Académique Documents
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Association
Structural Design Manual
January, 2004
FAX 717-238-9985
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION........................................................................................... 1-1
1.0 General................................................................................................................ 1-1
Cladding Design ................................................................................................ 1-1
1.1 Greenhouses Defined ......................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Intent ................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.3 Limitations.......................................................................................................... 1-2
1.4 How to use this manual...................................................................................... 1-2
Table 1.1 - Greenhouse Design Comparison ............................................ 1-3
1.5 Methodology....................................................................................................... 1-4
Chapter 2 - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS...................................................................... 2-1
2.0 General................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.0.1 Scope ................................................................................................ 2-1
2.0.2 Definitions........................................................................................ 2-1
2.0.3 Limitations ....................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 Basic Requirements............................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.1 Design............................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.2 Serviceability ................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.3 Analysis............................................................................................ 2-2
2.2 Administrative Issues ......................................................................................... 2-2
2.2.1 Design Requirements........................................................................ 2-2
2.2.2 Required Information on Plans ........................................................ 2-3
2.2.3 Additions and alterations................................................................. 2-4
2.2.4 Load Testing .................................................................................... 2-4
2.3 Design Methodology.......................................................................................... 2-4
ii
iii
DESIGN EXAMPLES
Design Example 1 .........................................................................................Pages 1-7
Single building snow & wind design
Design Example 2 ........................................................................................Pages 1-13
Gutter connected greenhouse snow, wind & seismic design
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FAX 717-238-9985
iv
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.0 General
This National Greenhouse Manufacturers Association (NGMA) Structural Design Manual is
intended to provide a consistent set of criteria and design approaches for member manufacturers
to use for design of production and commercial greenhouse structures.
Designs meeting this manual will comply with the International Building Codes (IBC) structural
design criteria and its referenced standards such as ASCE 7.
Cladding Design
Cladding design is considered non-structural and not included in this manual. Certain elements
of greenhouse structures contain systems not specifically considered in building codes. An
example would be some types of cladding materials, which do lend themselves to a rational
analysis using code specified loads.
Further, greenhouse enclosure elements may be of materials not included in building code
structural provisions or elements that are not installed as anticipated by the building code. Nonincluded materials are the acrylics, polycarbonate, and polyethylene enclosure materials.
Glazing in buildings is designed in accordance with the building code to be supported on four
sides while in greenhouse construction it is typically supported on two sides. Acrylic,
polycarbonate, and polyethylene design is in accordance with the manufacturer provided
information and test information, called manufacturers information in this handbook. Glazing
requires a different set of tables currently based on engineering judgement and soon to become
an industry standard.
1.2 Intent
Greenhouse structures are built in many variations to meet grower needs and site specific
conditions. This applies to all components of the basic structural system. Cladding is not included
Chapter 1 - 1
in this manual. Because of the nature of the structures a number of design approaches have
evolved. Some of these approaches are consistent with the building code, others may be ad hoc;
and some based on the specific product manufacturers tests and published data. In some cases
there may be specific design safety issues. Some ma y not meet building codes. In order to
establish a code complying baseline for greenhouse design, this Structural Design Manual has
been developed.
The manual summarizes design provisions of the International Building Code 2000 Edition
applicable to greenhouse structures. Building code provisions that are not applicable, such as
provisions for multi-story structures, are omitted. Special provisions for agricultural structures,
often contained in footnotes in building codes are included herein.
Each type of common greenhouse structural system is covered. The design of these different
systems must be based on a rational analysis. Since most are of light metal construction the
design is to AISI or other standards adopted by reference in the building code. The exact
implementation of the standards may use differing analysis techniques based on the judgement of
the engineer. In some cases physical testing may be required. Where engineering judgement is
noted, available manufacturers literature or other information is presented. Where there is an
industry consensus of the approach, it is included. Where judgement is necessary available
guidance is included.
1.3 Limitations
This manual is based on the International Building Code (IBC) and its adopted reference
standards, including ASCE 7. ASCE 7 is updated on a three year cycle. The standard is being
reformatted and equation and section numbers will change.
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Building Code NFPA 5000 is new. It
references ASCE 7 for loads. The NFPA code provisions for structural may be different for some
sections of ASCE 7.
Specific codes in a state or jurisdiction may vary and contain other limitations not included
herein. Users should check locally for specific local code require ments.
This manual covers the structural design only. Not all cases or issues can be included since
designs will vary. Further, other design requirements are not included, notably fire safety.
Building codes may limit the size and percentage of plastic ma terials on roofs depending on the
use. Designers must consider these requirements.
Other limitations not covered include fabrication and erection of the structure and cladding
elements, specifications, energy conservation requirements and similar attribute s.
Chapter 1 - 2
The manual then goes on to detail the structural design methods for various roof framing systems,
the support columns and the lateral bracing systems. For each type of structure and element the
design approach and assumptions are summarized. References are made to applicable building
code and consensus standards and provisions, industry standards, manufacturers literature and
finally engineering judgement issues.
The table below shows some of the differences in IBC requirements for production and
commercial greenhouses.
COMMERCIAL
GREENHOUSE*
ASCE 7 Category I
ASCE 7 Category II
(IBC Category I)
Cladding selection
No limitations
Overhead glass
Overhead plastic
Flame-resistant membranes
Loads
Is = 0.80
Is = 1.0
Iw = 1.00
Earthquake loads
Collateral loads
Collateral loads
Regions)
Structural design
No limitations
Fire safety
* Note: Refer to the Code for structures that can be classified in other Categories due to the number of
occupants or use.
Chapter 1 - 3
1.5 Methodology
Production versus Commercial Greenhouses
The first question that must be addressed before starting a greenhouse design is whether it will be
a production greenhouse or a commercial greenhouse (retail, etc.). The distinction between a
production greenhouse and other commercial greenhouses may lead to differences in major
design parameters such as building area. In addition, it leads to differences that may be significant
in four areas:
Selection of cladding materials (to determine the dead loads)
Loads
Structural design
Structural members supporting cladding is are to be designed.
The IBC assigns importance factors (I) as a function of building use. Agricultural buildings,
including production greenhouses, are assigned a lower importance factor than other buildings,
and this leads directly to a reduction in snow loads (I s = 0.8) and wind loads (I w = 0.87 or 0.77 for
hurricane regions) on both the structural system and the cladding.
The IBC exempts agricultural buildings, including production greenhouses, from seismic design
requirements. In other greenhouses earthquake loads imposed on the structure by nonstructural
components (mechanical equipment, irrigation equipment, etc.) may need to be considered an d
could be the critical load in some cases. In production greenhouses the code allows these loads to
be ignored.
The IBC requires that structures be designed to support collateral loads, (i.e. growing racks,
irrigation equipment, etc.).
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Chapter 1 - 4
2.0.2 Definitions
Loads:
Dead and Live Loads - defined by the building code
Environmental Loads - defined by the building code
Collateral Loads - weight of support equipment used fo r the operation or
maintenance of plant material, including water
Plant Live Load - weight of supported or suspended plant material
Importance Factors: I w (wind), Is (snow), and Ip (seismic) - a factor that accounts for the
degree of hazard to human life a nd damage to property
2.0.3 Limitations
The scope of this manual is intended for greenhouse structures. The design of special structures
must refer to the code for conditions that are applicable.
Chapter 2 - 1
2.1.2 Serviceability
Greenhouse structures and their components shall have adequate stiffness to limit vertical and
transverse deflections, vibrations or any other deformation that may adversely affect their
serviceability.
Dead and live load deflection shall not exceed the deflection limits specified in the building code.
Table 1604.3 of the IBC gives vertical deflection limits as l/120. While there are drift limits in
the code for seismic design (IBC, Section 1617.3), lateral displacements are not regulated by the
code for wind.
However, even when wind loads govern the design of a building, the lateral -force-resisting
systems shall meet seismic detailing requirements and limitations prescribed in the code. See
Section 2.6.5 of this Manual.
Cladding attachment must be designed to accept differential movement under loads.
2.1.3 Analysis
The design of greenhouse structures, the load effect on the individual components and
connections shall be by rational engineering analysis methods. Rational engineering analysis is a
computational analysis, either by hand or computer, that use s accepted load distribution and
determination methods. Unusual structural and construction methods shall be based on
engineering analysis or physical testing by an app roved laboratory.
Greenhouse structures shall be analyzed for all building code required load conditions. Elements
and components shall be designed for load combinations specified in the building code or
referenced standards.
Chapter 2 - 2
Chapter 2 - 3
Chapter 2 - 4
2.4 Loads
2.4.1 General
Buildings and other structures shall be designed to resist the load combinations specified in the
Chapter 16 and Chapters 18 through 23 of the IBC. Applicable loads shall be considered,
including both earthquake and wind, in accordance with the specified load combinations. Effects
from one or more transient loads not acting shall be investigated.
Structure weight
Cladding weight
10 psf minimum in the IBC (ASCE -7 permits the Authority having jurisdiction to
accept 10 psf.)
Permanently mounted service equipment (heaters, fans, water lines, etc.) Such
permanently mounted equipment shall be considered dead load w hen considering
load combinations.
Hanging plants, 2 psf minimum , applied as a concentrated load at the truss panel
points. Greenhouse purchasers may have additional or other criteria for hanging
plant loads or mechanical watering systems.
2.5 Snow
2.5.1 General
Provisions for the determination of design snow loads on greenhouse structures are per ASCE 7 98 (Section 7.0). They apply to the calculation of snow loads for both continuously heated
greenhouses and for intermittently heate d or unheated greenhouses.
Chapter 2 - 5
2.5.2 Definitions
The following definitions apply only to this section.
Continuously heated greenhouse. Any greenhouse, production or commercial, with a constantly
maintained interior temperature of 50 oF or more during winter mo nths. Such a greenhouse must
also have a maintenance attendant on duty at all times or a temperature alarm system to provide
warning in the event of a heating system failure. In addition, the greenhouse roof material must
have a thermal resistance (R -value) less than 2.0 ft 2hr of/Btu.
Intermittently heated or unheated greenhouse. Any greenhouse that does not meet the
definition of a continuously heated greenhouse.
The flat-roof snow load pf calculated taking into consideration the roof exposure , the
roof thermal condition, and the occupancy of the structure.
The sloped-roof snow load ps for greenhouses with gabled, hipped, arched, and gutter connected roofs shall be determined as referenced in 2 .5.4 of this manual.
Partial loading conditions to account for wind scour, melting, or snow -removal
operations shall be considered as referenced in 2.5.4 of this manual.
Unbalanced snow loads due to the effects of winds on sloped roofs shall be considered
as referenced in 2.5.4 of this manual.
Local snow load surcharges due to snow drifts on lower roofs and from roof projections
as referenced in 2.5.4 of this manual.
Local snow load surcharges from snow sliding off of adjacent higher sloped roofs shall
be considered as referenced in 2.5.4 of this manual.
Chapter 2 - 6
Code. The governing flat roof snow load, either calculated or Code-determined minimum, is then
used to determine the sloped roof snow load, ps by multiplying with a slope factor Cs.
If the building has a sloped roof (greater than 15 degrees), the calculated value for pf is used,
with a slope factor Cs, to determine the sloped roof snow load ps. For greenhouses, where the
ground snow load, pg, is in the 15 psf to 20 psf range, the snow load will generally govern over
the roof live load.
For gutter-connected greenhouses resulting in a multiple folded plate, sawtooth or barrel vault
roof, the value of Cs is 1.0.
The flat roof snow load pf shall be calculated using the following equation, with exposure factor
Ce, thermal factor Ct, and snow importance factor Is found in ASCE 7.
pf = 0.7 C e Ct Is pg
The flat roof snow load pf, for low-sloped roofs only, shall not be less than the following:
pf = Is pg , when pg is less than or equal to 20 psf or
pf = Is 20 psf , when pg is greater than 20 psf
Where:
Pg = Ground snow load, per ASCE 7, Figure 7-1
Ce = Exposure factor, per ASCE 7, Table 7-2
Ct = Thermal factor, per ASCE 7, Table 7-3
Is = Importance factor for snow loading, per ASCE 7, Table 7 -4
Exposure Factor: is a function of the greenhouse site terrain category and ro of exposure
category.
Most greenhouse roofs are likely to be fully or partially exposed and located in Exposures B or C.
Thus, the snow exposure factor is most likely to be 0.9 or 1.0.
Thermal Factor: is a function of the thermal resistance of the greenh ouse roof glazing and the
temperature conditions within the greenhouse, and shall be determined from the following Table:
Chapter 2 - 7
Ct
0.85
1.1
Unheated greenhouse
1.2
1.0
Note:
The thermal condition should be representative of the anticipated conditions during winters for the life of
the greenhouse.
Snow Load Importance Factor: The value of the snow load importance factor, Is, used in the
calculation of pf is a function of the type of greenhouse and its use, and shall be determined in
accordance with the following Table:
Category
ASCE 7
II
Factor Is
IBC
I
1.0
IV
0.8
2.5.4.3 Sloped-Roof Snow Loads: (ASCE 7 Section 7.4) The sloped-roof snow load, ps, shall
be obtained by multiplying the flat -roof snow load, pf, by the roof slope factor, C s, as given in
Equation 7-2.
Warm-Roof (Ct = or < 1.0) Slope Factor, Cs: For all greenhouses, except unheated and
intermittently heated greenhouses kept just above freezing with unobs tructed slippery roof
surface that will allow snow to slide off the eaves (such as light transmitting coverings including
plastics, glass and similar materials), the roof slope factor shall be determined by using the
following formula, as depicted in ASCE 7, Fig. 7-2a:
Cs = 1 [(-5)/65]
(when > 5)
Chapter 2 - 8
Warm-roof slope factors for common roof slopes are given in the following Table:
Cs
3/12
0.85
4/12
0.80
6/12
0.65
8/12
0.55
12/12
0.40
Gutter Connected
1.00
Greenhouses Kept Just Above Freezing (Ct = 1.1) Roof Slope Factor, Cs: For all intermittently
heated greenhouses kept just above freezing with unobstructed slippery roof surface that will
allow snow to slide off the eaves (such as light transmitting coverings including plastics, glass
and similar materials) the roof slope factor shall be determined from the average of the values
obtained for warm-roof slope factors and cold-roof slope factors. For common roof slopes these
values are given in the following Table:
Table 2.4 - Common Roof Slope Factors Cs for Just Above Freezing Greenhouse
ROOF SLOPE
Cs
3/12
0.95
4/12
0.90
6/12
0.80
8/12
0.60
12/12
0.45
Unheated Greenhouse (Ct = 1.2) Roof Slope Factor, Cs: For all unheated greenhouses with
unobstructed slippery roof surface that will allow snow to slide off the eaves (such as light
transmitting coverings including plastics, glass an similar materials), the roof slope factor shall be
determined by using the following formula, as depicted in ASCE 7, Fig. 7 -2b:
Cs = 1 [(-15)/55]
where is the angle of slope from the horizontal in degrees.
Chapter 2 - 9
Unheated greenhouse roof slope factors for common roof slopes are given in the following Table:
Cs
3/12
1.00
4/12
0.95
6/12
0.75
8/12
0.65
12/12
0.45
Gutter Connected
1.00
Curved Roof Slope Factor, Cs: (ASCE 7, Section 7.4.3) Portions of arched greenhouse roofs
having a slope exceeding 70 degrees shall be considered free of snow load (i.e., Cs = 0). The point
at which the slope exceeds 70 degrees shall be considered the eave for such roofs. For arched
roofs the roof slope factor shall be determined from the appropriate formula in Sections 2.5.4.3,
by basing the angle of slope on the slope line from the eave to the crown.
Multiple Roofs Slope Factor, Cs, (Gutter-Connected): (ASCE 7, Section 7.4.4) Gutterconnected (multiple) gable, sawtooth and barrel vault greenhouse roofs shall have a Cs = 1, with
no reduction in snow load because of slope (i.e., ps = pf). Greenhouse design should consider
future additions when the gutter is on an exterior wall or on a single building to allow for future
additions.
Ice Dams and Icicles Along Eaves: (ASCE 7, Section 7.4.5) Two types of warm roofs that
drain water over their eaves shall be capable of sustaining a uniformly distributed load of 2p f on
all overhanging portions. These roof types include the unventilated roof with an R -value less
than 30 ft 2 . h . oF/ BTU, and the ventilated roof with an R -value less than 20 ft 2 . h . oF/ BTU. No
other loads except dead loads shall be present on the roof when this uniformly distributed load is
applied.
2.5.4.4 Partial Loading: (ASCE 7, Section 7.5) Roofs with continuous beam systems need to
be designed for the partial loading of selected spans with the balanced snow load, while the
remaining spans are loaded with half the balanced snow load.
2.5.4.5 Unbalanced Snow Loads: (ASCE 7, Section 7.6) The combination of snow and wind
from all directions contributes to unbalanced snow load conditions. The amount of the
unbalanced snow load is often dependent upon the width of the building, as well as the slope of
the roof. The gable roof drift parameter b, based on the relative shape of the building, and the
snow density g, derived from the ground snow load, are used to determine the slope of the roof
that limits the amount of unbalanced snow loads for the varying roof shapes.
Chapter 2 - 10
Chapter 2 - 11
2.5.4.8 Sliding Snow: The extra load caused by snow sliding off a sloped roof of a greenhouse
or other structure onto a lower greenhouse roof shall be superimposed on the balanced snow load.
It shall be determined assuming that all the snow that accumulates on the upper roof under the
balanced loading condition (p s times the roof area) slides onto the lower roof. Even if the upper
roof is a greenhouse roof that is an unobstructed slippery surface (and as such, is subject to lower
sloped-roof snow loads as specified in 2.5.4.3), it shall be considered as not being slippery for
purposes of calculating the extra sliding snow load.
The final resting-place of snow that slides off a higher roof onto a lower roof will depend on the
size, position and orientation of each roof. Distribution of the sliding snow might vary from a
uniform load 5 feet wide if a significant vertical offset exists between the two roofs, to a 20 -foot
wide uniform load where a low-slope upper roof slides its load onto a roof that is only a few feet
lower or when snow drifts on the lower roof create a sloped surf ace that promotes lateral
movement of the sliding snow.
2.5.4.9 Rain-on-Snow Surcharge Load: Rain-on-snow surcharge loads need not be considered
on greenhouse roofs when they have slopes that exceed inch per foot. However, all gutters in
gutter-connected greenhouses shall be provided with adequate slope and drains to allow for run
off of rain and snow melting and to prevent ponding.
2.5.4.10 Ponding Instability: Roofs shall be designed to preclude ponding instability. For roofs
with a slope less than in./ ft., roof deflections caused by full snow loads shall be investigated
for ponding instability from rain-on-snow or from snow meltwalter.
2.5.4.11 Existing Roofs: Existing roofs shall be evaluated for increased snow loads caused by
additions, alterations, and new structures located nearby, and strengthened as necessary.
2.6 Wind
2.6.1 General
Provisions for the determination of wind loads and other wind design criteria on greenhouse
structures are contained in the IBC, which in turn references ASCE 7. Whether wind loads are
derived from the IBC simplified method, or from the ASCE 7 simplified or analytical methods as
referenced in the IBC, the choice is up to the designer and will undoubtedly depend upon the
physical characteristics of the structure and the site. The provisions found in either source apply
to the calculation of wind loading on the main windforce -resisting system and the components
and cladding (including glazing) of the structure.
Chapter 2 - 12
in the IBC. Either may be used, provided that the building meets the conditions required for using
that particular design procedure in the determination of wind loads.
Neither simplified procedure is applicable to buildings that are subject to topographic effects.
2.6.2 Definitions
Windward -toward the wind; toward the point from which the wind blows
Leeward -the side or point to which the wind blows
Simple Diaphragm Building there may be minor discrepancies in the definition of a simple
diaphragm building between the IB C and the ASCE, so it is best to refer to each specific code or
standard in question. While traditional greenhouse coverings are not considered diaphragm
materials, a horizontal truss system at the roof level will transfer lateral loads to vertical latera lforce-resisting systems and be considered a diaphragm.
The velocity pressure qz, where z is the height, which is calculated taking into
consideration the exposure category, the surrounding terrain, the wind directionality,
and the occupancy of the structure
The design wind pressure p, which is calculated taking into consideration the
direction of the wind, the exposure category, the height of the building or element,
and the openness of the structure.
Chapter 2 - 13
Wind Factor Iw
1.00
IBC
II
IV
0.87
IV
0.77
100 mph
Notes:
ASCE 7 Category III (IBC Category II) greenhouses where more than 300 people congregate in one area,
greenhouses in schools with capacity greater than 250, and greenhouses in colleges with capacity greater
than 500 shall have a wind load importance factor of 1.15.
2.6.4.4 Wind Speed-up Over Hills and Escarpments, Kzt: Wind speed-up over isolated hills
and escarpments that constitute abrupt changes in the general topography shall be considered for
buildings and other structures sited on the upper half of hills and ridges or near the edges of
escarpments. The effect of wind speed -up shall not be required to be considered when hill height
to distance upwind of crest of hill ration H/L h < 0.2, or when height of hill H < 15 for Exposure
D, or H< 30 for Exposure C, or H < 60 for all other exposures. Factor K zt shall not be less than
1.0. Refer to Sec. 6.5.7 of ASCE 7 for further information.
2.6.4.5 Wind Directionality Factor: A wind directionality factor, Kd, shall be used in the
analytical method of determining the wind velocity pressure, q z, per Sec. 6.5.10 and 6.5.4.4 of
ASCE 7. Care should be taken in applying the wind directionality factor, which is a number less
than 1.0. By ASCE 7 definition, the factor is to be used with ASCE load combinations, and is
contrary to use of the IBC load combinations.
2.6.4.6 Exposure Categories: For each wind direction considered, an exposure category that
adequately reflects the characteristics of ground surface irregularities shall be determined for the
site at which the greenhouse is to be constructed. For a site located in the transition zone between
categories, the category resulting in the largest wind forces shall apply. Account shall be taken of
variations in ground surface roughness that arise from natural top ography and vegetation as well
as from constructed features. For any given wind direction, the exposure in which a specific
greenhouse is sited shall be assessed as being one of the exposure categories A, B, C, or D.
Exposure categories are defined in both the IBC and ASCE 7, with minor differences between the
two documents found in Exposures B and C. Reference the photos in the Commentary of ASCE 7.
2.6.4.7 Enclosure Classifications: All buildings are classified as enclosed, partially enclosed, or
open. Whether the IBC or ASCE 7 is used to determine wind loads, the enclosure classifications
are essentially identical. In wind -borne debris regions, special consideration is given to glazing
with respect to the determination of openness.
Chapter 2 - 14
ASCE 7 continues beyond the basic definitions to provide for clarification of buildings that fall
under multiple classifications, by stating if a greenhouse by definition complies with both the
open and partially enclosed definitions, it shall be classified as an ope n building. A
greenhouse that does not comply with either the open or partially enclosed definitions shall
be classified as an enclosed building.
2.6.4.8 Velocity Pressure, qz: When using the analytical method in calculating the wind loads,
the velocity pressure at height z is calculated by factoring the given basic wind speed with the
velocity pressure exposure coefficient K z, the wind speed-up factor K zt, the wind directionality
factor, Kd, and the importance factor I. Refer to Sec. 6.5.10 of A SCE 7.
2.6.4.9 Internal & External Pressure Coefficients and Gust Effect Factors, Gcpi: Internal and
external pressure coefficients, and gust effect factors are needed when using the analytical
method of determining wind pressures. The factors are found in Sec. 6.5.11 of ASCE-7, based on
physical characteristics of the structure and the site.
2.6.4.10 Design Loads and Wind Pressures: No matter which method is used in determining
wind loads on a structure, the goal is to determine the worst case loading on the main wind forceresisting system and on the components and cladding.
Using the IBC simplified method of Sec. 1609.6.2, design wind pressures are given in Tables
1609.6.2.1 and are multiplied by the appropriate factors for height, exposure, and im portance.
When using the simplified method of Sec. 6.4.2 in ASCE 7, design wind pressures are found in
Tables 6-2 and 6-3, and are adjusted by importance, exposure or area reduction factors.
When using the analytical method of Sec. 6.5.12 in ASCE 7, de sign wind pressures are calculated
by factoring the wind velocity pressure with internal and external pressure coefficients and gust
effect factors. Sec. 6.5.13 in ASCE 7 gives the equation that is used in determining the design
wind force for open buildi ngs.
Chapter 2 - 15
Because earthquake design seldom governs for greenhouses, designers may find that the use of
default values may reduce the amount of calculations. All greenhouse structures would be
Seismic Use Group I. The default soil type, Site Class D, simplifies the determination of the SDC.
Designers will have to determine the site ground shaking (Ss and S1) by use of the applicable
seismic map. These seismic maps are contained in the building code and ASCE 7.
Using Ss and S1 and the Site Class (soil type), coefficients SDS and SD1 are computed. Then based
on these computed values and the Seismic Use Group, the Seismic Design Category can be
determined from the tables in the code or ASCE 7. The SDC directs users to specific code
requirements. SDC A has minimum requirements, whereas an SDC E structure would have
numerous analysis and detailing requirements.
Exceptions in the seismic design requirements (IBC 1614.1, Exception 3) include exemptions for
agricultural storage buildings intended only for incidental human occupancy, areas with low Ss
and S1 values and for computed SDS and SD1 with low values. Most production greenhouses should
qualify for the agricultural exemption. However individual state and local regulations may still
require design of all agricultural structures.
Once the seismic design category is determined, an R-value ( a measure of the ductility of the
structure) is determined from the building code (IBC Table 1617.6 or ASCE 7 Table 9.5.2.2).
Greenhouse structures appear to qualify as ordinary steel concentrically braced frames, which
have an R-value equal to 5. If a greenhouse is mounted on the roof of another structure, the Rvalue for the greenhouse is independent of that underlying structure. The connection reactions
for the greenhouse shall be applied to the underlying structures roof, just as roof-mounted
equipment would be, and the supporting structures roof shall be designed for those loads,
considering all applicable load combinations.
Users should note that seismic design approaches are changing and the terms described herein
may change in future codes.
Designers will have to determine whether such earthquake design loads, and the installed
equipment, are critical compared to wind loads. For a greenhouse, this will depend on the
Chapter 2 - 16
location and mass of the structure and its equipment compared to the exposed areas that the
building presents.
Minimum seismic detailing requirements are given in both the IBC (Sections 1616.4 & 1620.1)
and in ASCE 7(Sec. 9.5.2.6). See Section 2.6.5 of this manual for further information.
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Chapter 2 - 17
The Primary Roof system - This is typically a truss, rigid frame, arch or similar system
Secondary Structural System - This includes bracing elements and enclosure support
components such as purlins, glazing bars, ridge beam and gutters as well as girts. End
wall framing may be a primary or secondary s tructural system. Many of these secondary
components have several roles, supporting the glazing, dead and live load, as well as
bracing a structure, and axial load.
Chapter 3 - 1
3.0.3 Bracing
Steel and other structures include secondary bracing members incorporated into the system of
main members. These bracing elements include the following:
Slender compression members: trusses, beams, etc. are laterally supported or braced so as to
resist the tendency to buckle in a direction normal to the stress path.
Needed structural rigidity is provided by the secondary bracing members or by rigid joints
between members. (Trusses, being rigid, do not require additional rigidity in the plane of the
truss.)
Bracing may be needed during erection. Good design integrates this bracing as part of the total
structure.
There are no fixed rules or specifications for lateral bracing of beams. Tests and studies indicate
that it takes a rather small force to balance the lateral thrusts of initial buckling. Most engineers
use the rule of thumb of 2% of the axial load of columns or 2% of the total compressive stress in
beam flanges. (Studies indicate that these values are conservative.) NGMA designs shall be
laterally braced for a minimum of 2% of the axial load.
Chapter 3 - 2
Structural Steel Bolts - When structural steel shapes of A-36 are used. Such bolts are
usually 5/8 inch diameter or larger. The allowable loads are published in the AISC
Handbook.
Bolts - Bolts are usually steel of inch diameter or less. These are used for light gauge
steel members. Values for bolts shall be obtained from AISI publications.
Screws - Screws may be placed in drilled holes or be self -tapping. Values for screws are
usually obtained from manufacturers literature. Manufacturers literature may
recommend design values or may report test results. Some will report an average
ultimate, others the low ultimate or range of test results. Screws having Building Code
Evaluation Reports are recommended. Screws not having Building Code Evaluation
Reports are subject to the Building Officials approval. Usually these screws have a
Factor of safety of 3.5 for the average ultimate test value or 2.5 from the lowest ultimate
test value.
Welding - Published values for weld metal and strengths shall be obtained from AWS,
AISC books or Aluminum Association literature.
TRUSS ANALYSIS a hand or computer analysis of a truss syst em that follows the
principles of statics and mechanics.
Chapter 3 - 3
Trusses
Arches
Rigid Frames
Individual elements, such as connections and bracing, are described for each system. The
discussion is further organized into a series of divisions, as follows.
Criteria
Commentary
Building Code and Referenced Consensus Standards (typically ado pted by reference) a
consensus standard is a standard that has been developed using an American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) approved consensus process.
Industry Standards have not been developed by an ANSI approved consensus process.
Manufacturers Literature the engineer must verify the manufacturers literature and
critically review the supplied information for code compliance.
Chapter 3 - 4
Engineering Judgement and Technical Literature the basis for the evaluation and design
process that utilizes published engineering journals as a design resource.
3.1.1.1 Trusses
General Requirements
Trusses shall be analyzed by a rational procedure as required by the building code and discussed
in earlier sections. Where trusses do not meet all the assumptions li sted, or are of unusual shape
or configuration, the truss and its individual members shall be designed using a rational analysis
method that considers the specific configuration conditions.
Several shapes can be considered for truss designs. Typically a peaked or curved top chord is
seen. Some shapes will require a more rigorous analysis.
Each member must be designed for the actual load acting on it including both vertical and lateral
loads. The member shall be sized for the combined load.
The appropriate load combinations and allowable stress increases shall be considered in
determining the member sizing.
The building code requires a rational analysis. Since there is a well established body of
knowledge of statics for truss analysis, as long as the basi c assumptions are followed the design
should be acceptable. However, the detailed design must accommodate all the forces and
moments on the individual members as discussed above.
Steel design criteria is established by the American Institute of Steel Const ruction (AISC) for hotrolled structural members, and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) for cold -formed light
gauge steel design. The AISC standards are in their handbook, which includes a commentary. The
AISI provisions are in their handbook. T hese books give both the design formulas and the
allowable stresses.
Many manufacturers use aluminum components as part of the truss system. Aluminum design
shall be in accordance with the Aluminum Handbook published by the Aluminum Association.
Design of Truss Top Chords
In theoretical analysis, chord elements are assumed straight and pinned at each end. Chord
elements that are continuous, curved, arched or of other configurations not in compliance with the
assumptions described above shall be analyzed u sing rigorous methods.
All top chords shall be designed for the vertical loads specified in the loads chapter of this manual
or the building code. Where the cladding supports, purlins and other members are applied to a top
chord at other than the panel po int, the effect of such loads as a bending moment shall be
accounted for in the truss and member design. Such loads are in addition to the axial (and
bending) determined by the analysis.
Collateral loads applied on the top chord shall be considered for the ir imposed load and the
effects on the truss.
Chapter 3 - 5
Commentary - Trusses
a. Design Approach and Assumptions
General
Component Description A truss is any framework of bars placed together to form triangles.
(Bars is the original steel term for selected elements.) Typically trusses of this type are
statically determinate internally because all of the stresses in the elements can be computed by
use of the equations of statics. Whenever a truss member forms the sides of more than two
triangles it is statically indeterminate. (The equations of statics cannot be used to calculate the
Chapter 3 - 6
Chapter 3 - 7
requiring special evaluation and bracing. The stability of the bottom chord under lateral load
shall be demonstrated and bracing provided if required by the analysis. Design load on the
bracing would be 2% of the compression load in the bottom chord.
Truss Diagonals
Technical Issues- Diagonal members usually are simple axially loaded members. Their design is
much more straightforward. An exception would be the loading of the diagonal with other loads
such as sprinklers or equipment. In such cases the diagonal would have to be designed for these
additional loads. (An issue to be considered, is owner installed equipment occurring after
construction is completed. This should be considered in the collateral load determination)
Industry Practice
Where elements have a shape change, typically at the ends of members, for fabrication and are
non-prismatic at any point in their length, the effect of the change of section shall be
considered in determining the load carrying capacity. (Such conditions occur when a shape is
bent or flattened.) The practice of a number of engineers notes that when the change in shape
occurs within 2 times the least dimension of the element from the end of the element, the effects of
shape change may be ignored. If this practice is used, computations justifying this should be on
file.
Connections
Technical Issues- Connections in trusses are assumed to have the resultant (center of gravity) of
each member joining at a common point. This is easy to accomplish with two members. With
three members entering a joint it becomes a challenge. The eccentric joint creates a moment in
the members that must be considered in design.
Out-of-Plane Bracing
Technical Issues- Bracing between the trusses is required to stabilize the buckling potential of the
top chord, the bottom chord, and other long compression elements such as struts. The bracing
can be spaced to meet the client needs. But increased bracing spacing means that the truss
members will be larger to limit the potential for buckling. Each engineer and manufacturer will
select their desired and economical top and bottom chord bracing spacing. The bracing should
be designed for the 2% of the axial load criteria noted above. The size of the bracing will depend
on the unbraced length of the span between trusses and whether it is straight or diagonal.
b. Building Codes and Consensus Standards
c. Industry Standards
d. Manufacturers Literature
Manufacturers literature will provide the specific structural properties of the structural sections
used. Manufacturers literature needs to be reviewed by the designer to verify that values
provided in the literature are the same as assumed in the design.
Manufacturers literature may be a valuable resource for certain types of connection methods.
Chapter 3 - 8
Chapter 3 - 9
building. The beams are supported on columns or on beams that convey the load to columns. The
purlins are solid or may be open web metal joists.
Sections
Literature from product manufacturers may be relevant for some systems.
Connections
Connections are required from the parallel chord truss to the support members. This is usually a
pinned connection with no lateral or moment type loads.
Connection design shall consider any eccentricity in the connection and on the beam.
Bracing
Bracing shall be provided between parallel chord trusses when the span to depth ratio exceeds
10. Regardless, evaluation of the potential of load-induced rotation must be considered by the
engineer.
Engineering Judgement
In some cases, when the bar joist extends over a column creating a cantilever, a stiffener may be
required to prevent local buckling. Analysis of the reaction and local buckling is especially
warranted in these cases, and may require stiffeners.
3.1.1.3 Arches
General Requirements
Arch type roof structures shall be analyzed and designed using rational methods as required by
the building code and discussed in earlier sections. All imposed loads including point loads shall
be considered. Unbalanced loads shall be considered for all elements of the arch.
Each arch, and the individual members shall be designed for the actual load acting on it including
both vertical and lateral loads. The member shall be sized for the combined load
Collateral and plant loads, based on the projected area, shall be applied at the arch quarter points.
Design of Tension Ties
The tension tie shall be designed for the loads resulting from the horizontal force of the arch
analysis. The tension tie shall be designed considering any superimposed vertical loads. Alternate
methods to resist the tension force may be used. Industry practice examples include columns,
gutters and other elements.
Design of Connections
Connections shall consider the effects of the tension and other loads on the arch.
Chapter 3 - 10
Design of Bracing
Arch bracing shall be provided. Such bracing shall be designed for a minimum of 2% of the axial
load in the arch.
Commentary - Arches
Design Approach and Assumptions
Component Description - An arch is a curved beam acting in compression. It has a very large
radius of curvature relative to its section depth. The vertical loads induce both bending and direct
compressive stress in an arch. Further there may be horizontal deflection in addition to vertical
deflection.
Stability of an arch is similar to that of the truss. The arch is loaded by the dead load and the live
load or the lateral load. A unique issue in greenhouse design is the lateral bracing of the arch. A
compression member tries to buckle under compression. Arch lateral stability must be
considered. The allowable stresses are determined and considered for the actual unbraced
length. Typically roof purlins provide bracing. See the truss discussion on bracing for
recommended criteria.
Reactions from an arch have horizontal components even though the loads are vertical. The
horizontal reaction in an arch is significantly different than in a truss design. There are no
horizontal components at the truss supports. It may be resisted by a tension tie between the
supports or by the columns or beams (gutters) acting as buttresses. The specific slope of the arch
will determine the type of stresses that must be designed for.
An arch may be shaped several ways depending on the material and spans. The typical arch is a
radial arch or bow, but it can be a gothic shape or even an A frame. A common arch shape
seen in greenhouses is that of the Quonset hut.
The arch may span between columns, beams, gutters or may spring from a foundation near
grade.
Gutters that are located on the exterior wall may have an unbalanced load conditions that must
be considered. Gutters connecting these arches also produce valley loading that must be
considered in the gutter design.
Technical IssuesReactions
The reaction at each end of an arch will include a horizontal force outward. This must be resisted
by either a tension tie or a beam or gutter or support that can resist this outward load.
Consideration of buckling and shear to the beam, gutter or support is required in a complete
design. Anchorage of the roof arch at the top of a cantilevered column must consider these
forces. The vertical component of the arch reaction is similar to truss reactions and can be
treated in the same manner.
Chapter 3 - 11
Connections
Connections are required from the arch to the support members. The supporting members
require consideration for the horizontal components, as well as the vertical components, of the
arch reaction. A connection to the tension tie, if applicable, is also required. Special care is
warranted when designing this critical connection.
Bracing
Bracing out of plane is necessary to prevent the arch from lateral buckling.
Chapter 3 - 12
Sections
Section properties of various elements may be obtained from manufacturers literature.
Connections
Connections must be adequately designed to allow the frame joints to take moments and act as
one unit. As stated above, the connection allows the members to have translation and rotation as
a unit without allowing rotation between the individual members. The detailing of the rigid
connection requires close attention.
Bracing
Bracing shall be provided based on the AISC provisions.
Chapter 3 - 13
Bracing element - the gutter acts as a horizontal bracing element between the framing
members.
Distribution member - The gutter may act to distribute the wind loads as part of the
bracing system.
Purlin - the gutter acts as a purlin and carries vertical loads from the enclosure material.
Convey water - the gutter conveys water and provides proper drainage for the roof.
3.1.2.2 Ridge
General Requirements
Ridge shall be designed for the loads described in paragraph 3.1.2 in this section. In addition,
ridge members shall be designed for any lateral loads that may be imposed when acting as a brace
for the end walls or when used as a collector for lateral forces. Ridges used to convey lateral
loads shall be designed for the compressive forces in addition to the vertical loads using the load
combinations specified in this handbook.
Sections
Structural section properties for ridge members shall be noted in the calculations. The details of
the ridge section shall be shown on the plans. Section properties of various elements may be
obtained from manufacturers literature or computed based on the section.
Connections
Ridge member connections to support elements shall be detailed on the plans.
Design Approach and Assumptions
Component Description - The roles of the ridge in the structure are the following.
Bracing element - the ridge acts as a horizontal brac ing element between the framing
members.
Chapter 3 - 14
3.1.2.3 Purlins
General Requirements
Purlins support the cladding and glazing bars. Purlins shall be designed for roof dead load and
other loads such as snow and wind as determined by building code requirements. Purlin design
shall consider the actual field installation conditions such as simple or continuous members and
the point loads of glazing bars. Purlins shall be designed for the loads described in paragraph
3.1.2 in this section
Sections
Purlin section details and properties shall be shown in the calculations and on the plans.
Manufactures literature may provide the design information for structural purlin s ections.
Connections
Purlin connections to support elements shall be detailed on the plans.
Design Approach and Assumptions
Component Description - The purlins support vertical loads of the enclosure material and also
act as bracing elements between the framing members.
Based on the roof slope, the load direction on the purlin may not be normal to the main axis of the
member. When this occurs, the design shall address the horizontal component of the roof load
acting on the weak direction of the purlin.
Building Codes and Consensus Standards
Purlins supporting glazing may require special consideration.
Engineering Judgement and Technical Literature
The decision of whether the glazing bars impose a point load or are to be considered a continuous
load is usually a matter of engineering judgement. Where relative stiffness can be analyzed and
the load distribution determined, an analysis is preferred.
Chapter 3 - 15
Chapter 3 - 16
3.2.2 Columns
General Requirements
Columns support the roof system. They also act as part of the lateral force bracing system. In
many structures there is a knee brace or kicker from the truss to the column. In other cases,
diagonal x-bracing may be used from truss to truss. Both types of lateral bracing systems may be
used in a structure.
Sections
Columns shall support all imposed vertical and lateral loads
Section properties of various elements may be obtained from manufacturers literature.
Connections
All elements shall be connected to columns to covey the design loads.
Design Approach and Assumptions
Columns carry vertical loads to the foundation.
End wall columns take wind loads but may not carry any vertical load.
The column section must be designed for bending, shear, and axial stresses depending on the type
of primary support structure (truss vs. rigid frame) and applied forces as well as the type of
secondary lateral bracing system (knee braces and diagonal bracing).
The connection at the top and bottom of the column must be adequately designed to transfer loads
through the column and into the foundation, including uplift. Pinned connections shall be
adequately detailed to assure adequacy of the connection as well as providing for others designing
the foundations. Base plates for columns shall be designed in accordance with the buildin g code
and shall be shown on the contract drawings.
A column that attaches to a footing must have adequate anchor bolt embedment to transfer all
design loads, including uplift, to the foundation. Anchor bolt embedment length is an important
element in the design of a greenhouse.
Anchor bolts, even if installed by others, shall be shown on the contract drawings.
Where sleeved connections are used, the lap length shall be verified as well as the adequacy of
the elements and connections. Adequate protection against movement at both ends of the sleeve
shall be provided.
Consideration shall be given to local column buckling and the need for stiffeners at connections,
especially due to lateral loads.
Some designers use flagpole type footings for columns to a ct as bracing elements by
transferring moment to the ground.
The connection from the column to the footing shall be capable of developing the moment at the
NGMA Structural Design Manual
Chapter 3 - 17
base of the column. This may be accomplished by embedment of the column a sufficient length,
or by anchor bolts extending into the foundation the length required by the concrete design
standards.
3.2.4 Girts
General Requirements
Girts shall be designed for the tributary lateral load. Girts shall be considered as simple or
multiple span elements and connected to each column.
Chapter 3 - 18
Sections
Girt sections may be any formed section, often C, Z, rectangular or other shape. They must be
capable of supporting the lateral loads. Girts shall be supported as required to keep from sagging.
Section properties of various elements may be obtained from manufacturers literature.
Connections
Girts shall be connected to columns to transfer the lateral (wind) or other loads.
Design Approach and Assumptions
Girts are usually horizontal members spanning between vertical members such as columns that
frame the walls. It is also possible to design a girt to span vertically. Whether horizontal or
vertical, girts. They are designed for lateral loads, typically wind, that are applied perpendicular
to the exterior walls. Girts transfer these loads to columns, which then transfer the loads to the
foundation.
Girts acts as beams and are typically designed for bend ing stresses but may carry axial loads too.
Girts braced by typical greenhouse enclosure materials need to have their unbraced length
considered in their design.
Chapter 3 - 19
Sections
Any section type is permitted. Section properties of various elements may be obtained from
manufacturers literature.
Connections
Knee braces shall be connected to convey all loads.
Design Approach and Assumptions
Knee braces are diagonal braces connecting two members. The members act together as a braced
frame and are able to carry horizontal loads to the foundation. The columns must be designed for
the loads imposed by the knee brace.
Chapter 3 - 20
Engineering Judgement
Engineering judgement is often used to define the lateral force bracing system. The designed
system shall be fully analyzed and calculated, with design assumptions noted.
3.4 Foundations
General Requirements
Foundations may be designed by the engineer responsible for the greenhouse structure or by other
engineers. If the design by others is to be used, the buildings base reactions at columns and wall
loads shall be shown on the construction drawings . In addition the contract drawings should show
the anchor bolts and base plate layout.
Foundations may be several forms. Each foundation style follows standard design practice.
Chapter 3 - 21
Chapter 3 - 22
90 mph, Exposure C
40 psf
10 psf
5 psf assumed
CODE
Design Example 1 - 1
WIND DESIGN
Assume 20o roof slope
Velocity pressure, qz:
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2I (psf)
Where:
Kz =
Kzt =
Kd =
V=
I=
qz =
(Eq. 6-13)
13.03 psf
(GCpi) =
0.53
-0.69
-0.48
-0.43
-0.45
-0.69
-0.37
-0.45
0.40
-0.29
CASE A
(transverse)
(GCpf) =
CASE B
(longitudinal)
Where:
q = qi =
0.55
(Table 6-7, partially enclosed buildings)
-0.55
0.18
(Table 6-7, enclosed buildings)
-0.18
Design Example 1 - 2
Case A
Windward:
Wall (surface 1)
Roof (surface 2)
14.08
-1.82
-0.26
-16.16
9.25
-6.65
4.56
-11.34
Leeward:
Roof (surface 3)
Wall (surface 4)
0.91
1.56
-13.43
-12.77
-3.91
-3.26
-8.60
-7.95
Case B
Wall (surface 1)
Roof (surface 2)
Roof (surface 3)
Wall (surface 4)
1.30
-1.82
2.35
1.30
-13.03
-16.16
-11.99
-13.03
-3.52
-6.65
-2.48
-3.52
-8.21
-11.34
-7.17
-8.21
Windward:
Wall (surface 5)
12.38
-1.96
7.56
2.87
Leeward:
Wall (surface 6)
3.39
-10.95
-1.43
-6.13
Design Example 1 - 3
-8.60 psf
3
-7.95 psf
4
2
-11.34 psf
1
9.25 psf
CASE A
-7.17 psf
3
-8.21 psf
4
6
-6.13 psf
2
-11.34 psf
1
-8.21 psf
5
7.56 psf
CASE B
NGMA Structural Design Manual
Design Example 1 - 4
SNOW DESIGN
Flat-roof snow load, p f:
p f = 0.7CeCtIpg
pf =
(Eq. 7-1)
Where:
pg =
Ce =
Ct =
I=
24.6 psf
(Eq. 7-2)
Where:
pf =
24.6 psf
Cs =
0.90 (Figure 7-2a, 4:12 roof slope, warm roof)
ps =
22.2 psf
Design Example 1 - 5
LOAD COMBINATIONS
Roof Dead Load, D =
Roof Live Load, Lr =
Snow Load, S =
Wind Load, W =
Assume enclosed
building
5.0
10.0
22.2
9.25
-7.95
psf
psf (Lr < than S therefore S governs)
psf
psf (inward pressure at wall, transverse)
psf (outward pressure at wall, transverse)
1.2 D + 1.6 S
4.
6.
0.9 D + 1.6 W
D+S
3.
D+W+S
4.
0.6D + W
Design Example 1 - 6
STRUCTURE DESIGN
Roof Design:
Using Allowable Stress Design or Basic Load Combinations (Strength Design)
Truss Analysis
Connectors
Lateral Design (Wind):
Using Allowable Stress Design or Basic Load Combinations (Strength Design)
ES
UT CE
RIBBRA
T
S
DI AG.
ER DI
T
V = 912#
EC TO
LL V,
CO AD,
LO
V = w x W/2
= 912#
w = p x HT
= 76plf
VERTICAL
BEAM
H = 12'
WIND DESIGN:
V = 912#
=2
4'
DIAGONAL BRACE,
T= V x 1.414 (@45)
= 1290#
(@45)
TENSION IN DIAG. CROSS BRACE
@ LONGIT. WALL, T = 912# x 1.414 = 1290#
WIND
1E
2E
KNEE BRACES
DIAGONAL BRACING
FLAG POLES
END BEAM
ELEVATION
10 psf
5 psf (assumed)
30 psf
90 mph, Exposure C
D
I
IBC 1607.11.2.1
CODE
SITE CRITERIA:
Example building:
Gutter connected production greenhouse
40 ft span, symmetrical
Design Example 2 - 1
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS
ITEMS TO BE SHOWN ON PLANS
Per IBC Section 1603
Example Building:
1603.1.1
N/A
1603.1.2
10 psf
pf =
18.5 psf
Ce =
I=
Ct =
1.0
0.8
1.1
V=
90 mph
I=
0.87
I
C
+ 0.18 Enclosed building
- 0.18
Provide design wind pressure to be used in
design of exterior component and cladding
materials not specifically designed by the
registered design professional.
I
SDS =
0.47
SD1 =
0.25
D
Ordinary concentric braced frame
V=
0.11 *W
Simplified analysis
IE =
1.0
Flood Load
1603.1.6
For buildings located in flood hazard areas (per 1612.3)
Special Loads
1603.1.7
Design Example 2 - 2
SNOW DESIGN
Flat-roof snow load, p f:
p f = 0.7CeCtIpg
Where:
pg =
(Eq. 7-1)
Ce =
Ct =
I=
pf =
18.5 psf
(Eq. 7-2)
Where:
pf =
18.5 psf
Cs =
1.00 (Per 7.4.4 roof slope factor for multiple folded plate, sawtooth, and barrel vault
roofs Cs = 1.0, otherwise Cs = 0.9 per Figure 7-2a for a 4:12 roof slope, warm
roof)
ps =
18.5 psf
There is additional snow load design required at the valley between the two
portions of the structure per 7.6.3 and Figure 7.6.
There will be approximately twice the snow load in the valley and half the snow load at the peak as
shown below.
BALANCED
LOAD
UNBALANCED
LOAD
Design Example 2 - 3
WIND DESIGN
Assume 4:12 (18.4o) roof slope
Velocity pressure, qz:
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2I (psf)
Where:
Kz =
Kzt =
Kd =
V=
I=
qz =
(Eq. 6-13)
13.03 psf
(GCpi) =
0.53
-0.69
-0.48
-0.43
-0.45
-0.69
-0.37
-0.45
0.40
-0.29
CASE A
(transverse)
(GCpf) =
CASE B
(longitudinal)
Where:
q = qi =
0.55
(Table 6-7, partially enclosed buildings)
-0.55
0.18
(Table 6-7, enclosed buildings)
-0.18
Design Example 2 - 4
Case A
Windward:
Wall (surface 1)
Roof (surface 2)
14.08
-1.82
-0.26
-16.16
9.25
-6.65
4.56
-11.34
Leeward:
Roof (surface 3)
Wall (surface 4)
0.91
1.56
-13.43
-12.77
-3.91
-3.26
-8.60
-7.95
Case B
Wall (surface 1)
Roof (surface 2)
Roof (surface 3)
Wall (surface 4)
1.30
-1.82
2.35
1.30
-13.03
-16.16
-11.99
-13.03
-3.52
-6.65
-2.48
-3.52
-8.21
-11.34
-7.17
-8.21
Windward:
Wall (surface 5)
12.38
-1.96
7.56
2.87
Leeward:
Wall (surface 6)
3.39
-10.95
-1.43
-6.13
Design Example 2 - 5
Design Example 2 - 6
SEISMIC DESIGN
Design per ASCE 7 Ch. 9
Site location:
Site Class:
Southern Indiana
Use site location to obtain information from maps (see below)
(Ss = 0.5g See map, Fig. 9.4.1.1(a) )
D
Go to maps in ASCE-7/IBC:
Ss =
0.5
9.4.1.1
S1 =
0.18
Fig. 9.4.1.1(a)
Fig. 9.4.1.1(b)
0.5
Fig. 9.4.1.1(a)
SMS = 0.7
SM1 = FvS1
Where:
Fv =
2.1
S1 =
0.18
SM1 =
Eq. 9.4.1.2.4-2
Table 9.4.1.2.4b
Fig. 9.4.1.1(b)
0.378
Eq. 9.4.1.2.5-2
0.252
Design Example 2 - 7
Based on SUG = I and calculated SDS and SD1, determine Seismic Design Category from tables:
9.4.2
Seismic Design Category = C based on short period response acceleration
For Seismic Use Group I & SDS = 0.47
Table 9.4.2.1a
Seismic Design Category = D based on 1 second period response acceleration
For Seismic Use Group I & SD1 = 0.25
Table 9.4.2.1b
Therefore, use Seismic Category = D (per 9.4.2.1, use most severe of the two)
Design Example 2 - 8
9.5.2.5
Analysis Procedures:
Simplified analysis, in accordance with 9.5.3.8, may be used for any structure in Seismic
Use Group I.
9.5.3.8
V=
((1.2 SDS)/R) * W
Where
SDS = 0.467
R=
5
V=
0.112 *W
Eq. 9.5.3.8.1
Notes:
1. See also IBC Sections 2205 and 2211 for minimum provisions for light gage steel structures. Section
2205 references AISI Specification. The provisions of 2211.7 are for buildings assigned to seismic
design category D, E, or F and include minimum design provisions for connections for diagonal bracing
members, top chord splices, boundary elements and collectors. There is special design for diagonal
bracing under certain conditions per 2211.7.5 .
2. Section 1617.4 IBC and 9.5.3.8 of ASCE 7, where the flat roof snow load exceeds 30 psf, twenty
percent of the flat roof snow load must be included as part of the seismic weight (W).
Design Example 2 - 9
Seismic Design
Category
A
B
C
D
E
F
Default Factor
Omega, W
Rho, r
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
Design Example 2 - 10
Eq. 9.5.2.5.1
Fp = 0.05 w
9.5.2.6.1.2
or
0.133 SDS * w
Design Example 2 - 11
LOAD COMBINATIONS
Roof Dead Load, D =
Roof Live Load, Lr =
Snow Load, S =
Wind Load, W =
Earthquake Load, E =
5.0
10.0
18.5
13.00
0.11 W
psf
psf (Lr < than S therefore S governs)
psf
psf design wind pressure
lb, base shear
1.4 D
1.2 D + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Where:
D = dead load
E = earthquake load
Lr = roof live load
R = rain load
S = snow load
W = wind load
D
D + (Lr or S or R)
D + (W or 0.7 E) + (Lr or S or R)
0.6 D + W
0.6 D + 0.7 E
Design Example 2 - 12
STRUCTURE DESIGN
Roof Design:
Using Allowable Stress Design or Basic Load Combinations (Strength Design)
Truss Analysis
Connectors
Lateral Design (Wind and Seismic):
Using Allowable Stress Design or Basic Load Combinations (Strength Design)
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