Apple's devices are like beautiful crystal

prisons'- June,2012
Apple makes use of a number of open source technologies in its software products, but operating systems like iOS
and OS X are hardly considered open. Apple has tight control over nearly every aspect of its mobile and desktop
operating systems, ensuring that its products come as close as possible to resembling Apples vision from the
moment they reach consumers hands until they are eventually replaced. While no one can deny the fact that Apples
strategy has been a recipe for success thus far, a number of pundits believe Apple needs to loosen its grip on iOS
and OS X if it hopes to maintain this success moving forward. Now, digital freedom fighters at the Electronic Frontier
Foundation have weighed in on the issue.
Apples recent products, especially their mobile iOS devices, are like beautiful crystal prisons, with a wide range of
restrictions imposed by the OS, the hardware, and Apples contracts with carriers as well as contracts with
developers, the EFFs Micah Lee and Peter Eckersley wrote in a post on the groups blog. Only users who can hack
or jailbreak their devices can escape these limitations.
Apple pundits argue that this very notion is the reason Apples products are so successful. According to the EFF,
however, consumers are being hurt by Apples closed model. Using the iOS App Store as an example, the group
states that Apple is locking down its devices and preventing users from accessing an endless supply of great apps
since only software approved by Apple makes it into the App Store.
Apple changed the way we think about mobile computing with the iPhone, but they have also lead the charge in
creating restrictive computers and restrictive marketplaces for software, the EFF wrote. You may have purchased an
iPad, but unless youve exploited a vulnerability in iOS to jailbreak it, there are many things you cannot install on it.
The App Store has thousands of apps to choose from, but your choices are limited to apps that both Apple has
approved, and which can function without root or administrator privileges.
The organization continued, Apple has been known to reject or remove apps from sale because of their content
(WikiLeaks app banned, eBook reader with access to Kama Sutra banned), for not using Apple to process payments,
and for being capable of executing code that Apple cant approve. While Apples policies have improved in the the
years since the iPhone first launched, the company still maintains total control over what apps are available to
consumers. Unlike Android, iOS does not have an option to install apps from sources other than the App Store.
Lee and Eckersley conclude that Apple and its customers would be best served if the company takes the advice of
Apple co-founder and former executive Steve Wozniak, who recently called for the Cupertino, California-based
company to open its platforms for those who wish to alter them or add functionality not approved by Apple. No place,
and no system, can be perfect if it denies its citizens the freedom to change it, or the freedom to leave, the EFF said.

The State Of Linux How Even

Apple Is Going Open Source
Posted Aug 29, 2012 by Alex Williams (@alexwilliams)

Big business is calling and they want to talk about Linux.

Linux is evolving now that the cloud is here and much of it is built on open source. Big business gets that and they want to
get on the train. Even Apple is adapting.
Jim Zemlin, executive director of the Linux Foundation opened with the keynote in San Diego for the first CloudOpen, making
the point that everything is becoming a service. Those services are moving to the forefront of the enterprise and they are
built on open source.
So if you are going to master software you must master open source. You cant do it otherwise. There is no way to succeed
in a services world without it.
Google, IBM and Intel have all demonstrated they are investing in open source. Even the companies you would not expect
are adopting open source technologies.
Zemlin said Apple one of the most closed companies in the world is actually using lot of open source and software.
Licensing information in the Apple iPhone proves this. Go to the legal section on the iPhone and it cites Linux Kernel
developer Ted Tso for his code. Linux Suse is there, too.
Zemlin made the point that Apple has hundreds of billions of dollars in cash, which is enough to buy HP, Intel and Dell
combined. Instead, Apple purchased the copyright to the Common Unix Printing System (CUPS), which now is on every
Linux and Apple system.
The list of companies using Linux does not stop at Apple. Microsoft, which once equated open source with communism, is
now a top contributor to the Linux Kernel project. And VMware is getting on the bandwagon. The company acquired Nicira, a
top contributor to OpenStack, the open cloud effort to build your own infrastructure. This week, VMware submitted an
application to join the OpenStack community. At VMworld, executives said the acquisition is part of a strategy to move closer
to open source not away from it.
The future of IT is software. It will face out more than people do. That innovation will come from engineers who build open
cloud environments. The reality is that open is many things to different people. Running on multiple clouds is not easy. It
should not just be about the code but the systems, too. The challenge for the open source cloud movement is how it can
help tie the pieces together to make the cloud truly federated.
(Hat tip feature image is from Linux SUSE.)

Apple Open Source Projects

As the first major computer company to make Open Source development a key part of its ongoing software strategy, Apple remains committed
to the Open Source development model. Major components of Mac OS X, including the UNIX core, are made available under Apples Open
Source license, allowing developers and students to view source code, learn from it and submit suggestions and modifications. In addition,
Apple uses software created by the Open Source community, such as the HTML rendering engine for Safari, and returns its enhancements to
the community.
Apple believes that using Open Source methodology makes Mac OS X a more robust, secure operating system, as its core components have
been subjected to the crucible of peer review for decades. Any problems found with this software can be immediately identified and fixed by
Apple and the Open Source community.
Learn more about Open Source development athttp://developer.apple.com/opensource/

Open Source Projects:

Component

Project

Version

Used In

AddressBook-Metakit

Metakit

2.4.9.2

Mac OS X, Xcode Tools

AirPortFamily

wpa_supplicant

0.3.9

Mac OS X

AKCmds

LibTIFF

3.8.2

Mac OS X, Xcode Tools

amavisd

amavisd

amavisd-new-2.6.5

Mac OS X, Server

apache

apache

2.2.19

Mac OS X, Xcode Tools

apache_mod_bw

apache_mod_bw

0.8

Server

apache_mod_encoding2

apache_mod_encoding2

20021209

Server

apache_mod_jk

apache_mod_jk

1.2.30

Server

apache_mod_perl

mod_perl

2.0.5

Mac OS X, Xcode Tools

apache_mod_php

php

5.3.6

Mac OS X, Server, Xcode Tools

FreeType 2

2.4.4

libjpeg

8c

libpng

1.5.2

suhosin

0.9.10

xdebug

2.1.1

apache_mod_python

apache_mod_python

3.3.1

Server

apache_mod_scgi_pubsub

apache_mod_scgi_pubsub

1.11-pubsub

Mac OS X

apache_mod_xsendfile

apache_mod_xsendfile

0.9

Server

AppleShareClientLib

openssl

0.9.1c

Mac OS X, Xcode Tools

apr

apr

1.4.2

Mac OS X, Xcode Tools

apr-util

1.3.10

autoconf

autoconf

2.61

Xcode Tools

autofs

autofs

N/A

Mac OS X

automake

automake

1.10

Xcode Tools

awk

awk

October 23, 2007

Mac OS X

bash

bash

3.2

Mac OS X

bc

bc

1.06

Mac OS X

BerkeleyDB

BerkeleyDB

4.7.25

Mac OS X, Server

bind9

bind9

9.7.3

Mac OS X

contd.

Apple, the first major computer company to make Open

Source development a key part of its software strategy,
continues to use and release significant quantities of open
source software.
ResearchKit

ResearchKit is an open source framework that enables an iOS app to become a powerful tool for
medical research. It includes a variety of customizable modules that you can build upon and
share with the community.
View the ResearchKit Open Source Project

Bonjour

Bonjour enables automatic discovery of devices and services on a local network using industry
standard IP protocols. It makes it easy to discover, publish, and resolve network services with a
sophisticated, yet easy-to-use, programming interface.
Learn more about Bonjour

UNIX
OS X combines a proven UNIX foundation with the easy-to-use Mac interface to bring multicore
technology and 64-bit power to the mass market.
View Unix Documentation

WebKit

WebKit the open source rendering engine introduced by Apple powers Safari on OS X and
iOS. WebKit features blazing performance and extensive standards support. And because its

open source, developers can examine WebKit code and contribute to the community.
Webkit Open Source Project

June 3, 2014 4:41 am

Apples iOS8 opens door to developers

By Tim Bradshaw in San Francisco

At Apples first big launch event of 2014, its executives stressed the importance of continuity: the facility to switch easily
between Mac, iPhone and iPad to complete given task.
But the unspoken wider message of Mondays Worldwide Developers Conference was one of sharp discontinuity.

Apple has made a break with the past by opening up new elements of its iPhone operating system such as its keyboard,
fingerprint reader and cloud storage systems. Now external developers can create tools to customize these basic functions
of the iPhone, where before Apple insisted that only its own technology was good enough.

Its a big philosophical shift for Apple, says Jan Dawson, analyst with Jackdaw Research. They are opening the door to all
sorts of developers to do lots of new things.

Many of Apples changes in iOS 8 mimic what Google has been doing for years with its rival smartphone operating system,
Android. For example, Android users have long been able to download alternative keyboards such as SwiftKey or Nuances
Swype.
Are we going to build SwiftKey Keyboard for iOS 8? Of course we are. Weve already started, says Jon Reynolds, chief
executive of SwiftKey. Were delighted Apple has decided to embrace the importance of opening its platform to third-party
keyboards.

Introducing what he called one of the most profound changes amid 4,000 new capabilities for developers included in iOS 8,
Craig Federighi, Apples software chief, showed off extensions that allow iPhone applications to share certain features and
functions. That could mean users can download a share on Pinterest button to their Safari web browser, or choose Bing
translation services to read a foreign web page.

With extensibility, applications from the App Store will be able to extend the system and offer services to other apps, says
Mr Federighi, stressing that Apples approach offers greater data protection than Androids

Apple opened up the iPhone to third-party apps back in 2008 after a reluctant Steve Jobs was convinced to do so by his
colleagues. But until this week's changes, only handpicked companies such as Facebook and Twitter have been integrated
into the basic functions of the iPhones core software.
This new ability to unbundle apps into specific utilities will allow more developers to follow the example set by Facebook,
which is slowly replacing its single, all-encompassing app with standalone apps for messaging, photos and other strands of
its social network.

This is great because before you had to go do a deal with Apple, says Mike McCue, chief executive of Flipboard, a popular
newsreader app.
I wish theyd done it years ago, adds Nick DAloisio, creator of Summly, the automatic summarising app that he sold
to Yahoo last year.
Apple is not only focusing on software as it looks to broaden its platform. For creators of internet-connected door locks,
thermostats, lightbulbs and other domestic appliances, Apple is opening up Siri, its virtual assistant. Through this HomeKit,
developers will be able to make apps connecting to these smart home devices that will allow iPhone owners to use their
voice to turn off the lights or turn up the heating.
And there is HealthKit, Apples new platform for uniting health and fitness data from a variety of apps and devices.

Apple is even opening up the programming language that developers use to write apps by introducing a new one. Swift, as
its name suggests, is intended to be quicker and easier to learn than Objective-C, the coding language that iPhone app
developers have used until now.
Well be able to develop apps faster and it will become more accessible to become a developer, says Mr McCue.
Byron Cortez, a developer with Voyager Innovations, a technology company based in the Philippines, says: This is good
because Im a new developer on iOS I started on Android. This evens the playing field a bit.

Taken together, analysts say the new features for developers fulfill a promise by Tim Cook, Apples chief executive, that iOS
8 is the biggest release of iOS since the introduction of the App Store.
I was surprised at the breadth of what they are trying to achieve, says Geoff Blaber, mobile analyst at CCS Insight. They
are trying to attack multiple new segments. Apple has concluded it needs to open up its platform to a far greater extent.
In the past, Apple might have tried to compete using its own in-house technology rather than rely on others' apps. But as last
weeks $3bn purchase of Beats has shown, Mr Cook is willing to look outside Apples Cupertino headquarters to find the
next big innovation - as long as it all bolsters iPhone sales.

That is in part a defence against Google, whose tools for developers from Android for smartphones, Chrome web browser
and growing portfolio of television services are proving increasingly attractive, says Mr Blaber.
But the home, healthcare and other new markets such as automobiles, which Apple is targeting with its new CarPlay
technology, are huge domains with relatively untapped opportunities, he says.
Encouraging developers to create apps in these areas will provide fertile ground for its own health-monitoring wearable
device the iWatch and an upgraded TV box when they are released later this year, says Carolina Milanesi, chief of
research at Kantar Worldpanel ComTech.
Creating the ecosystem before you come out with the hardware gives people a reason to buy it beyond the hardware
alone, she says. That is a lesson Apple learnt with the iPad, which could run apps already made for the iPhone, helping
make it an instant success.
That promise of delayed gratification should compensate for any disappointment that Apple did not reveal any new
gadgets on Monday, says Horace Dediu, analyst with Asymco.
Everyone wants to see a skyscraper but this is a cement conference, he says. In the summer they show you the new
building material and in the fall they make something with it.

Apple Goes Open-Source

Worldwide developers Conference, June 9, 2015
For the second straight year, Apple drew a huge round of applause at its Worldwide Developers Conference for
news related to its nascent computer programming language. Swift was introduced at last years conference
andenjoyed unprecedented success, mostly because people want to write apps for iPhones. On Monday the
company said it would make Swift open-source by the end of the year. This could pave the way for the language
to reach far beyond Apples walled garden.
We think Swift is going to be the next big programming language, said Craig Federighi, Apples senior vice
president for software engineering.
This could mean developers will be able to use Swift on non-Apple devices to write programs that run on
platforms that compete with Apples own products. That could be a big deal if Apple really wants to extend its
reach. Computer science programs tend to focus on teaching languages that are open and widely applicable,
and some developers are loath to spend time learning languages whose use is limited to one platform, even one
as important as Apples. If the company wants Swift to develop from a fairly popular language into one of
the primary tools used by coders worldwide, it probably had little choice but to go open-source.
The impact of the news is likely to be immediate, says Stephen OGrady, co-founder of Red Monk, an analytics
firm for developers. By standing up at WWDC, Apple is publicly committed to this, he says. For developers
that may have been reluctant to commit before, because it wasnt an open-source language, that obstacle has
been removed.
Apple has a reputation among developers for being aloof, and Mondays announcement was taken in some
corners as a pleasantly uncharacteristic move.
People were hoping they would open-source Swift, but I dont think people were expecting it,
says Colin Eberhardt, technology director for Scott Logic, a software development company.
Swift might have gotten to this point without Apples help. There have already been independent efforts to
create the capability to use Swift for non-Apple devices without Apples explicit cooperation, by companies like
RemObjects. But having Apple on board will likely smooth the process.
Until all the details emerge, there will be skepticism about Apples intentions and its ability to follow through.
On developer forums on Monday, people quickly invoked thecase of FaceTime, which Apple said would be
become an open-industry standard but got bogged down in the effort.
When I look at swift, the only thought I have is that it is the new iOS language. I dont believe theyll be able to
deviate from that. I dont see myself making iOS apps, so I dont see myself every [sic] writing a single line of
the language, writes nickysielicki on Hacker News, a popular news site and forum for computer
programmers.

What an open-source Swift actually means will become clearer as Apple discloses more details about its
approach. There are many flavors of open-source licensing, all of which allow developers to do slightly different
things. Mondays announcement is best seen as an interesting first step.
It at least gives Apple the framework for developers it hasnt had before. Historically the developer experience
has been very locked down, says Red Monks OGrady, adding that the specific license will be a strong
indication of how committed the company is: What Apple chooses here tells us a lot about how they are going
to interact with developers.

Darwin (operating system)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Darwin

Developer

Apple Inc.

Written in

C, C++

OS family

Unix (BSD)

Working state

Current

Source model

Open source

Initial release

November 15, 2000; 14 years ago

Latest release

14.4.0 / June 30, 2015; 15 days ago

Platforms

PowerPC, x86, ARM

Kernel type

Hybrid

Default user

Command-line interface

interface

License

Mostly Apple Public Source License,

with proprietary drivers[1]

Official website

opensource.apple.com

Simplified history of Unix-like operating systems.

Darwin is an open source Unix computer operating system released by Apple Inc. in 2000. It is
composed of code developed by Apple, as well as code derived from NeXTSTEP, BSD, and
other free software projects.
Darwin forms the core set of components upon which OS X and iOS are based. It is
mostly POSIXcompatible, but has never, by itself, been certified as being compatible with any
version of POSIX. (OS X, since Leopard, has been certified as compatible with the Single UNIX
Specification version 3 (SUSv3).[2][3][4])
Contents
[hide]

1 History

2 Design

2.1 Kernel

2.2 Hardware and software support

3 License

4 Mascot

5 Release history

6 Derived projects
o

6.1 OpenDarwin

6.2 PureDarwin

6.3 Other

7 See also

8 References

9 External links

History[edit]
Darwin's heritage began with NeXT's NeXTSTEP operating system (later known as OpenStep), first
released in 1989. After Apple bought NeXT in 1997, it announced it would base its next operating
system on OpenStep. This was developed into Rhapsody in 1997, Mac OS X Server 1.0in
1999, Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000, and Mac OS X 10.0 in 2001. In 2000, the core operating
system components of Mac OS X were released as open-source software under the Apple Public
Source License (APSL) as Darwin; the higher-level components, such as
the Cocoa and Carbon frameworks, remained closed-source.
Up to Darwin 8.0.1, Apple released a binary installer (as an ISO image) after each major Mac OS X
release that allowed one to install Darwin on PowerPC and Intel x86 computers as a standalone
operating system. Minor updates were released as packages that were installed separately. Darwin
is now only available as source code,[5] except for the ARM variant, which has not been released in
any form separately from iOS. However, the older versions of Darwin are still available in binary
form,[6] and a hobbyist developer winocm took the official Darwin source code and ported it to ARM.[7]

Design[edit]
Kernel[edit]
Darwin is built around XNU, a hybrid kernel that combines the Mach 3 microkernel, various elements
of BSD (including the process model, network stack, and virtual file system),[8] and an objectoriented device driver API called I/O Kit.[9] The hybrid kernel design leverages the flexibility of a
microkernel[citation needed] and the performance of a monolithic kernel.

Hardware and software support[edit]

Darwin currently includes support for the 64-bit x86-64 variant of the Intel x86 processors used
in Macs and the 64-bit ARM processors used in the iPhone 5Sand iPhone 6, as well as the 32bit ARM processors used in the iPhone 4S and older, iPod Touch, iPad (4th gen), and the second
and third generation Apple TV. An open-source port of the XNU kernel exists which supports Darwin
on Intel and AMD x86 platforms not officially supported by Apple, although it does not appear to
have been updated since 2009.[10] An open-source port of the XNU kernel also exists for ARM
platforms.[11] Older versions supported some or all of 32-bit PowerPC, 64-bit PowerPC, and 32-bit
x86.
It supports the POSIX API by way of its BSD lineage and a large number of programs written for
various other UNIX-like systems can be compiled on Darwin with no changes to the source code.
Darwin does not include many of the defining elements of Mac OS X, such as
the Carbon and Cocoa APIs or the Quartz Compositor and Aqua user interface, and thus cannot run
Mac applications. It does, however, support a number of lesser known features of Mac OS X, such
as mDNSResponder, which is the multicast DNS responder and a core component of
the Bonjour networking technology, and launchd, an advanced service managementframework.

License[edit]
In July 2003, Apple released Darwin under version 2.0 of the Apple Public Source License (APSL),
which is approved as a free software license by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). Previous
versions had been released under an earlier version of the APSL license, which did not meet the
FSF's definition of free software, although it met the requirements of the Open Source Definition.

Mascot[edit]

The Darwin developers decided to adopt a mascot in 2000, and chose Hexley the Platypus, over
other contenders, such as an Aqua Darwin fish, Clarus the Dogcow, and an orca. Hexley is
a cartoon platypus who mimicking the BSD Daemon usually wears a cap resembling ademon's
horns and carries a trident which symbolizes the forking of processes. Hexley was designed by Jon
Hooper. Apple does not sanction Hexley as a logo for Darwin. [12]
The name Hexley is an accidental misspelling of the last name of Thomas Henry Huxley, a 19thcentury English biologist who was a well-known champion ofCharles Darwin's theory
of evolution (nicknamed "Darwin's bulldog"). The name was chosen under the misunderstanding that
he was an assistant of Darwin, rather than a prominent biologist in his own right. By the time the

spelling mistake had been discovered, it was deemed too late to change, and the erroneous name
was kept.[13]

Release history[edit]
This is a table of major Darwin releases with their dates of release and their corresponding Mac OS
X releases.[14] Note that the corresponding Mac OS X release may have been released on a different
date; refer to the Mac OS X pages for those dates.

Versi
on

Date

Correspon
ding
releases

Notes

0.1

March
16, 1999

Mac OS X
DP

0.1 is contrived (for sorting and identification) as this

identified itself simply as Mac OS 10.0

0.2

Novemb
er 10,
1999

Mac OS X
DP2

1.0

February
2000

Mac OS X
DP3

1.1

April 5,
2000

Mac OS X
DP4

1.2.1

Novemb
er 15,
2000

Mac OS X
Public Beta

Code named "Kodiak"

1.3.1

April 13,
2001

Mac OS X
v10.0

First commercial release of Darwin

1.3.1

June 21,
2001

Mac OS X
v10.0.4

All releases of "Cheetah" (10.010.0.4) had the

same version of Darwin

Mac OS X
v10.1

Performance improvements to "boot time, real-time

threads, thread management, cache flushing, and
preemption handling," support for SMB network file
system, Wget replaced with cURL.[15]

1.4.1

October
2, 2001

5.1

Novemb
er 12,
2001

Mac OS X
v10.1.1

Change in numbering scheme to match Mac OS

X build numbering scheme (e.g., Mac OS X v10.1
contains build numbers starting with 5 so Mac OS X
v10.1.1 is now based on Darwin 5.1; i.e., 10.1 means
5 so 10.1.1 means 5.1, etc.)

5.5

June 5,
2002

Mac OS X
v10.1.5

Last release of "Puma"

6.0.1

Septemb Mac OS X
er 23,
v10.2(Darwin
6.0.2)
2002

GCC upgraded from 2 to 3.1, IPv6 and IPSec support,

mDNSResponder service
discovery daemon(Rendezvous), addition
of CUPS, Ruby, and Python, journaling support
in HFS+ (Darwin 6.2), application profiles ("pre-heat
files") for faster program launching.[16]

6.8

October
3, 2003

Mac OS X
v10.2.8

Last release of "Jaguar"

7.0

October
24, 2003

Mac OS X
v10.3

BSD layer synchronized with FreeBSD 5, automatic

file defragmentation, hot-file clustering, and
optional case sensitivity in HFS+, bash instead
of tcsh as default shell, read-only NTFS support (Darwin
7.9).[17]

7.9

April 15,
2005

Mac OS X
v10.3.9

Last release of "Panther"

April 29,
2005

Mac OS X
v10.4
Mac OS X
forApple
TV (Darwin

Stable kernel programming interface, finer-grained

kernel locking, 64-bit BSD layer, launchd service
management framework, extended file
attributes, access control lists, commands such
as cp and mv updated to preserve extended

8.0

8.11

Novemb
er 14,
2007

9.0

October
26, 2007

9.8

August
5, 2009

8.8.2)

attributes and resource forks.[18]

Mac OS X
v10.4.11

Last release of "Tiger"

iPhone OS
1(Darwin
9.0.0d1)

Mac OS X
v10.5

Full POSIX compliance, improved hierarchical process

scheduling model, dynamically allocated swap files,
dynamic resource limits (for files and processes),
process sandboxing, address space layout
randomization,DTrace tracing framework, file
system events daemon, directory hard
links, Apache 1.3 and PHP 4 updated to Apache 2.2
and PHP 5, read-only ZFS support.[19] First Darwin core
used for iPhone devices.

Mac OS X
v10.5.8

Last release of "Leopard"

10.0

August
28, 2009

iOS 4
and Mac OS
X v10.6

End of official support for PowerPC architecture

(although several fat binaries, such as Kernel, still
contain PPC images); 64-bit kernel and
drivers, libdispatch task
parallelization framework, OpenCL heterogeneous
computingframework, support for blocks in C,
transparent file compression in HFS+.[20]

10.8

June 23,
2011

Mac OS X
v10.6.8

Last release of "Snow Leopard"

11.0.
0

July 20,
2011

iOS 5[21]
and Mac OS
X v10.7

XNU no longer supports PPC binaries (fat binary only

for i386, x86_64). XNU requires an x86_64 processor,
except for iOS which is ARM based. Improved
sandboxing of applications

11.4.
2

October
4, 2012

Mac OS X
v10.7.5

Last release of "Lion", supplemental

12.0.
0

February
16, 2012

OS X v10.8

Code named "Mountain Lion"; the word "Mac" has

been dropped from the name

12.6.
0

January
27, 2015

OS X
v10.8.5

Last release of "Mountain Lion" with Security

Update 2015-001

13.0.
0

June 11,
2013

iOS 6
and OS X
v10.9

OS X v. 10.9 is code named "Mavericks"

13.4.
0

Septemb
OS X
er 17,
v10.9.5
2014

Last release of "Mavericks"

14.0.
0

Septemb iOS 7, iOS

er 18,
8and OS X
2014
v10.10

OS X v. 10.10 is code named "Yosemite"

The jump in version numbers from Darwin 1.4.1 to 5.1 with the release of Mac OS X v10.1.1 was
designed to tie Darwin to the Mac OS X version and build numbering system, which in turn is
inherited from NeXTSTEP. In the build numbering system of Mac OS X, every version has a unique
beginning build number, which identifies what whole version of Mac OS X it is part of. Mac OS X
v10.0 had build numbers starting with 4, 10.1 had build numbers starting with 5, and so forth (earlier
build numbers represented developer releases). The point release number in the Darwin version is
always the same as the second point number in the Mac OS X version. In the case of Mac OS X
v10.1.1 (the version where the jump in version numbers was made), this was build 5M28 and the
10.1.1 release, from which a version number of 5.1 was derived. [22]
The command uname -r in Terminal will show the Darwin version number, and the command uname
-v will show the XNU build version string, which includes the Darwin version number.

Derived projects[edit]
Due to the free software nature of Darwin, there are many projects that aim to modify or enhance the
operating system.

OpenDarwin[edit]

GNOME running on OpenDarwin.

OpenDarwin was a community-led operating system based on the Darwin system. It was founded in
April 2002 by Apple Inc. and Internet Systems Consortium. Its goal was to increase collaboration
between Apple developers and the free software community. Apple benefited from the project
because improvements to OpenDarwin would be incorporated into Darwin releases; and the
free/open source community benefited from being given complete control over its own operating
system, which could then be used in free software distributions such as GNU-Darwin.[23]
On July 25, 2006, the OpenDarwin team announced that the project was shutting down, as they felt
OpenDarwin had "become a mere hosting facility for Mac OS X related projects," and that the efforts
to create a standalone Darwin operating system had failed. They also state: "Availability of sources,
interaction with Apple representatives, difficulty building and tracking sources, and a lack of interest
from the community have all contributed to this."[24] The last stable release was version 7.2.1,
released on July 16, 2004.[citation needed]

PureDarwin[edit]
In 2007, the PureDarwin project was launched to continue where OpenDarwin left off, and is
currently working to produce a release based on Darwin 11. There is a version available based on
Darwin 10.5.8. This release has X11, DTrace, and ZFS.[25] PureDarwin nano is another release of
PureDarwin that is supposed to be minimalistic.

Other[edit]

MacPorts (formerly DarwinPorts), Fink, and Homebrew are well known projects to port UNIX
programs to the Darwin operating system and providepackage management. In addition, several
standard UNIX package managerssuch as RPM, pkgsrc, and Portagehave Darwin ports.
Some of these operate in their own namespace so as not to interfere with the base system.
GNU-Darwin is a project that ports packages of free software to Darwin.
The Darwine project is a port of Wine that allows one to run Microsoft Windows software on
Darwin.

SEDarwin is a port of TrustedBSD mandatory access control framework and portions of

the SELinux framework to Darwin.[26] It was incorporated into Mac OS X 10.5.[27]

The Darbat project is an experimental port of Darwin to the L4 microkernel family. It aims to
be binary compatible with existing Darwin binaries.[28]

[30]

There are various projects that focus on driver support: e.g., wireless drivers, [29]
wired NIC drivers[31][32][33] modem drivers,[34] card readers,[35] and the ext2 and ext3 file systems.[36]

[37]

See also[edit]
T H E B I G G E ST R O U N D

of applause at Apples Worldwide Developers Conference keynote yesterday didnt come

when the company announced new versions of iOS and OS X, or even the new Apple Music service. It came
when Apples vice president of engineering Craig Federighi announced that the company will open source the
next version of its programming language Swift.
Why the excitement? Developers have demonstrated a growing preference for open source tools and platforms
over the past 15 years. Apple, meanwhile, has pushed iOS developers towards its own in-house development
technologies and away from third-party tools, such as Adobe Flash, that it deems inefficient. But even Apple
can only risk alienating the developers on whom it relies for so many third-party apps and services so far.
Coders have myriad options available to let them do their jobs the way they want; to keep them in-house, it
turns out, Apple has to open up.

By open sourcing Swift, Apple will make it easier for developers to use the
language to write software for platforms other than iOS and OS X.
To be sure, Swift is already growing like mad. But many other new programming languages have been created
in recent years that are vying for devs attention. Facebook is experimenting with Hackand D; Google open
sourced its Go language; and Mozilla just released the first full version of its language Rust. Each of these
languages has its strengths and weaknesses and one or more of them could become the next de facto standard
for software development. And each one is open source.
Most significant, however, was Microsofts decision last year to open source its .NET framework. In doing
so, Microsoft gave its official stamp of approval to all developers using its languages outside of the Windows
ecosystem, including for OS X and iOS, and provided code to make it easier for others to modify and extend
the .NET platform for their own use. Faced with the prospect of developers using Microsoft tools to develop
apps for Apple products, Apple really had no other choice but to make Swift equally dev-friendly.

Apples Objective
Apple first announced Swift a year ago at the last WWDC event. Its meant as a successor to Objective C, a
language owned by Apple that dates back to 1983 and, until Swift, was the primary language used for
developing iOS apps. Swift is a more modern language that adds some ambitious features designed to help new
programmers learn to code and help experienced coder avoid making serious programming mistakes.
Although Apple is no stranger to open sourceit released the code for both Darwin, which underpins its OS X
operating system, and WebKit, the foundation of its Safari web browserit never open sourced Objective C.
Though its technically possible to use Objective C on other operating systems, lack of support from Apple has
typically made cross-platform coding difficult. That presented an opportunity for Microsoft and its .NET
development platform.
A company called Xamarin has long offered tools that allowed developers to use Microsofts languages to build
software that could run on Windows, Linux, iOS, Android and more. That meant developers didnt have to write
apps in both Java, to target Android, and Objective C, to target iOS. They could even use the same code as the
basis for desktop and server side applications as well.
Although most iOS and OS X developers still use Objective C or Swift, Apple could be trying to head Microsoft
off at the pass by making Swift available on other operating systems. The upshot could in part mean Apples
own programming language could eventually be used to make apps for archrival Android. But the company
appears to believe that the risk is outweighed by the reward of ensuring developer loyalty and support.

How Open Is Open?

In a blog post, Apple writes that its open source release will include core parts of the Swift ecosystem
including the compiler and standard library under a standard license, though details remain sparse as to how
open open will really be.
Its entirely possible that Apple will retain key rights, just as the company that originally created Java did. Apple
could even end up backing out of making Swift open, as it did with FaceTime, which it once promised would be
an open standard for video communications. Regardless, its a big change for Swift, which has only been
available for Apples own platforms.
Apple itself is helping bring Swift to the Linux operating system, and having direct access to the code Apple
uses to actually run software written in Swift, other companies will have an easier time supporting Swift as well.
There has been no mention, however, of open sourcing its Cocoa interface, another core piece of most iOS and
OS X applications.
Still, open sourcing Swift on any terms should give developers some assurance that they wont end up in a legal
morass like the one faced by Google in its ongoing fight with Oracle over the search giants use of the Java
programming language. Oracle alleges that Google violated its intellectual property by creating its own Java-

like programming platform for Android. Its too early to say how the case will wind up affecting everyday
developers. But by moving programming languages and other core developer technology into the realm of open
source, companies like Apple can provide some assurances that developers will be able to adopt these tools to
their own needs without facing legal action. After all, app development is hard enough without the threat of a
lawsuit landing in your inbox.

As open source code, Apple's Swift language could

take flight
Joab Jackson
IDG News Service

Jun 8, 2015 4:48 PM

e-mail

print

Apple will release the source code underlying its Swift programming language, a move that could broaden the user base for the new
language.

When Swift becomes open source later this year, programmers will be able to compile Swift programs to run on Linux as well as on
OS X and iOS, said Craig Federighi, Apples head of software engineering, during the opening keynote of Apples Worldwide
Developers Conference Monday in San Francisco.

The source code will include the Swift compiler and standard library, and community contributions will be acceptedand
encouraged, Apple said.

Introduced at last years WWDC, Swift was developed by Apple as a potential replacement for the Objective C language that most
developers have used to write applications for the Mac and iOS devices. Based on the C programming language, Objective C can
be cumbersome and lacks many of the features of more modern programming languages.

Unlike a lot of tech companies, including Facebook and Google, Apple hasnt released much of its own software as open source in
the past.

The thinking at Apple is beginning to change, said IDC analyst Al Hilwa. The company realizes that open source, and a strategy
that will send Swift to other platforms, is a path to better adoption.

Open source has a lot of benefits for vendors, he said via email.

It can provide greater visibility for a product and generate good will in the development community. Microsoft, for one, has benefitted
by open sourcing several pieces of infrastructure, including key parts of its .Net framework.

Apple wants Swift to find a home beyond Apple. Being open source could potentially allow the language to be ported to other
platforms, such as Windows.

Another potential benefactor might be Googles Android OS, given that its based on Linuxthough Androids supporting libraries
are different than those in the standard Linux kernel supported by Swift.

Even confined to Apple products, Swift appears to have done well in the year since its release. Its now in the top 20 of the worlds
most widely used languages, according to theTiobe Index, a monthly survey comparing the popularity of programming languages.

Apple also announced that it is preparing to release version 2 of Swift, which will featureimproved error handling, additional protocol
extensions, and modular optimization.

Apple to open source Swift later this year with support for iOS, OS X,
and Linux
By AppleInsider Staf
Monday, June 08, 2015, 11:22 am PT (02:22 pm ET)

Apple on Monday announced that it would make its popular new Swift
programming language open source, releasing the language and toolchains
for iOS, OS X, and Linux.

Apple software chief Craig Federighi made the announcement during Monday's keynote at the company's annual
Worldwide Developers Conference. It remains unclear how Apple will govern Swift development in the new open
source model whether it will tend more toward the Darwin source or WebKit models though more details are
likely to emerge as the release nears.
At the same time, Federighi announced Swift 2, with numerous new features. Developers will be able to use
Markdown in comments, pattern matching in "if," and synthesized "headers" in Xcode alongside other
improvements like a faster runtime and shorter compile times.
Swift has grown extremely popular since its release one year ago, with thousands of App Store apps taking
advantage of the new language. In April, it took the crown as the most-loved language among developers some
78 percent of programmers currently working with Swift said they were eager to continue developing with it.
Swift 2 will be included in the iOS 9 beta, which will be available to registered developers later today.

Apple Public Source License

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Apple Public Source License

Author

Apple Inc.

Latest version

2.0

Published

August 6, 2003

DFSG compatible

No[1]

FSF approved

Yes (Version 2.0, not versions

1.0, 1.1 and 1.2)[2][3]

OSI approved

Yes

GPL compatible

No[2]

Copyleft

Yes

Linking from code

Yes

with a different
license

The Apple Public Source License is the open source and free software license under
which Apple'sDarwin operating system was released. A free and open source software license was
voluntarily adopted to further involve the community from which much of Darwin originated.
The first version of the Apple Public Source License was approved by the Open Source
Initiative (OSI).[4]Version 2.0, released July 29, 2003, is also approved as a free software license by
the Free Software Foundation (FSF) which finds it acceptable for developers to work on projects that
are already covered by this license. However, the FSF recommends that developers should not
release new projects under this license, because the partial copyleft is not compatible with the GNU
General Public License and allows linking with files released entirely as proprietary software.[5] The
license does require that if any derivatives of the original source are released externally, their source
should be made available.

Many software releases from Apple have now been relicensed under the more liberal Apache
License, such as the Bonjour Zeroconf stack, but not OpenPla

Free and open-source software

Alternative terms for free software

Comparison of open source and closed source
Comparison of open-source software hosting facilities
Formerly proprietary software
Free and open-source Android applications
Free and open-source software packages
Free software
General

Free software events

Free software movement
Free software project directories
Free software web applications
Gratis versus libre
Long-term support
Open-source software
Outline
SPDX

Operating system
families

AROS
BSD
Contiki
Darwin
eCos
FreeDOS
GNU
Haiku
Inferno
Linux
Mach
MINIX

OpenSolaris
Plan 9
ReactOS

Basic For Qt
Eclipse
Free Pascal
FreeBASIC
Gambas
GCC
Java
Julia
LLVM
Development

Lua
NetBeans
Open64
OpenSSH
Perl
PHP
Python
ROSE
Ruby
Smalltalk
Tcl

BSD
GNU
Haiku
History

Linux
Mozilla
Application Suite
Firefox
Thunderbird

Android Open Source Project

Apache Software Foundation
Blender Foundation
The Document Foundation
Eclipse Foundation
Free Software Foundation
Europe
India
Latin America
FreeBSD Foundation
freedesktop.org
FSMI
GNOME Foundation
GNU Project
Google Code
Organizations

KDE e.V.
Linux Foundation
Mozilla Foundation
Open Knowledge Foundation
Open Source Geospatial Foundation
Open Source Initiative
OpenBSD Foundation
Software Freedom Conservancy
SourceForge
Symbian Foundation
Ubuntu Foundation
VideoLAN Organization
Wikimedia Foundation
X.Org Foundation
Xiph.Org Foundation
XMPP Standards Foundation

Licenses

Apache
APSL
Artistic

Beerware
Boost
BSD
CC0
CDDL
EPL
GNU GPL
GNU LGPL
ISC
MIT
MPL
Ms-PL/RL
WTFPL
zlib

Comparison of free and open-source software licenses

Contributor License Agreement
Copyfree
Copyleft
Debian Free Software Guidelines
License types
and standards

Definition of Free Cultural Works

Free license
The Free Software Definition
The Open Source Definition
Open-source license
Permissive free software licence
Public domain
Viral license

Challenges

Binary blob
Digital rights management
Free and open-source graphics device driver
Lack of wireless driver support
Hardware restrictions

License proliferation
Mozilla software rebranding
Proprietary software
SCOLinux controversies
Secure boot
Software patents
Software security
Trusted Computing

The Cathedral and the Bazaar

Forking
Related topics

Linux distribution
Microsoft Open Specification Promise
Revolution OS

Apple May Have Just Killed An Open-Source Project

If you're using (or contributing to) FoundationDB, you're SOL.
LAUREN ORSINI

MAR 25, 2015

CODE
How The New iPod Touch Will Help You Test Apps

CONNECT
How Eddystone Will Take Beacons Further Than Ever Before

BUILD
Sphericam 2 Wants To Put VR Filmmaking Within Anyone's Reach

GROW
How Small Changes To Google Search Can Punch Your Web Traffic In The Face

STRUCTURE
BitTorrent Gives Developers A Cloud-Free Alternative

CODE
As Its Enemies Grow, Flash's Days Are Numbered

CONNECT
This New Wi-Fi Tech Uses Proximity To End Waiting In Long Lines

CONNECT
How Google's Latest Boosts Bluetooth Beacons

BUILD
Why Apple, Google, And Samsung Want To Lock You In With Wearables

OPERATE
Clintons Big, Confusing Speech (Kind of) Takes Aim At Uber and Airbnb
On Tuesday, Apple acquired FoundationDB, an enterprise software company with a major opensource component. On Wednesday, that open-source component was no more.

See also: Apple Buys FoundationDB In A Decisive Break With The Jobs Playbook
FoundationDBs GitHub page, which was a bustling open source repository mere hours ago, has now
been locked up. This organization has no public repositories, a message now reads, indicating that
FoundationDBs new owners have made the project closed-source.

Many developers were using FoundationDBs open source software for database projects when the
software was pulled. Unless those developers had made clones of the GitHub repository, the
takedown could put their projects at risk. A group of Hacker News commenters dedicated a thread
to discovering recent forks of the repository for anyone using it.
Pulling an open-source project upon which people may depend is total jerk behavior, one
commenter wrote.
According to commenters on a TechCrunch article about the acquisition, neither FoundationDB nor
Apple warned anyone using deployed versions of the software that they were about to close the open-

source repository. With such warning, developers could have at least cloned the software on their
own accounts and continued their work without major interruption.
Developers had no warning that there was anything unstable about FoundationDBs open source
status. Before the Apple acquisition, the company's FAQ stated, "We have released several
FoundationDB language bindings and layers as open source software and anticipate continuing to do
so." The FAQ has been pulled, but you can still read it here.
With this move, Apple is indicating that everything FoundationDB has created is for its use alone,
regardless of how recently it was intended for everyones use. It's certainly Apple's right to do so, but
there's nothing nice about it.

Apple will open-source its

Swift programming language

Image Credit: Screenshot

June 8, 2015 11:19 AM

Jordan Novet
0

WWDC News:
Read our complete coverage of Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference.

Apple is taking a big step to make its Swift programming language more and more pervasive. The languages
compiler and libraries for iOS, OS X, and Linux will become available under an open-source license by the
end of the year, Craig Federighi, Apples senior vice president of software engineering, said today at Apples
2015 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) in San Francisco.
Apple first unveiled Swift for writing Mac and iOS apps at the 2014 WWDC. The language works in Apples
Xcode integrated development environment and Apples Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks.

We think Swift is the next big programming language, the one that well all be doing application and system
programming on for 20 years to come, Federighi said. We think Swift should be everywhere and used by
everyone.
Hence todays big move.
Apple describes Swift as a successor to C and Objective-C on its website, with its support for objectoriented programming and whole module optimization.
Sure enough, developers recently showed their love for Swift in a Stack Overflow survey. No other language
had a higher percentage of developers who currently use it and want to continue to do so.
Apple has not had a big open-source reputation over the years. Microsoft has done a good bit in the past few
years to make more of its development tools available under open-source licenses. The .NET open-source
eforts have been notable in particular. Now, with Google pushing Go and Mozilla advocating Rust, Apple is
trying to make Swift bigger by hitting the open-source button.
In addition to going open source, Apple is introducing Swift 2. Improvements include error handling,
synthesized headers in Apples Xcode integrated development environment, and protocol extensions,
Federighi told the crowd.

Apple Beta Software Program

Help make the next releases of iOS 9 and OS X El Capitan our best yet. As a
member of the Apple Beta Software Program, you can take part in shaping Apple
software by test-driving pre-release versions and letting us know what you think.

How do I participate?
As a member of the Apple Beta Software Program, youll be able to enroll your Mac or iOS device to access the
OS X and iOS public betas, as well as subsequent updates. Each public beta comes with a built-in Feedback
Assistant app that appears in your Dock on your Mac and on the second page of your Home screen on your
iOS device. When you come across an issue that needs addressing, send your report directly to Apple with
Feedback Assistant.