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Transformer PS Class
Current Transformer PS Class
Before understanding Knee Point Voltage of Current Transformer andcurrent transformer PS class we
should recall the terms instrument security factor of CT and accuracy limit factor.
Another significance of ISF is during huge electrical fault, the short circuit current, flows through primary of
the CT does not affect destructively, the measuring instrument attached to it as because, the
secondary current of the CT will not rise above the value of rated secondary current multiplied by ISF.
otherwise total transformation of primary current during huge fault may badly damage the protection relays.
So it is clear from above explanation, rated accuracy limit primary current, should not be so less, that it will
not at all help the relays to be operated on the other hand this value must not be so high that it can damage
the relays.
So, accuracy limit factor or ALF should not have the value nearer to unit and at the same time it should
not be as high as 100. The standard values of ALF as per IS-2705 are 5, 10, 15, 20 & 30.
as
ankle
point
and
point
is
voltage
known
as
Knee
of current transformer"
Point.
title="Knee
both LV & HV CTs have magnetizing characteristics. Beyond the knee point, for slight increase in secondary
emf a large increasing in excitation current is required. So after this knee point excitation current of
both current transformers will be extremely high, which may cause mismatch between secondary current of
LV & HV current transformers. This phenomena may cause unexpected tripping of power transformer. So
the magnetizing characteristics of both LV & HV sides CTs, should be same that means they have same
knee point voltage Vk as well as same excitation current Ie at Vk/2. It can be again said that, if both knee
point voltage of current transformer and magnetizing characteristic of CTs of both sides of power
transformer differ, there must be a mismatch in high excitation currents of the CTs during fault which
ultimately causes the unbalancing between secondary current of both groups of CTs and transformer trips.
So for choosing CT for differential protection of transformer, one should consider current transformer PS
class rather its convectional protection class. PS stands for protection special which is defined by knee
point voltage of current transformer Vk and excitation current Ie at Vk/2.
is
open
circuited
or
connected
to
burden
at its
secondary.
If CT secondary is open circuited, all the primary current will behave as excitation current, which ultimately
produce huge voltage. Every currenttransformer has its won non-linear magnetizing curve, because of
which secondary open circuit voltage should be limited by saturation of the core. If one can measure the
rms voltageacross the secondary terminals, he or she will get the value which may not appear to be
dangerous. As the CT primary current is sinusoidal in nature, it zero 100 times per second.(As frequency of
thecurrent is 50 Hz). The rate of change of flux at every current zero is not limited by saturation and is high
indeed. This develops extremely high peaks or pulses of voltage. This high peaks ofvoltage may not be
measured by conventional voltmeter. But these high peaks of inducedvoltage may breakdown the CT
insulation, and may case accident to personnel. The actual open-circuit voltage peak is difficult to measure
accurately because of its very short peaks. That is why CT secondary should not be kept open.
.5 ohm impedance
2.
2.
3.