/eradication of the disease according to its
severity and its ability to spread - including manure and carcass disposal, zoonotic ability,
Selective slaughter Kill selected, save majority
Depopulation Kill entire herd
Stamping out procedure Kill all suspected animals and all that are in contact with
them. Removal and disposal of bedding, manure and carcasses, clean and disinfect
3. Disease Outbreak determination
An outbreak is a series of diseases occurring at a higher frequency than usual.
Most important - fast recognition of the outbreak.
Obligatory to report such cases especially in the event that zoonoses is a concern
When a vet is notified of suspicion of an outbreak he must:
Examine suspect animal and any carcasses of deceased suspect animals
Take correct samples for the lab
Determine the no. of affected animals
Determine the foci, along with its limits, preventing movement of animals and humans
within specific zones
Initial epizootological Investigation
Should investigate the origin and spread of infection
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Determine:
Animal movements and winds at beginning of outbreak
Source of the etiological agent
Origin of disease
Ways of transmission
Propagation inside and outside of the outbreak area
Previous epizootological situation in the area
Any environmental risk factors that may increase chances for spread of the disease
Collect samples for lab diagnostics
Identify sick animals treatment, isolation or slaughter
Further Investigation
Determine limits of affected areas and implement zones
Focal and perifocal zones - considered as infected areas
Threatened zone movement is prohibited
Tampon zone zone of intensive observation
These zones are outlined after the initial investigation for epizootological monitoring and
surveillance of outbreak areas.
4. Measures of Outbreak of Disease and Protection Zones
Intra-focal Measures
Immediate precautionary measures by the vet on arrival at the site of the outbreak.
An outbreak must be officially declared to the authorities and public.
Disinfection, cleaning and sterilization of the area is carried out along with sampling and
diagnostics.
Identify and isolate sick animals, carry out prophylactic or therapeutic treatment.
Possible eradication of sick animals, vector destruction and control of reservoir of the
disease along with wildlife
Peri-focal Measures
Immediate action including sanitation, prohibition of animal movements and epizooological
investigations.
Notifications and announcements to the public.
Checkpoints and perimeter fencing are put in place
Disinfection fords
Vector control, treatment and prophylaxis, eradication
Threatened zone
Area where movement is prohibited
Tampon zone
Area of intensive observation
Measures put in place are to investigate the origin of the disease and its spread with the main aim of
containment of the disease
Identify source, origin, time, form, transmission, propagation along with information about previous
situation.
Take samples and identify animals that are at risk or that may be already infected
Again, vaccination (emergency), selective slaughtering, possible depopulation, stamping out
Proper disposal of carcasses with subsequent disinfection of the area
Measures during post-focal period
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If the etiological agent is no longer a risk/present, restrictions can be lifted but monitoring and
surveillance must be continued
5. Recovery Programs for Infectious Diseases of Cattle

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Picornaviridae, Aphtovirus
Endemic areas Asia, Africa, Middle East, S. America
IP 2-14 days
Disinfection - pH, Temp >50%, Sodium Hydroxide
Strategy in Outbreak Area
Destruction of all infected, suspected or contact animals
Appropriate disposal of carcasses, animal products, bedding etc
Surveillance and tracing of potentially exposed animals, Strict quarantine procedures
Movement control of all animals, vehicles and equipment
Thorough disinfectant radius around foci 3 km, perifocal - 10 km
Farm Recommendations
Notifiable disease
No treatment
Early detection
Control of animals introduction into a herd including peoples access to the animals
Maintain sanitation of pens, livestock, vehicles etc
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
Prion disease
IP 2-8years
Disinfection Doesnt react to disinfection or heat (sodium hypochlorite + incineration??)
Strategy
Notifiable disease
Identify neurological signs
Slaughter affected animals (often along with their genetic tree) plus appropriate disposal of
carcasses and contaminated items
Screening test for all animals over 30 months
Do not feed food of animal origin (meat and bone meal)
Safe disposal of specific risk material at slaughterhouses
Closed herds, close surveillance in areas of known incidence
Bovine Tuberculosis (TB)
Mycobacterium Bovis, tuberculosis
Tuberculin testing view results after 72 hrs (notifiable disease def in Ireland anyway)
Disease eradication program All positive/suspected animals are slaughtered
Post mortem inspection of carcasses to check for organ lesions or caseous material in lymph
nodes
Closed herd systems and animal movement control are important to reduce the disease
Milk pasteurization to prevent zoonoses
Vaccines not used chance of infection or latency
Bovine Brucellosis
Brucella Abortus, Melitensis (gram neg.)
Causes placentitis and abortions in females; orchitis and epididymitis in males
No treatment
Continuous monitoring and surveillance required
1. Serological test CFT, Boyas method (IF test)
2. Milk tests Milk ring test, Rose Bengal test (slide agglutination)
Elimination method seropositive animals excluded from breeding etc
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Radical method slaughter of affected animals, cleaning and disinfection along with only having
fattening animals for 1 year
Vaccinations only in endemic areas
Anthrax
Bacillus Anthracis- Encapsulated and spore forming
Affinity to endothelial cells vascular damage
Blood from orifices, dyspnoea, subcut oedema in head and neck, short or no rigor mortis
ATB can be effective but only if given in time death usually occurs before response to ATB
Notifiable disease
Do not open carcass in field, remove and dispose contaminated soil and surroundings
Incineration is imperative
Strict quarantine
Vaccinate usually in endemic areas
6. Recovery Program in Infectious Diseases of Swine
Classical/African Swine Fever (CSF/ASF)
CSF Flaviviridae, Pestivirus
ASF Asfavirus, Arboviruses main transmission through arthropods ornithodoros ticks
Affinity to endothelial cells, tonsils, oedema, outer membranes of organs

Haemorrhages, marbled lymph modes (CSF only), splenomegaly
Acute, peracute and chronic (wild pig reservoir), congenital
Abortion or latency - persistency in piglets
N. America and Europe

Early detection, movement control, slaughter and proper disposal.
Cleaning and disinfection in endemic areas.
Vaccination possible to prevent spread of disease can lead to disease elimination
CSF
ASF
No vaccine, therefore importing countries have strict policies important in endemic areas
Difficult to eliminate reservoirs (warthog) but tick control is important
Rapid diagnosis, slaughter, disposal, disinfection, surveillance
Aujeskys Disease
Herpes Virus-1
Latency in spinal ganglia, affected by age
In endemic areas Testing of breeding animals, isolation and sanitary conditions are very important
Marker vaccinations available
Latency detection required
A) Test and Removal breeding herds tested monthly
B) Offspring segregation herd is vaccinated. Young and weaned piglets are raised separately
and tested periodically. Positive animals are removed until the herd is free of the disease
C) Depopulation Most radical method, wait 30 days before introduction of new animals
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)
Also called Blue ear disease of pigs
Arterivirus
Vaccinations are very effective
Acclimatization and isolation for 45-60 days prior to introduction into the general herd
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In the case of an outbreak depopulation, disposal, cleaning and disinfection

Swine Influenza
Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A or C (H1N1, H1N2, H3N2)
General guidelines is good nutrition and hygiene
Dont mix sick and healthy animals etc
Brucellosis
Brucella Suis
Placentitis, abortion in females; Epididymitis and orchitis in males
Elimination method - all pos and seropositive animals; excluded from breeding programme
Radical method all are slaughtered at outbreak site, decontamination of area
Vaccines in endemic area live or inactivated
Swine Vesicular Disease
Picornaviridae, Enterovirus
Notifiable disease
Screening of imported pigs, importation restrictions
Feeding restrictions e.g. garbage
Routine surveillance and radical methods at endemic areas
Cleaning and disinfection etc
7. Recovery Programme in Infectious Diseases of Small Ruminants
Sheep and Goat Pox
Capripoxvirus
Most important poxvirus - reportable
Vaccination can be considered in endemic areas
Culling (OIE provision)
Incineration of carcasses
Quarantine of new animals control animal movement and transportation
Peste de Petits ruminants
Paramyxoviridae, Morbillivirus
Resistant to a wide range of temperatures and pH, can survive for a long time in frozen
tissue
Susceptible to most disinfectants e.g. alcohol, detergents and phenols
OIE reportable
Fast diagnosis, quarantine, culling, movement control, disinfection
Maedi Visna virus
Retroviridae, Lentivirus
MVV is infective for life but not zoonotic
Maedi = respiratory signs; Visna = NS signs
Reportable disease
Transmission mainly colostrums but other ways too
Sensitive to most disinfectants
No vaccine and no treatment
Frequent serological testing aids in a fast diagnosis, and remove seropositive animals from
breeding programs. If animal born remove from seropositive dam, milk replacer
Quarantine of animals before introduction into herd.
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Bluetongue
Reoviridae, Orbivirus
No treatment; only supportive ATB and Fluids
Quarantine and slaughter if necessary
Disinfection with NaCl
Vector control Pyrethrins, OP
Vaccines live attenuated or killed vaccines specific to each serotype only
Zones, movement control etc
Brucella
Brucella Melitensis
Placentitis, abortion in females; Epididymitis and orchitis in males
Elimination method - all pos and seropositive animals; excluded from breeding programme
Radical method all are slaughtered at outbreak site, decontamination of area
Vaccines in endemic area live or inactivated
Milk pasteurisation prevent zoonoses
Listeriosis
Listeria Pomona
Septicemic Form in young
Encephalitic form in adults
Abortion form
Therapy ATB (penicillin or chlortetracycline)
Prevention hygiene, regular disinfection, disinfestations and rodent control
8. Recovery Programmes in infectious diseases of Horses
Glanders
Burkholderia Mallei
Reportable disease
Acute pulmonary form- nodules in upper R.T.
Chronic cutaneous form aka farcy
No treatment, no vaccine, zoonotic
Early diagnosis is important in endemic areas (Asia, Africa)
Eliminate positive cases plus incineration for disposal. Surveillance
In apparent free zones animals should have a veterinary certificate stating that the animal
has not exhibited any signs of the disease in 6 months
African Horse Sickness
Reoviridae, Orbivirus; 9 serotypes
Transmitted by vectors biting midges (cullicoides)
Affinity to reticuloendothelial cells and endothelium vascular and pulmonary damage
If animal recovers, has immunity but to that serotype only
Affected horse is euthanized and a polyvalent vaccine is given to others
Vector control and disinfection
Strict quarantine and movement control
West Nile Fever

Flaviviridae, West Nile Virus
Found in all northern hemisphere; vector = mosquito
Birds are considered a reservoir
Surveillance carried out on migratory birds and horses in endemic areas
Most important is vector control and vaccination (highly effective)
Equine Influenza
Orthomyxoviridae, Influenza A
Generally hygiene and sanitation are the main modes of prevention along with vaccinations
given from an early age and maintained throughout the horses lifetime
Separation of sick animals etc
Equine Herpes Virus
EHV-1 = Abortion
EHV-3 = Equine Coital Exanthema
EHV-4 = Equine Rhinopneumonitis
EHV-1,4 - Infected animals remain latent for life remove/isolate from the rest of the herd
Main method of control is combined vaccination for EHV 1 and 4
If infected, no specific treatment just minimize the chance for secondary bacterial infection
with ATB and anti-pyretics
9. Specific Prophylaxis of Infectious Diseases
Specific Prophylaxis = specific measures of immuno/chemoprophylaxis given to animals to prevent
the spread of disease.
Immunity = specific resistance of host to pathogenic effect
Immunisation = method of immunoprohylaxis, creates specific immunity
A) Passive immunisation
= produce temporary resistance by transferring Ab from resistant animal to susceptible.
Can be:
Natural passive (colostrum or yolk) Discuss Ab transfer through colostrum
Artificial passive = Ab produced by actively immunized donor given to susceptible
animals. Abs created in immune serum can be:
Heterologous or homologous (made from the same or diff spp)
Homotypic or heterotypic (made from the same or diff type of m.o)
Monovalent or polyvalent (type of immunity for one or more)
Hyperimmune Serum (increased amount of Ab due to repeated injection)
Convalescent Serum (recently recovered animal)
Uses:
For short duration immunity in the case of high risk of exposure to a disease e.g. anti-tetanus
serum
For simultaneous serum e.g. Cl. Botulinum, Cl. Tetani; Serum and vaccination used if
exposure is suspected.
For serotherapy of an infectious disease e.g. anthrax, tetanus
For immunotherapy e.g. agammaglobunlinemic animals
B) Active immunisation
= involves admin of Ag provoking an immune response. Re immunisation or exposure will
result in a secondary immune response.
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Can be:
Natural active (after disease recovery) or Artificial active (after Ag application)
Vaccines = preventative, emergency, pre/post exposure, core vaccines (rabies), non core
(parainfluenza) must be/have: Increased antigenicity, prolonged immunity, cheap and
stable
o Live vaccines
Fully virulent e.g. poxvirus
Live attenuated (avirulent -spontaneously by mutation or artificially by
passaging (lapinisation)) e.g. ringworm, lungworm, Aujeskys,
salmonella
o Inactivated vaccines
= killed m.o by chemical or physical method, therefore poor immunity. Given with
lipid adjuvants. These can be:
Pure DNA, purified Ag, recombinants
E.g. BRD complex (IBR, BVDV, PI3, RSV, Manheimmia) inactivated vaccine
Feline Panleukopenia, CAV-1, Distemper, leptospirosis, erysipelas Killed
Vaccine
o Third generation vaccines
Disintegration and separations (separate Ag from agent + adjuvant)
Synthesis of Ag i.e. immunogen (nucleotide +adjuvant)
DNA vaccines (genetic info for producing Ag)
Genetically attenuated (removal of virulence gene)
10. Passive Immunisation for Immunoprophylaxis of diseases
Passive immunization
Produces a temporary resistance by transferring antibodies from a resistant to a susceptible animal;
passive application of antibodies protects organism for 7-21 days
Natural passive immunization
= the passage of antibodies from mother to embryo; allows protection of young animals
in early postnatal period against infectious disease; passage can be in-utero, colostrum,
egg yolk
Antibodies obtained from colostrum protect cub maximally for 3-4 weeks.
In the first 24 hours colostral milk contains 10+ times more antibodies than serum, but
after 24 hours the antibody titre decreases to of its capacity
Species
Type of placentation
Tissue layers
Placental transfer of Ig
Colostral
transfer
Pig, horse, donkey
Epitheliochorial
+++
ruminants
syndesmochorial
+++
Dog and cat
endotheliochorial
+++
primates
Hemochorial
++
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rodents
Hemendothelial
+++
Artificial passive immunization

= application of antibodies PO or parenterally; antibodies are produced in a donor
animal by active immunization and these are given to susceptible animals in order to
confer immediate protection
Immune serum
Hyper-immune serum prepared from animals that have recently received repeated
injections or application of a chosen Ag, thus serum should contain a very high
concentration of Ab against Ag
Convalescent serum serum from patients recently recovered from disease; useful in
preventing or modifying by passive immunization the same disease in exposed
susceptible individuals
Igs sterile solution of globulins derived from plasma of animal who has been
immunized for Ag
Homologous Serum obtained from animal belonging to same species as recipient
Heterologous serum obtained from an animal belonging to different species from
recipient
Homotypic serum from animal immunized by same organism against which serum is to
be used
Heterotypic serum from animal immunized by an organism differing from organism
against which serum is to be used; organism has similar Ags and therefore serum is
useful for immunization, e.g. canine distemper vaccination uses Variola virus
Monovalent serum antiserum containing Ags from a single strain of microorganisms
Polyvalent serum antiserum obtained from animal inoculated with several strains of
microbes
Antiserum contains antibodies, obtained from an animal immunized either by injection
of Ag or by infection with microorganisms containing Ag
The use of passive immunization
Mother is given active immunization so she is able to provide passive immunization for
newborns
Used for short-duration immunity in the case of a high risk of exposure anti-tetanus
serum before exposure and after exposure due to trauma
Simultaneous immunization (serum +vaccine) immediate immunity; provide immunity
with longer duration
Serotherapy of infectious diseases serves as an immediate therapy (as anti-toxin) as in
the case of anthrax, tetanus and erysipelas (red fever) infections
Immunotherapy agammaglobulinemic animals, colostrum-deprived newborns, both
need to be provided with serum containing Igs
11. Active Immunisation for Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases
Active immunization
Involves administering Ag to an animal so that it responds by producing a protective immune
response
Re-immunisation or exposure to infection will result in a secondary immune response
Macro-organism actively participates in immunity development
Natural active immunization after recovery from the infectious disease
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Artificial active immunization vaccination; application of an Ag in order to develop active

specific immunity in organisms of immuno-competent individual; most effective method of
infectious disease control
Vaccinations are bio-preparations from m.o. or products of their metabolism
Used as preventive, emergency, or pre or post-exposure
Core vaccines e.g. vaccines that are considered "a must" in areas with predisposition for
some diseases
o Feline core vaccines panleukopenia, herpes, calcivirus, rabies,
o Canine core vaccines Distemper, hepatitis, Parvo, rabies
Non-core vaccines administered when exposure is predicted, e.g. kennel cough
Live vaccines
Fully virulent virus is inoculated into animal in small quantities; was used against poxvirus
and FMD
Advantages evocation of long durative immunity and of passive immunity; used for
preventive and for emergency vaccination
Disadvantages environment is continuously infected so is necessary to continuously
vaccinate all animals, vaccination is dangerous and limited by age, risk for human infections
with zoonotic viruses, application of fully virulent microbes causes activation of latent illness
Attenuated (a-virulent)
Spontaneously attenuated naturally a-virulent population evoke good protection against
virulent microbes
Artificial attenuated using
o Passaging (lapinisation (rabbits), ovinisation (sheep), caprinisation (goat),
avinisation (chickens)); injection of a small amount of virus into animals; after a
period of time blood is transferred from infected animal into another animal; during
these passages the virus becomes attenuated
o Passaging microbes on chicken embryos method to obtain vaccine against rabies,
sheep pox
o Method with attenuation of virus on cell culture culture can be from homologic
tissue, e.g. dog distemper is passaged on dog kidney cells or cell culture can be from
heterologic tissue
Inactivated vaccines
= killed m.o by chemical or physical method, therefore poor immunity. Given with lipid adjuvants.
These can be:
Pure DNA, purified Ag, recombinants
E.g. BRD complex (IBR, BVDV, RSV, Manheimmia) inactivated vaccine
Feline Panleukopenia, CAV-1, Distemper, leptospirosis, erysipelas Killed Vaccine
Recombinant vaccines
o Subunit vaccines the gene encoding the surface protein is isolated and the protein
is grown on e-coli e.g. Aujeskys
o Gene deletion vaccines contain the pathogen but the pathogenic genes are
removed. Good in the event of an outbreak as we can then tell the difference
between vaccinated animals and infected animals by the amount of Abs present
e.g. FeLV
o Virus vectored vaccines the pathogens protective proteins are separated and
grown inside the vector virus e.g. distemper
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Third generation vaccines

DNA vaccines are third generation vaccines, and are made up of a small, circular piece of bacterial
DNA (called a plasmid) that has been genetically engineered to produce one or two specific proteins
(antigens) from a pathogen
Genetic Engineering - DNA vaccines (genetic info for producing Ag)
12. Types of Vaccines; Ways of application
Vaccines are bio-preparations prepared from m.o. or the products of their metabolism
Live Vaccines
Fully virulent
virus is inoculated into animal in small quantities; was used against poxvirus and FMD
Generally not recommended as can actually cause infection
Attenuated
Weakened naturally or artificially (passaging)
MLV (modified Live Vaccine)
Generally elicit a better response than killed vaccines and they do not require adjuvants
However, some may back pass to virulence
Become modified by passaging on a culture media
Avian embryos are often used to achieve a variant of reduced virulence
CAV-1, PI3
Inactivated Vaccines
Killed
Usually require adjuvants (oil, ALS-3) to elicit a strong response
Killing can be done by physical or chemical methods
Parvo virus, CAV-II, Leptospirosis
Recombinant vaccines
Subunit vaccines the gene encoding the surface protein is isolated and the protein is grown on
e-coli e.g. Aujeskys
Gene deletion vaccines contain the pathogen but the pathogenic genes are removed. Good in
the event of an outbreak as we can then tell the difference between vaccinated animals and
infected animals by the amount of Abs present e.g. FeLV
Virus vectored vaccines the pathogens protective proteins are separated and grown inside the
vector virus e.g. distemper
3rd Generation Vaccines
Genetic Engineering - DNA vaccines (genetic info for producing Ag) - FeLV
Methods of Application
Parenteral - SC, IM etc
Intranasal IBR, Calcivirus, kennel cough, Feline Rhinotracheitis
Chickens
PO, SC, IM, IV
Mass admin via drinking water, or inhalation using spray
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Oculonasal, beak dipping, skin scarification and double sting method

In Ovo
Wildlife In feed e.g. rabies, Aujeskys
13. Factors influencing the effectiveness of vaccinations
Vaccine Factors
All vaccines differ in their potency, weather they are alive, attenuated, killed etc. This also means
that they will differ in their efficiency, duration of immunity.
Attenuated vaccines
Immunity will last longer with but are higher risk for pregnant or immunosuppressed animals.
There is also a danger of shedding the virus
Avirulent Vaccines Safer but short lasting
Expiry date if out of date, can influence efficacy
Mono/polyvalent vaccine care that the right vaccine is being used correct strain
Booster vaccinations (generally annual)
Adjuvants added can increase the response
Host Factors
Maternal Abs can inhibit the vaccines effectiveness
Concurrent disease The vaccine can negatively affect the animal to whom it is administered if
already ill
Immune System function the function of the immune system i.e. immunosuppressed
animals or old age can affect the efficacy of a vaccine
Breed variation Rottweiller, Doberman, pitbull need a different vaccination schedule for e.g.
parvo due to a higher susceptibility to the disease
Human Factors
Incorrect storage of vaccine
Incorrect method of administration of the vaccine
Not enough time between the vaccine and exposure to disease (immunity hasnt developed
enough)
Environmental Factors
E.g. Stress can reduce the efficacy of a vaccine
Multiple animals in a household, with high levels of circulating vaccines can overcome the vaccine
Vaccine failure In general
If vaccine is given correctly
Animal responds but vaccine fails because it is given too late, is wrong strain, or vaccine is
damaged
Animal fails to respond due to prior passive immunization, immuno-suppression, biological
variation, or inadequate vaccine
If vaccine is given incorrectly
Inappropriate route of administration, e.g. rabies can't be given orally as is destroyed in
stomach
Death of live vaccine damaged vaccine
Administered to passively protected animal
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14. Basic Principles of Vaccinations

Vaccine Principles
Ensure correct vaccine is given in relation to the pathogen, in order to give adequate protection,
without endangering the animal or the environment
Ensure vaccine isnt out of date
Ensure adjuvants are used with killed vaccines
Boosters within correct time periods
Records date of vaccination, vaccine used, batch no. and date of next vaccination
Host Principles
Only healthy animals can be vaccinated
Maternal Abs can interfere with vaccines ; allow them to clear the body enough before
vaccination
Concurrent Disease causes immunosuppression, as does pregnancy dont vaccinate
Immunofunction Old age immune system function is reduced
Breed variation Rottweiller, Doberman, pitbull need a different vaccination schedule for e.g.
parvo due to a higher susceptibility to the disease
Veterinary Principles
Ensure vaccine is stored correctly
Correct method for administration of vaccine
Take incubation periods into consideration before vaccine admin especially if animal has been
at risk of exposure
Environmental Principles
Do not give vaccinations to an animal that has come from an area with a high level of circulating
pathogens
Requirements for ideal vaccine
High antigenicity the capacity of the Ag to induce an immune response
Prolonged strong immunity
Free of adverse side effects
Cheap, stable and adaptable to mass vaccination
Stimulation of immune response distinguishable from response in the natural infection
Live vaccines should fulfil these properties:
Agent must have good immunologic quality
Vaccination strain should not cause disease or evoke infection in non-vaccinated animals
Agent should multiply in usual tissues of the natural occurring disease
Agent should be easily differentiated from the virulent strain
Vaccine should not produce residues in the organism
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15. Post vaccination Complications

Type 1 Hypersensitivity (IgE)
Produces inflammatory reaction
Can happen after a variety of vaccines = anaphylaxis
Shock, itching, oedema, vomiting, diarrhoea, lethargy, weakness
Atopic animals should only be vaccinated in non-allergy
Type II Hypersensitivity (IgE & IgM)
Attacks cell Membranes complement mediated lysis, phagocytosis
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
Autoimmune haemolytic condition which is why we must wait for 2 weeks after a vaccination before
the animal can undergo surgery
Type III Hypersensitivity (Ag-Ab immune complex)
Affects organs, not cells
Serum sickness syndrome = immune complexes causing inflammation, rash, fever
Polyreticuloneuritis
Immune mediated inflammation of the nerve roots causing fibromyalgia and pain
Local Reaction
Erythema, pain, oedema, usually self resolution
Contamination
Contaminated vaccine or dirty needle can lead to secondary infections
Focal Granulomas and Alopecia
Nodule found at the site of application
This animal may be at risk for a hypersensitivity reaction e.g. anaphylaxis when having booster
Injection site sarcoma (IIS) In cats
Systemic illness e.g with Chlamydia vaccination
Neurological complication especially with MLVs e.g. distemper or rabies
Virulence occurs after vaccination (in attenuated vaccines) and animal becomes infected and sick
MLV vaccines can lead to shedding of the causal agent into the environment
Complications in pregnant, aged, sick animals
Incorrect age of vaccination - Maternal Abs have not reduced enough
Incorrect method of administration or incorrect strain used vaccine failure
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16. Principles of Therapy in Infectious Diseases; Methods

The aim of prevention and control of infectious diseases is to restore health and productivity of
animals and to eliminate potential sources of infection
Diseases in which therapy is not recommended
Diseases which affected various species rabies, FMD, TBC, brucellosis
Diseases of cattle rinderpest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Diseases of sheep blue tongue, scrapie
Diseases of horses Glanders, Equine Infectious Anaemia, African horse sickness
Diseases of pigs hog cholera, African Swine Fever
Diseases of dogs and cats toxoplasmosis, microsporiosis
Diseases of birds fowl plague, Newcastle disease
Therapy should be forbidden (high risk for infection or zoonosis)
Infections from List A (O.I.E.) anthrax, FMD, rabies, rinderpest, African or classical swine fever
In prionosis
Vet evaluates criteria to decide which therapy ethic, economic, epizootologic and epidemiologic
aspects
Methods of therapy
Non-specific therapy symptomatic, supportive, pathogenetic therapy
Fluid therapy, nutrition, anti-pyretic
Housing soft bedding to prevent decubitus, temperature, humidity, ventilation, light
Specific therapy causal

Prevention vaccines
Treatment ATB, sedatives
ATB therapy
Bacteriostatic (prevent cell division)
Bactericidal
broad (TTC), medium or narrow spectrum (PNC)
Anti-viral, e.g. Amantadin for myxovirus infection that interferes with viral protein, or
Aciclovir in birds and cats against herpes virus, or Zidovadin for FIV or FeLV
Essential conditions for successful therapy
Accurate and prompt diagnosis
Knowledge of the stages of the disease (the course of the disease)
Isolation of affected and suspected animals
Continuous surveillance with disinfection, sanitation and disinfestations
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17. Symptomatic, Supportive and Causal Therapy

Symptomatic Therapy
Therapy aimed at the symptoms that the animal is exhibiting but not the etiological agent.
This form of therapy is aimed at making the animal more comfortable and for better reaction of
the body against the disease e.g. Parvo virus
However in other cases this form of treatment can have an adverse effect by masking the real
symptoms of the disease e.g. pain medication in horses suffering from colic.
For some diseases symptomatic therapy is the only form of therapy e.g distemper
o Analgesic, Anti-emetics, NSAIDs, etc
Supportive Therapy
Also doesnt treat the underlying cause of a disease
Supports the bodies basic physical, chemical and metabolic needs, which can help the animal to
fight the infection more effectively
Aims to bring values back to within physiological ranges, by replacing depleted levels of
elements revives the bodies optimal functioning conditions
E.g. Fluids, Vitamins, Minerals, Glucose, Pre/Probiotics
Causal Therapy (specific)
Combats the etiological agent of a disease
Must be in response to the type and activity of the agent e.g. gram pos/neg bacteria, Virus, Fungus,
Parasite
E.g. Antiviral Aciclovir; Bacteria ATB; Antifungal ketoconizole; antiparasitic ivermectin
Example of Treatment for Parvo Virus

Symptomatic
Anti-emetic Metacloprimide
NSAIDs to reduce fever and pain
Supportive
Fluids IV with Vit B1, K+ and glucose
Colloid transfusion Hetastarch
Recombinant Granulocytic Colony Stimulating Factor (Neupogen)
Causal
Mainly broad-spec ATB for 2o bacterial infection
No real causal treatment prophylaxis via vaccination
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18. Diagnostic Measures of Infectious Diseases; General Principles

The aim of diagnosis is detection of the etiological agent, detection of spread of the disease, to
determine the no. of infected individuals, to find the cause for the outbreak etc
Diagnosis by mode of execution
Preventative by vets carrying out normal treatment, screening methods
Targeted When infection is suspected; in foci, protected zones etc
Diagnosis by Aim
Passive Accidental; during the course of routine field practice
Active Focus is on the detection of the epizootological situation for one or more agents
Diagnosis examination can be in all animals e.g. TB testing or in some animals as a representative
sample e.g. enzootic bovine leucosis
The diagnosis of an infectious disease must be systematic, specific and complex
According to the epizootological situation, a diagnostic diagram must be developed for:
No. and frequencies of examinations
Species and categories
Use of diagnostic methods based on the Epizootological situation
Diagnostic methods
Field Methods
Case history and anamnesis, collection of epizootological data/data survey
Clinical examination of the animal
Allergenodiagnostics e.g. TB tuberculin test
Lab sampling ensuring rule of 3 packaging is adhered to
Lab Methods
Necropsy or pathohistology
Viral Methods
Isolation of the virus Cell culture, chicken embryos, lab experiment
Direct evidence of viral Ag Microscope (IF), E.M., ELISA, Hybridisation and PCR
Indirect Evidence of viral Ag serological examination for specific Ab in serum after inoculation
of the sample by Ag
Indirect evidence of Ag-Ab interaction CFT, Haemagglutination Test
Evidence of viral blocking of Ab VNT, HIT
Evidence of direct Ag-Ab interaction ELISA, IF
Bacterial Methods
Direct Microscopy (mycobacteria)
Cultivation/Culture
Biological experiment
Serological Methods
Evidence of specific Ab that react with viral Ag
Slide/tube agglutination test
Milk ring test brucella
CFT, VNT, AGID, HIT, ELISA
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19. Reporting Infectious Diseases
Reporting of a notifiable disease is obligatory this can be by the farmer or animal owner.
Report is sent without delay to the veterinary authorities (regional or state) even if disease is
only suspected and hasnt been confirmed
O.I.E. = authority on animal diseases. They carry information on diseases, their modes of
transmission, the course of the disease, clinical symptoms, diagnostic information and
treatment to be carried out. They also set out the standard tests to be carried out which are
necessary for international trade.
Specific emphasis is placed on diseases which are zoonotic , along with diseases which are
found on the OIE List A
If an owner fails to report a possible disease outbreak, he/she can be legally charged with
violation of the law which is punishable
Animal workers must have knowledge necessary to recognise notifiable diseases then reports
to vetand so on
Sampling is carried out and sent for laboratory analysis; findings are sent to the authorities
Depending on results, animal owner must allow full access by the authorities to the farm.
Examples of such diseases are: FMD, BSE, Scrapie and CSF.
Importance of reporting quickly

to reduce the risk of spread of the disease
Enable fast implementation of protective measure foci, movement prohibition, disinfection
fords etc
To apply emergency plans if necessary methods to try and prevent an outbreak
Following reporting of suspicion of a disease farmer must ensure that restrictions are put in place
such as:
Movement restrictions
Isolation of suspect animals
Limit human traffic
Allow any tests needed to be carried out
Report of disease occurrence
Usually drawn up by the vet and includes:
Date, area involved, no. of suspected cases, farms involved
Measures put in place
Method of possible introduction of the etiological agent
Report is then sent to relevant authorities regional, state, and the state food and agriculture and
veterinary institution
The European commission is also informed
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20. Emergency Planning

Emergency planning includes models that are created at both national and regional levels, which act
as guidelines to follow in the event of a disease outbreak
These guidelines are especially important in the event of very dangerous diseases which are very
contagious and can spread very rapidly and affect large populations of animals therefore posing as
an economic threat.
Zoonosis is also an area for major concern.
Most emergency plans employ radical methods such as the slaughter of infected animals along with
proper disposal.
Emergency plans are subject to change on the basis of the development of epizootological
situations, following analysis, in a given area or region.
Example of emergency plan guidelines in Slovakia for diseases e.g. FMD, BSE, Scrapie, CSF,
Bluetongue etc
Legal powers and framework for executing the plan
Financial support through the state budget
Hierarchy of controlling authorities with proper communication and co-operation
Groups of experts on the disease must be available for consultation
Adequate resources must be available incl. labs
Staff guidelines and training must be provided
21. Epizootological Sanitation

Sanitation in epizootology is carried out to protect the general health of the animal population
through reducing/eliminating the incidence of etiological agents, their vectors and reservoirs.
Sanitation is used as both a preventative measure and as an eradication and control method.
Sanitation includes: Disinfection, disinfestations, carcass disposal etc.
Principles of Epizootological Sanitation
Objectives can be general or specific against an etiological agent
As a preventative method, sanitation should be carried out regularly and systematically in all
facilities e.g. production areas, all in all out systems, insect and rodent control etc
Intrafocal sanitation to destroy all sources of infection, vectors, reservoirs etc.
Place of epizootological sanitation everywhere (wherever necessary)
Time Regularly and systematically. However a change in the epi situation and its analysis may
indicate the need to increase preventative measures etc
Disinfection
Removal of infectious agents by killing them
Mechanical cleaning scrubbing, hot water, soap etc
Physical disinfection dry heat, humidity, burning, UV etc
Chemical disinfection After mechanical and physical. Use of sprays or liquids depending on the
etiological agent or surface type e.g. phenols, Cl-, pH, Septonex, peracetic acid etc
Disinfestation
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Measures used against vectors and reservoirs of etiological agents; Physical or chemical methods
used to remove arthropods, rodents etc
Fumigation gas
Insecticides Organochloramines, OP, carbamates, pyrethrins
Rodenticides
Molluscicides
Control of wild animal reservoirs
Mechanically hunting, traps
Physically Flooding dens with water
Chemically solids and gases e.g. for badger sets
Biologically Natural enemies (of the reservoir host), destruction of the habitat
Carcass Disposal
Rendering safe, rapid and economical
Burying Not allowed anymore???
Burning not allowed either???
Following removal of the carcass area is cleaned and disinfected
22. Organisation and Co-ordination of Control and Eradication of Infectious Diseases
Organisation and co-ordination are an essential part of any eradication programme, be it on a
regional or national level. It is also very important in the execution of emergency plans.
1. Correct recognition of the disease by the owner and notification to the vet
2. Vet will confirm suspicion of the disease, a report is drawn up and sent to the regional food
and veterinary institution and the state veterinary department
3. Owner/farmer must put measures in place to restrict spread of the disease e.g. movement
restriction on animals and humans, sanitation at farm entrance etc
4. Authorities must be granted full access to the farm in order to carry out a full investigation
including clinical, pathological and laboratory analysis
5. The official vet may also decide to carry out control killing for further sample analysis 2
samples from each animal one with and one without EDTA; up to 10 samples from each farm
6. If the lab confirms diagnosis of the disease and outbreak may be declared with further
investigation of surrounding areas taking into consideration the wind, animal movement etc
7. Regional food and vet institute reports to state vet office; the chief veterinary report is sent
to the E.U. commission, all within 24 hrs.
Such diseases that can be deemed as an outbreak include:
FMD, BSE, Newcastle disease, Scrapie, CSF, ASF, Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, Peste de petits ruminants, Sheep pox, African Horse
Sickness etc. i.e. OIE List A diseases
Chief vet must also report on a weekly basis on the occurrence of secondary outbreaks. These
notifications are recorded on the European animal notification system.
Legal powers, financial support, trained personnel, adequate equipment and access to diagnostic
labs are required in order to try to eradicate the disease.
The area is mapped out and zones are put in place (focus, perifocus, buffer zone, surveillance
zone). Areas are updated daily
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Sanitation measures are carried out disinfection, disinfestations, rodent control and carcass
disposal.
Centre of disease control have co-ordination team, administration, epizootological, and
vaccination and eradication teams.
Eradication team In charge of planning and carrying out the culling of affected animals,
sample taking, carcass disposal, animal value determination for farmers compensation,
disinfection of equipment.
23. International Co-operation in the Prevention and Elimination of Infectious Diseases
O.I.E. (World Animal Health Organisation)

Office International des Epizooties
Help to fight animal diseases on a global level through international agreements
Headquarters in Paris
Today has 175 member states
For reporting and sharing information on animal diseases collection and publication of facts
and documents is of top priority over all other objectives within the OIE.
Both the Organisation and the Member Countries have unconditional duties to disclose all
relevant information about animal diseases.
Members must report the occurrence of diseases listed by the OIE, the emergence of new
diseases and significant epidemiologic events within 24 hrs
OIE key tasks;
o The collection of all facts and documents about the spread of diseases
o Their control measures
o Their notification to the government or veterinary authorities
Information relaying has been dramatically increased by the implementation of the World
Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) allows members to be on-line electronically with a
server in the OIE
Direct contact between the OIE and the delegates of the Member states, who usually are the Chief
Veterinary Officers, is an important prerequisite for the rapid transmission of information; therefore
OIE communications with its Member Countries are not limited to the contacts through diplomatic
channels.
WHO (World Health Organisation)
Directs and co-ordinates health within the

United Nations system.
Deals with communicable diseases and their

spread with an aim to prevent and control cross border spread of such diseases
It is responsible for:
o providing leadership on global health matters
o shaping the health research agenda
o setting norms and standards
o articulating evidence-based policy options
o Providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends.
CDC (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention)
Their aim is to create the expertise, information, and tools that people and communities need to
protect their health through health promotion, prevention of disease, injury and disability, and
preparedness for new health threats.
Collect and research information on diseases and conditions globally.
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Detect and investigate health problems and conduct research to enhance prevention
Implement health strategies and provide training and leadership
24. Prevention and Eradication of Infectious Diseases in the E.U.

There are many agencies working within the E.U. for the prevention of diseases
European Commission (of health and consumers)
Situated in Brussels
Comprised of a general directory with several agencies working underneath it e.g. general affairs,
consumers, public health, food chain safety, health system, veterinary office, and veterinary
international affairs
Animal Health Office
To protect and increase animal health within a community esp. food producing animals
They are in charge of
Live animal intra-community trade
Semen/ova/embryos
Products of animal origin, traceability
Animal disease monitoring, control and eradication
Animal nutrition and veterinary products
Research, finance, Emergency veterinary teams, expert groups
Animal welfare
Food and Veterinary Office
Check EU regulation and legislation compliance regarding animal health and welfare, food and
feed safety
Also develops control systems
SCFCAH (Standing Community of Food Chain and Animal Health)
Covers the entire food supply chain from stable to table
Helps the EU deal with health risks
ADNS (Animal Disease Notification System)
For registration and notification of important infectious diseases
Ensures safe trade of animals
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)
Carry out risk assessments on food and feed safety along with existing and emerging risks
Provides independent scientific advice to the EU
ECDC (European Centre for Disease Control)
Located in Sweden
Ensures strengthened defence against infectious diseases
Works with national health protection bodies across the EU
Collects and evaluates scientific data regarding diseases
Surveillance and response support, public health, co-ordination and disease programmes
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25. Preventative and Control Measures in Cattle Farms

Non-Specific Disease Control
Geographic location of farm Distance from other farms, main roads, human population, water
sources, wild animals and vectors
Black and White system Aids in the prevention of disease transmission. Includes all in all out
system, closed herds, adequate inspection and quarantine of new animals etc
Control of water and feed quality and resources Very important in disease prevention e.g.
leptospirosis, parasites etc
Hygiene and health maintenance in the animals frequent inspections, vaccination
programmes, disease prevention through sanitation (disinfection, disinfestations and rodent
control)
o Stress management, microclimate, personnel knowledge and hygiene
o Choose genetically resistant animals
o Grouping of animals
o Quarantine and isolation, adequate cadaver disposal, emergency plans
o Records of vaccines, treatment and animal ID
Grassland management strip grazing, resting periods, recultivation of pasture (fertilizer,
spreading manure etc)
Specific Control Measures
TB tuberculin testing
0.1 ml mycobacterium bovis (PPD) intradermal and read result 72 hours later
Pos = inflam lesion >4mm, dubious = 2-4mm; neg = <2mm
With dubious result, mycobacterium avium administered on the other side of the neck and
again read 72 hrs later
Pos result - Reactors are isolated from the rest of the herd, valued and slaughtered. The herd
loses its Officially Tuberculosis-Free (OTF) status and herd movement restrictions are
applied. Herd movement restrictions can only be lifted and OTF status restored after all the
animals have passed two consecutive skin tests 60 days apart. Only one such test is required
where TB is not confirmed by post-mortem examination or in laboratory tests.
Mastitis Control
Hygiene in bedding area, isolation of positive animals to prevent spread in the case of contagious
mastitis
Hygiene at milking teat washing and dipping prior to milking, teat dipping after milking as teat
canal is open (introduction of pathogens)
Control at milking time use of milk cup, California mastitis test, adspection and palpation
Tests for import/export
Brucella, FMD, IBR, BVDV
For import into Ireland TB, ParaTB, IBR, Brucella, Enzootic Bovine Leucosis, Leptospirosis, BVDV
(must come from herds officially free from these diseases. Bluetongue vaccinated)
Other regulatory tests
Enzootic bovine leucosis all cattle >2yrs old tested 2x/year eradication programme
Campylobacter breeding bulls every 3 months
Specific controls for Syndromes
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Bovine respiratory syndrome, Bovine Diarrhoeic Syndrome, Reproductive disorders

What to test for in the case of abortions
Q-Fever, Leptospirosis, Brucella, Chlamydia, Campylobacter, IBR/IPV (Herpes), BVDV, Bluetongue,
Salmonella?
26. Vaccination Programmes in Cattle
Note: No obligatory vaccinations, only recommendations therefore vaccinations are generally done
according to the epizootological situation of the area/region
Calves
>2wks old Ringworm
Live attenuated vaccine, booster in 2 weeks
>2wks old BRD complex (BVDV 1&2, IBR, PI3 BRSV, Manhemmia)
Vaccine MLV, booster after 3 weeks
>3wks old Salmonella
Inactivated, booster in 3 weeks
Just before first grazing Lungworm Live attenuated (orally), 2 doses
Dairy Cow Vaccination
Before breeding
BRD complex then booster
Leptospirosis 2 doses
Prior to drying
Coliforms mastitis, clostridium (tetanus)
Prior to calving
Neonatal diarrhoea (rotavirus, coronavirus, E-coli)
Salmonellosis booster
In endemic areas: vaccines to paraTB, anthrax
Vaccines not recommended: FMD, TB, ParaTB
General Control Measures
Regular herd testing
TB, Brucella, Enzootic bovine leucosis (>2yrs old)
Diseases where quarantine is required
FMD (Apthavirus), Lumpy skin disease (pox virus), Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
(mycoplasma)
Diseases where hygiene can help
Listeria, leptospirosis, colibacillosis, pasteurella, mastitis, necrobacillosis
Adequate vector control
Babesia, theileria, Erlichia, Q-fever, Lyme disease, Tularaemia, Bluetongue
27. Preventative and Control Measures in Sheep & Goat Farms

26
leptospirosis, parasites etc
control)

Tests for import/export
TB (using bovine tuberculin in the cervical area or the caudal fold)
Border disease
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis (Lentivirus)
Brucella
Paratuberculosis
Scrapie genotyping (not sure if this is compulsory)
For import into Ireland
Flock must have Maedi/Visna accredited status,
Brucella Come from an officially free herd
Bluetongue requirement must be met
Farm must not have been diagnosed with Contagious agalacia (in 6 mths), ParaTB, Brucella
and caseous lymphadenitis (in 12 mths), Pulmonary adenomatosis, caprine
arteritis/encephalitis and Maedi/visna (in 3 yrs) Bru
Main exotic diseases of concern are: FMD, BT, Brucella, Maedi/visna. Contagious agalatia
and caseous lymphadenitis
Main endemic diseases requiring precautionary measure are: Foot rot, Sheep scab, Enzootic
abortion, Scrapie, Orf, ParaTB.
General Testing
Brucella, maedi/Visna, Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia, Peste des Petits ruminants,
Bluetongue, caprine arteritis/encephalitis.
Peste des Petits ruminants, Bluetongue, Q-Fever, Leptospirosis, Brucella, Chlamydia, Campylobacter,
Listeria, Salmonella
28. Vaccination Program of Sheep and Goats
1. Clostridial Diseases
Clostridial Toxin C and D + Tetanus
- Inactivated
- For those not being slaughtered at less than 16 weeks old.
27
- Give at 12 weeks old then booster 4 weeks later, then;

- Sheep 4 - 6 months later
- Goats 3 months later
- AND prior to lambing (increase colostrum antibody titre to protect young).
This is a nice page explaining the diseases
http://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/flockvaccinations.html
2. Mannheimia haemolytica (pneumonia in conjunction with Pasteurella)
- Give at 2 weeks (this seems far too young but its what Avi put in his notes and I cant find anything
on the internet or powerpoints, i guess it could mean 2 weeks before lambing?)
3. Campylobacter (abortion, stillbirth and pneumonia in newborns)
- Inactivated
- Give before breeding and then again 90 days later
4. Chlamydia abortus
- Give 60 days before breeding and then again 30 days before breeding
5. Caseous Lymphadenitis (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis)
- Give from 3 months old, then boost after 4 weeks and also give yearly booster
29. Preventative and control measures in swine farms

leptospirosis, E.coli, parasites etc
control)
28

Import/ Export Controls
No evidence of Transmissible Gastroenteritis, Aujeskys Disease or Swine Influenza in the past 12
months.
ELISA for Transmissible Gastroenteritis no more than 30 days before export.
Animals must be examined within 24 hours of export and found to be free from all signs of
diseases including ectoparasites.
Must come from Brucellosis free stock
Holding must be free from FMD, Swine Vesicular Disease, Classical Swine Fever and Contagious
Swine Paralysis for the last three months.
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30
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae = swine dysentry

Classical Swine Fever - strict import, quarantine and serology, can vaccinate in endemic areas
African swine fever - No vaccine available, vector control, strict import control. Any animals that test
seropositive for CSF or ASF must be slaughtered.
Brucella - B. suis biovar 2 affects wild boar and pigs. Any seropositive animals must be slaughtered
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Aujezskeys - Breeding herds must be tested, and piglets removed and regularly tested. A marker
vaccine is available in endemic areas, but permission is required to use it (guessing from the state
veterinary authority). All positive animals must be slaughtered
Food Borne Control
ASF, CSF, Swine Vesicular Disease (waste must be treated with NaOH at 4C for 30mins), Trichinella
New Animal Control
ASF, CSF, Brucella, Porcine Reproduction and Respiratory Disease (PRRS).
New animals must be quarantined and serologically tested. Any positive animals must be
slaughtered.
Vaccines are not available for ASF, Brucella, Swine Vesicular Disease, and any animals with Brucella,
CSF/ASF or PRRS must be slaughtered to stamp out the disease.
General Testing
CSF/ASF, Brucella, Aujeskys disease
Porcine Parvovirus, Aujeszkys (Herpes Virus 1), Japanese B Encephalitis, C/A swine fever,
Leptospirosis, Brucellosis and less commonly Porcine Circovirus (PRRS etc), FMD.
Bacteria that cause sporadic abortions include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp,
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae , Salmonella spp, Pasteurella multocida, Arcanobacterium
(Actinomyces) pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, and E. coli
30. Vaccination Programme in Swine
1 week old
- Mycoplasma
- Erysipelas
- Rhinitis (Bordatella, Pasteurella)
3 weeks old
- Circovirus
4 weeks old
- Boost Mycoplasma, Eryipelas and Rhinitis
also give Actinobacillus and pleuropneumoniae
Adults
- Leptospirosis, Erysipelas, Parvo Virus (SMEDI)
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**Note: She said in class that she wants us to know which diseases affect which age groups of
suckling, post weaning and sows, so make sure you know your epi.
31. Preventative and Control Measures in Horse Farms
Horses are very susceptible to diseases in terms of stress, for this reason they need excellent hygiene
and feed monitoring.
Black and White system not sure if this is really important for horses, however, i guess if youre
talking about a meat producing place then it is.
leptospirosis, E.coli, parasites etc
control)
Control of Abortion Diseases
Equine Herpes Virus 1 - serology, vaccinate and isolate from herd
Equine Arteritis - serology, quarantine and slaughter any that test positive
Mycotic Aspergillosis
Salmonella abortus equi
Leptospirosis - Serology, hygiene and rodent control
Vector Borne Diseases
Equine Piroplasmosis (Babesia/Theileria) - Serology before entering herd, quarantine, vector
control.
Equine Infectious Anaemia - Serology of all horses (Coggins Test), Vaccinate, and kill all affected.
African Horse Sickness (Orbivirus) - Culicoides control
Equine Encephalomyelitis - Mosquito control
Dourine (Trypanosimiasis) - Serology of new animals, quarantine, venereal.
Glanders - No vaccine. Must do serology on all animals and cull those infected. For import, horses
must be certified as free of Glanders for 6 months.
Equine Influenza - Veterinary certificate within past 21 days
EIA - Must have negative coggins test before movement
Tetanus
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32. Vaccination Programmes in Horse Farms

1. Clostridium tetani
Two different programmes for foals depending on weather the mother is vaccinated or not.
If mother vaccinated - foal vaccinated at 6, 7 and 8 months old, then given yearly boosters.
If mother is unvaccinated - foal vaccinated at 3 and 4 months and then given yearly booster.
2. Equine Influenza
If mother is vaccinated - foal vaccinated at 9, 10 and 11 months, and then at 3 month intervals.
If mother is unvaccinated foal is vaccinated at 6, 7 and 8 months then at 3 month intervals.
3. Equine Herpes Virus 1 - (rhinopneumatis and abortion)
Foal vaccinated at 4, 5 and 6 months then given at 3 month intervals.
4. Strangles
Foal vaccinated at 4, 5 and 7 months
5. West Nile Virus
Foal vaccinated at 3 and 4 months and also at 6 months in high risk areas.
The goal of vaccination is to develop and maintain both individual and herd immunity against
infectious diseases. Commercial vaccines are available for rabies, encephalomyelitis (Eastern,
Western, and Venezuelan), tetanus, influenza, equine herpes viruses 1 and 4, botulism, equine
Ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever), equine viral arteritis, rotavirus, West Nile virus, equine protozoal
myelitis, and Streptococcus equi (strangles). Vaccination programs are formulated based on the
animals age, use, and level of exposure. Broodmare vaccination is important to provide active
immunity for the mare and passive immunity for the foal via transfer of colostral antibodies.
Vaccination guidelines for foals have been modified due to the interference of maternal antibodies
with the initial vaccination response.
Tetanus:
Recommended for all foals and horses. Initial vaccination at 6 months of age, with a 3-dose series at 4- to
6-wk intervals, followed by annual boosters. Broodmares should receive a booster 4-6 wk before foaling.
A horse with an unknown vaccination status that sustains an injury should receive a dose of tetanus
antitoxin along with a dose of tetanus toxoid. A second dose of toxoid should be given 4 wk later.
Rhinopneumonitis (Equine Herpesvirus 1 and 4):
34
Recommended for all foals and horses. Initial vaccination begins at 5 months of age followed by 2 more
doses at 4- to 6- wk intervals. Young horses are most susceptible and should be vaccinated at 3- to 4months intervals. Pregnant mares are vaccinated against EHV-1 during months 3, 5, 7, and 9 of gestation
and 4-6 wk before foaling.
Encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western):

Recommended for all foals and horses. Initial vaccination between 4 and 5 months of age (3-4 months of
age in highly endemic areas), with a 3-dose series at 4- to 6-wk intervals, followed by semiannual
boosters. Broodmares should receive a booster 4-6 wk before foaling.
Influenza:
Recommended for all foals and horses. Due to the persistence of maternally derived antibodies, initial
vaccination using the IM vaccine should begin at 9-10 months of age followed by 2 additional doses given
at 4-wk intervals. If the intranasal vaccine is used, a single dose can be administered at 9 months of age.
Pregnant mares should receive an annual IM booster 4-6 wk before foaling. If the mare was not
vaccinated during the last trimester of her pregnancy, then the 3-dose vaccination series for her foal can
begin as early as 5 months of age, with subsequent doses given at 4- to 6-wk intervals. Young
performance horses should be vaccinated every 3-4 months. Adult horses are usually vaccinated
annually.
Rabies:
Recommended for foals and horses in areas where rabies is prevalent. Vaccination of all horses should
be encouraged. Initial vaccination should begin at 6 mo of age, followed by a second dose at 7 mo and a
booster at 1 yr of age, followed by annual boosters. Broodmares can receive a booster before breeding
or 4-6 wk before foaling.
Potomac Horse Fever:

Vaccination is suggested in areas where the disease is endemic. Initial vaccination can begin at 5-6 mo of
age, followed by a second dose in 3-4 wk and a booster at 1 yr of age. Annual boosters in the spring are
recommended. Pregnant mares should receive a booster before foaling.
West Nile Virus:

Vaccination of all foals and horses in the continental USA is recommended. Initial vaccination can begin
at 5 mo of age followed by a second dose in 4 wk. A booster should be administered in late summer for
foals born early in the year. Pregnant mares should receive a booster 4-6 wk before foaling.
Botulism:
35
Vaccination is recommended for horses in the mid-Atlantic states and other regions of the USA where
the disease is common. Initial vaccination involves a series of 3 doses administered at 4-wk intervals
followed by annual boosters. Foals from vaccinated mares can begin their primary vaccination series at 5
mo of age. Broodmares that have never been vaccinated should receive an initial series of 3 doses
administered at 4-wk intervals during the last trimester, followed by annual boosters administered 4-6
wk before foaling.
Strangles:
Use of this vaccine is restricted to farms where strangles is endemic. Initial immunization with the IM
vaccine involves a 3-dose series administered 4 wk apart beginning at 5 mo of age. If the intranasal
vaccine is used, vaccination can begin at 11 mo of age with a second dose given at 12 mo and annual
boosters thereafter. Broodmares on endemic farms should receive an annual booster 4-6 wk before
foaling.
Rotavirus:
On farms where foal rotaviral diarrhea is a problem, pregnant mares should be given a 3-dose series at 3to 4-wk intervals, during the last trimester of pregnancy. Foals obtain passive immunity through
absorption of colostral antibodies.
Foals with failure of passive antibody transfer (ie, IgG levels <200 mg/dL) and/or foals born to
unvaccinated mares can receive their initial vaccination for equine herpesvirus 1 and 4, tetanus, and
Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis in a 3-dose series beginning at 3-4 mo of age. These foals
can receive their first dose of rabies vaccine at 3 mo of age, followed by a booster at 12 mo. Influenza
vaccination can be started at 9 mo of age. Foals born to mares that have never been exposed to or
vaccinated against West Nile virus can receive their first vaccination
36
35. Prevention and control measure in carnivorous fur animals and

36. Vaccinations for carnivorous fur animals.
Diseases of carnivorous fur animals;
Disease
Hosts
Etiology
Rabies
All - fox extremely sensitive
Lyssa Virus, Rhabdoviridae
Botulism
Mink, Ferret, Fox
C. botulinum
Distemper
Mink, Ferret, Fox
Morbillivirus, Paramyxoviridae
Colibacillosis
Mink, Ferret, Fox
E. coli,
Salmonellosis
Mink, Ferret, Fox
S. enteritidis, choleraesuis,
typhimurium.
Aujeskys Disease
Mink, Ferret, Fox
Porcine Herpes Virus 1,

Varicellovirus, Herpesviridae
Dermatomycosis
Mink, Ferret, Fox
T. mentagrophytes, canis.
Aleutian Mink Disease
Mink
Parvovirus, Parvoviridae
Mink Viral Enteritis
Mink
Parvovirus, Parvoviridae
Transmissible Mink
Encephalopathy
Mink
Prion
Infectious Hepatitis / Encephalitis Fox
Canine Adenovirus 1,
Mastadenovirus, Adenoviridae
Non-specific Control
Quarantine of new arrivals and sick animals
Parasite control
Rodent control and disinfection
Foxes
Kept in individual pens with attached canal
Pens should be raised with a woven floor to disrupt parasitic cycles.
Animals are fed commercial feed preparations
Animals with Canine Distemper should be killed and incinerated
37
Diseases - Distemper, Rabies, Infectious Hepatitis/Encephalitis, Aujeskys disease, Botulism,

Colibacillosis, Salmonellosis, Darmatomycosis.
Vaccinations for foxes
Vaccine
1st
2nd
Distemper
8 weeks
12 weeks
Infectious
Hepatitis/Encephalitis
(CAV)
10 weeks
10 months
Dermatomycosis
> 4 weeks
8 - 12 days after
Rabies
> 3 months old
Annually
3rd
10 months
NB. All inactivated vaccines, except Dermatomycosis which is live attenuated
Mink
Kept in wire-meshed pens with a box and hide for nesting with straw.
Air circulation and natural daylight
Diseases - Distemper, Rabies, Aujeskys Disease, Aleutian Mink Disease, Mink Viral Enteritis,
Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy, Botulism, Colibacillosis, Salmonellosis, Dermatomycosis.
Vaccine
1st
2nd
Type
Distemper
10 weeks
annually
Live attenuated in
combo w/ enteritis +
botulism
Mink Viral Enteritis
vaccinated mother = 12
- 23 weeks
not vaccinated mother = Inactivated in combo w/

2 - 3 weeks
distemper + botulism
not vaccinated mother = then annually

7 - 8 weeks
Botulism
6 - 7 weeks
annually
Multivalent vaccine of
Type C toxoid
Ferrets
Diseases - Distemper, rabies, Aujeszkys Disease, Botulisms, Colibacillosis, Salmonellosis,
Dermatomycosis.
38
Vaccine
Distemper
1st
6 - 8 weeks
2nd
10 - 12 weeks
Type
attenuated, inactivated
or subunit
then annually
Rabies
3 months
Annually
Inactivated
37. Preventive and control measures in herbivorous fur animals.

- Includes rabbits, guinea pigs, hares, chinchillas and nutrias.
Control wild animal populations near fur animals
Hygiene
Diseases
Hemorrhagic Disease of Rabbits - Calicivirus, very contagious, usually die without signs, direct and
indirect transmission.
In the event of an outbreak, depopulation, disinfection, quarantine and test new animals with ELISA,
PCR, Western Blot.
Myxomatosis - Leporipox virus, very contagious. Direct and vector transmission.
In case of outbreak, depopulation, disinfection, quarantine, test new animals and vector control.
Pasteurella multocida (snuffles pneumonia) - Kill suspected individuals, disinfect and increase
hygiene for prevention.
Trichophyton mentagrophytes - Quarantine and treat with double the preventive dose x3.
Treponema caliculi (rabbit syphallis) - venereal transmission. Separate affected individuals,
quarantine and test new animals. Prohibit breeding.
Colibacillosis - E. coli enterotoxaemia. Good hygiene for prevention.
Salmonella paratyphus - Good hygiene for prevention
Vaccine
1st
2nd
Hemorrhagic Disease
(rabbits only)
4 - 6 weeks
Annually
Myxomatosis
10 weeks, unless in risk

area which is 4 weeks
old
every 4 months
Pasteurellosis
4 weeks
7 weeks
3rd
10 weeks
39
Vaccine
Trichophytosis
1st
6 weeks
2nd
3rd
8 - 12 days after (if

therapeutic then give a
double dose 3 times)
38. Vaccination programs in herbivores fur animals

- Includes rabbits, guinea pigs, hares, chinchillas and nutrias.
1. Calcivirus: haemorrhagic disease of rabbits, vaccinate at 4-6 weeks of age and annually.
2. Leporipoxviridae: myxomatosis, if the animal is healthy vaccinate at 10 weeks, if in a high
risk area vaccinate at 4 weeks of age. Revaccination every 4 months.
3. Pasterurellosis: snuffle pneumonia and septicaemia, vaccinate at 4, 7 and 10 weeks of age.
4. Trichophytosis: (T. mentagrophytes and rubium are zoonotic) from 6 weeks of age and
booster after 8-12 days, therapeutic dose is 3x double prophylactic dose
Other diseases without a vaccine that should be watched out for
1. Rabbit syphilis-spirocheatosis (Treponema caliculi), venereal disease in breeding.
2. Collicobacillosis type E
3. Salmonella parathyphoid
39. Preventative and control measures in poultry farms
General rules of prevention:
Geographical location of the farm, separation from other species and prevention of contact with
migrating birds and wild birds (diseases like avian influenza, Chlamydia, Newcastle disease ,
salmonella can be transmitted), black and white zones, all in all out, separation of age categories,
disinfection, disinfestations, rodent control, stress management, light regime, one way flow of air
and proper ventilation.
Replacement stock
Buy 1 day old chicks from a reputable breeder that guarantees vaccination against infectious
bronchitis, Mareks disease and fowl pox. Recommend that the vaccine program will be in hatchery.
Husbandry
Housing hygiene, nutrition and disease control are important to maximise vaccination protection.
Specific control and prevention:
1. Fowl pox and avian diphtheria: Avipoxvirus
Cutaneous form in unfeathered areas and diphteric form in the mucous membranes
of the upper respiratory tract
Transmitted by mosquitoes.
40
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Infected birds are isolated and culled.

Disinfection by bleach
Vector control is of high importance.
Most important is that 1 day old chicks should be vaccinated and revaccinated at 812 weeks of age, then annually.
Mareks disease: Gallid herpes virus 2
Syndrome of growing poultry 3-4 weeks of age.
Transmitted by aerosol and feather follicles
Clinical: visceral leukosis, neurolymphomatosis, ocular lymphomatosis and cutanous
disease
No treatment, all in all out system
Vaccinate at 1 day old
Infectious laryngotracheitis: Gallid herpes virus 1
Common in hotter seasons and when farmer doesnt vaccinate
Best to vaccinate at 1 week old and again at 8 weeks old via drinking water or eye
drops.
Infectious bronchitis: Corona virus
Highly contagious in flocks
Transmitted directly or indirectly
Tracheobronchitis and nephropathogenic mainly in young birds
Vaccinate at 1 day old, 30 days and 12 weeks
Avian encephalomyelitis: Picornaviridae
Mainly transmitted vertically
Signs show at days 7-10 in the chick, neurological, gizzard accumulation of lymph
Importance of immunization of breeder hens at 10-15 weeks by live vaccine to
prevent vertical transmission.
Destroy affected hens
Newcastle disease: Paramyxoviridae, Avulavirus
Transmitted vertically, direct and indirect
Highly contagious disease
Velogenic viscerotropic: haemorrhages and diarrhoea
Velogenic neurotrophic: neurological and respiratory signs
Mesogenic
Lentogenic
No treatment, sanitary prophylaxis and disinfection
Vaccinate at 1 day old by eye drops or at 4 days by water and revaccinate after 3
weeks using live vaccine, or killed deep IM.
Avian leucosis: Retroviridae, Lentivirus
Affects 14-16 week old chickens
Myeloid or lymphoid leucosis cancer
Transmitted mainly vertically or direct/indirectly
Most important is choosing inherited resistance
Eradication in outbreak and good management systems-all in all out
Avian Aspergilliosis
41
Egg aspergillosis
Acute chick aspergillosis
Chronic adult aspergillosis
Good management and hygiene system
9. Fowl cholera: Pasteurella multocida
Highly contagious
Transmitted directly and indirectly via discharges
Zoonotic
Pigeon and rodents are reservoirs
Importance of good hygiene, disinfection, rodent control and vaccine in susceptible
areas
10. Fowl typhoid and Pullorum disease: Salmonella
Usually transmitted vertically but also directly and indirectly
High mortality rate of eggs and chickens
good hygiene, disinfection, disinfestations, rodent control, radical method in disease
Suggested vaccinations:
When?
1 day old
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
5 weeks
8 weeks
10 weeks
12 weeks
18 weeks
For what?
Mareks disease, live Newcastle disease
Infectious bronchitis
Fowl pox, infectious laryngotracheitis
Live Newcastle disease, Infectious bursal disease
Fowl pox
infectious laryngotracheitis
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (or at 10-14 weeks)
In production Infectious bronchitis is boosted every 8 weeks.

When introducing new chickens:
Strict quarantine for avian influenza, salmonella-serology test, Chlamydia-30 day
quarantine and serological exam
40. Poultry vaccine programs
Broilers
Age
1 day (preferable at the
hatchery)
1 day (or 2-3 weeks)
2-3 weeks
vaccine
Mareks disease
route
SC
Newcastle disease
Infectious bursal disease
Course spray (or water or

course spray)
water
42
Commercial layers
Age
1 day
2-3 weeks
10-12 weeks
vaccine
Mareks disease
Newcastle disease, infectious
bronchitis
Infectious bursal disease
bronchitis
bronchitis
Avian encephalomyelitis
10-14 weeks (or 18 weeks)
Fowl pox
Fowl cholera (in susceptible
areas)
Infectious Laryngotracheitis
Infectious chicken anemia
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
5 weeks
8-10 weeks
12-14 weeks
16-18 weeks

bronchitis
bronchitis
route
SC
Water
Water or course spray

Water or course spray
Wing-web (live chick embryo
origin)
Wing-web (MLV)
Parenteral (inactivated)
Intraocular (MLV)
Wing-web (MLV)
Intraocular or spray (MLV),
parenteral
Water or aerosol
Water, aerosol or parenteral
(inactivated)
Poultry vaccines can be highly variable and reflect the local conditions, disease prevalence,
and severity of the challenge and individual preferences.
Vaccination for fowl pox and laryngotracheitis depend on local requirements.
Other strains of infectious bronchitis (Connecticut, Arkanas 99, Florida 88 etc.) are included
in some areas.
The use of Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine is regulated or prohibited in some areas.
41. Preventative and control measures in dogs
In general recommendations are for puppies to be suckling until 6 weeks of age.
The high window of susceptibility is between 8-10 weeks of age when maternal
antibodies decrease.
Good vaccination program with core and non-core vaccines is dependant on the
environment and the epizootological situation.
Try to keep vaccinations at accurate times and do not vaccinate if the animal is sick
or susceptible.
Try to contain puppies indoors until the rabies vaccine because the disease can be
transmitted from the environment or an encounter with another dog.
The majority of problems occur in highly populated environments like kennels, pet
shops, and pensions and are related to unvaccinated individuals and mothers.
Fading puppy syndrome: in first 3 weeks of life
1. Canine herpes virus
43
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
No vaccine
Mainly in kennels from nave bitches to nave puppies
Causes necrotising vasculitis/hepatitis, death in neonatal animals, abortion, respiratory
problems
Prevention: either expose bitch to older dogs prior to breeding or prevent contact from
late gestation to 3 weeks after birth.
Infectious canine hepatitis: CAV-1
Peracute death that looks like poisoning
Vaccinate with CAV-2 to prevent blue-eye (uveitis)
MVL is preferred
Parvovirus
Mostly in kennels, shelters, pet shops
Vaccinated dogs can also get it
Usually between 6-14 weeks
Causes myocarditis or enteritis in very young animals
If animal is sick, owner must pick up faeces for 1 month, clean with bleach 1:30, no
new dogs younger than 16 weeks
Vaccinate at 6-8 weeks, 3 weeks after and again 3-4 weeks after that
Last vaccination at 14-16 weeks (MLV)
More susceptible breeds = Doberman, pit-bull, Rottweiler
Dont vaccinate sick or wormy animals as the vaccine can backcross
Corona virus
Mild GIT signs
Vaccine is questionable
Hygiene is important
Canine distemper: Morbillivirus
Affect young and old dogs
Neurological signs, respiratory, GIT, hyperkeratosis (hard pad), enamel hypoplasia,
Immunosuppressed adults can get it through vaccine, but mainly in young
unvaccinated dogs
Vaccinate from 6-8 weeks until 12-14 weeks
Do not vaccinate in shelters or in immunosuppressed dogs, virus can backcross
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough): CAV-2
Usually multi-factorial with Bordetella bronchiseptica, PI3, and CAV-2
Vaccinate dog 5 days before kennelling
Lyme disease: Borrelia borgduferi.
Prevention via tick control, Amitraz, Frontline
Erlichiosis:
Prevention via tick control, Amitraz, Frontline
Leptospirosis: Spirochaetae
Many modes of transmission, mainly urine but also direct, indirect, rodents, water,
feed
Zoonotic
Causes hepato-renal damage
44
Contains 8 serovars so must use polyvalent vaccine or for specific serovar

Give vaccine from 9 weeks of age 2x or 3 in 3 weeks
Isolate infected
Rodent control
10. Rabies: Lyssa virus
Reservoirs are wild carnivores such as foxes, racoons, skunks, bats, coyote and rats
Use killed viruses from 3 months old and annually or every 3 years with non-adjuvated
vaccine.
Any animal that develops signs of rabies in 10 day quarantine is killed
Vaccination programs
Disease
Parvo
Distemper
CAV-1
Rabies
Parainfluenza
Leptospirosis
Type
MVL/inactivated
MLV
MLV
Inactivated
Inactivated
Core/non-core
Core
Core
Core
Core
Non-core
Non-core
When?
6 weeks x 2 or 3
6 weeks x 2
6 weeks x 2
>3 months
>8 weeks
>8 weeks
42. Vaccination programs in dogs

Core vaccinations
1. Parvovirus: MLV/inactivated, at 6-8 weeks of age x 2 or 3 dependent on breed susceptibility
2. Distemper: Morbillivirus, MLV at 6-8 weeks of age x 2, 3-4 weeks apart.
3. CAV-1: MLV, we use CAV-2 for vaccine because it gives better protection and good cross
immunity and doesnt cause blue-eye (corneal opacity).
4. Rabies: Lyssa virus, inactivated. >3 months of age and annually or every 3 years.
Non-core vaccinations
1. Parainfluenza and bordatella = part of the kennel cough complex with CAV-2.
Recommended to vaccinate prior to kennelling of dogs older than 8 weeks of age (IN).
2. Leptospirosis: inactivated subunit, L. icteroheamorrhagica (Weils syndrome) and L. canicola
(Stutgarts disease in dogs). Very recommended >8 weeks old x 2.
43. Preventative and control measures in cats
In general recommendations are for kittens to be suckling until 6-8 weeks of age.
The high window of susceptibility is between 6-8 weeks of age when maternal
antibodies decrease.
Good vaccination program with core and non-core vaccines is dependant on the
environment, the epizootological situation, living indoor/outdoor, multiple pet
households Etc.
Try to keep vaccinations at accurate times and do not vaccinate if the animal is sick
or susceptible.
45
The majority of problems occur in highly populated environments like breeders,

kennels, pet shops, pensions and are related to unvaccinated kittens and mothers.
1. Feline panleukopenia: Parvovirus (feline distemper)

Lymphoid, GIT and bone marrow depression
Most common in shelters and unvaccinated kittens and mothers
Can be transmitted transplacentally causing cerebral hypoplasia and vision
problems.
MLV or killed vaccine given at 6-8 weeks and again every 3-4 weeks until 12 weeks of
age
Use killed vaccine for unvaccinated pregnant queens
Revaccinate every 3 years
Core
2. Feline Rhinotracheitis: FHV-1
Very common respiratory problem in cats
Latent in trigeminal ganglia
Tend to be more severe than Calcivirus
Causes hepatic and corneal ulcers and can be systemic in kittens-rhinitis and
pneumonia
Vaccination is MLV, inactivated
Core
3. Calcivirus
Besides upper respiratory tract signs, it can also cause oral ulcers, stomatitis and
lameness
30% of all cats shed this virus, and recovered cats shed it for years
The virulent systemic form can affect cats of any age regardless of vaccine
In out-brake use MLV (IN) for healthy
Clean with bleach
Core
4. Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV): Retroviridae
Transmitted by biting, grooming, water bowls, transplacentally, urine, faeces
Depending on the cats immune response, it can be progressive (die in 3 years),
latent or regressive
More common in kittens
Prevention: keep positive cats away from negative cats
Vaccinate outdoor cats (due to fighting), kittens and all cats in a household with
more than 2 cats
Vaccinate at 9 weeks
Non-core
5. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV): Retroviridae, Lentivirus
More prevalent in adult male (>5 years) outdoor cats due to fighting
Keep unaffected cats indoors
Test any new kitten coming to vet clinic
Vaccination not recommended
46
6. Rabies
Try to prevent cats from eating rats
Rodent control
Vaccinate at 3 months
Core
7. Feline infectious peritonitis: Corona virus
Usually enteric, can mutate and become wet (effusive) or dry FIP. Transmitted in
faeces so hygiene is very important
Keep queen and kittens isolated by 12 weeks
Vaccine is non-core
Vaccine is not recommended
8. Chlamydophila felis
Upper respiratory tract infection
Primarily affects kittens in catteries when maternal antibodies decrease
Shed in nasal discharge
Recovered ones shed it when immunosuppressed
Zoonotic
Causes unilateral conjunctivitis or systemic pneumonia in young
Often associated with FHV-1 (feline respiratory complex)
Clean environment and MLV vaccine
Non-core
9. Dermatophytosis
Microsporum canis
Vaccine is non-core
From 12 weeks of age
Vaccination programs
Disease
Parvo (panleukopenia)
Herpes
Calcivirus
Rabies
FeLV
Type
MLV
MLV
MLV
Inactivated
inactivated
Core/non-core
Core
Core
Core
Core
Non-core
Chlamydophila
Inactivated
Non-core
Dermatophytosis
inactivated
Non-core
FIP
Non-core
FIV
Non-core
When?
6 weeks x 2
6 weeks x 2
6 weeks x 2
>3 months
9 weeks
(recommended)
>9 weeks
(recommended)
>12 weeks
(recommended)
16 weeks (Not
recommended)
16 weeks (Not
recommended)
47
44. Vaccination programs in cats

Disease
Parvo (panleukopenia)
Herpes
Calcivirus
Rabies
FeLV
Type
MLV
MLV
MLV
Inactivated
inactivated
Core/non-core
Core
Core
Core
Core
Non-core
chlamydophila
Inactivated
Non-core
Dermatophytosis
inactivated
Non-core
FIP
Non-core
FIV
Non-core
When?
6 weeks x 2
6 weeks x 2
6 weeks x 2
>3 months
9 weeks
(recommended)
>9 weeks
(recommended)
>12 weeks
(recommended)
16 weeks (Not
recommended)
16 weeks (Not
recommended)
48

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PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE

1. General Principles and methods of infectious disease prevention and control

Primary preventative measures to prevent exposure to aetiological agents

Veterinary prevention plan & protection of national territory

Man to animals Education and hygiene of employees dressing rooms, sanitation

2. General Principles and Methods of Infectious Disease Elimination and Eradication

5. Recovery Programs for Infectious Diseases of Cattle

Affinity to endothelial cells, tonsils, oedema, outer membranes of organs

N. America and Europe

In the case of an outbreak depopulation, disposal, cleaning and disinfection

West Nile Fever

Pig, horse, donkey

Dog and cat

Artificial passive immunization

Artificial active immunization vaccination; application of an Ag in order to develop active

Third generation vaccines

Oculonasal, beak dipping, skin scarification and double sting method

14. Basic Principles of Vaccinations

15. Post vaccination Complications

16. Principles of Therapy in Infectious Diseases; Methods

Specific therapy causal

Essential conditions for successful therapy

Accurate and prompt diagnosis

Knowledge of the stages of the disease (the course of the disease)

Isolation of affected and suspected animals

Continuous surveillance with disinfection, sanitation and disinfestations

17. Symptomatic, Supportive and Causal Therapy

Example of Treatment for Parvo Virus

18. Diagnostic Measures of Infectious Diseases; General Principles

19. Reporting Infectious Diseases

Importance of reporting quickly

20. Emergency Planning

21. Epizootological Sanitation

O.I.E. (World Animal Health Organisation)

Directs and co-ordinates health within the

Deals with communicable diseases and their

24. Prevention and Eradication of Infectious Diseases in the E.U.

25. Preventative and Control Measures in Cattle Farms

Bovine respiratory syndrome, Bovine Diarrhoeic Syndrome, Reproductive disorders

27. Preventative and Control Measures in Sheep & Goat Farms

Specific Control Measures

- Give at 12 weeks old then booster 4 weeks later, then;

29. Preventative and control measures in swine farms

Specific Control Measures

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae = swine dysentry

32. Vaccination Programmes in Horse Farms

Rhinopneumonitis (Equine Herpesvirus 1 and 4):

Encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western):

Potomac Horse Fever:

West Nile Virus:

35. Prevention and control measure in carnivorous fur animals and

All - fox extremely sensitive

Lyssa Virus, Rhabdoviridae

Mink, Ferret, Fox

Mink, Ferret, Fox

Mink, Ferret, Fox

Mink, Ferret, Fox

Mink, Ferret, Fox

Porcine Herpes Virus 1,

Mink, Ferret, Fox

Aleutian Mink Disease

Mink Viral Enteritis

Infectious Hepatitis / Encephalitis Fox