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WirelessSensorNetworksandtheir
Applications
byTarunAgarwal|at

ELECTRONICS

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InrecentyearsanefficientdesignofaWirelessSensorNetworkhasbecomealeadingareaofresearch.A

device that responds and detects some type of input from both the physical or environmental conditio

pressure,heat,light,etc.Theoutputofthesensorisgenerallyanelectricalsignalthatistransmittedtoac
furtherprocessing.
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WirelessSensorNetworks
TypesofNetworkTopology

WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs)

AWirelesssensornetworkcanbedefinedasanetworkofdevicesthatcancommunicatetheinformationga

amonitoredfieldthroughwirelesslinks.Thedataisforwardedthroughmultiplenodes,andwithagateway
connectedtoothernetworkslikewirelessEthernet.

WirelessSensorNetworks

WSNisawirelessnetworkthatconsistsofbasestationsandnumbersofnodes(wirelesssensors).Thesen

used to monitor physical or environmental conditions like sound, pressure, temperature and cooperativel
throughthenetworktoamainlocationasshowninthefigure.

WSNNetworkTopologies

Forradiocommunicationnetworks,thestructureofaWSNincludesvarioustopologiesliketheonesgivenb

WirelessSensorNetworkTopologies

StarTopologies

Startopologyisacommunicationtopology,whereeachnodeconnectsdirectlytoagateway.Asinglegatew

orreceiveamessagetoanumberofremotenodes.Instartopologies,thenodesarenotpermittedtosen

toeachother.Thisallowslowlatencycommunicationsbetweentheremotenodeandthegateway(basesta

Due to its dependency on a single node to manage the network, the gateway must be within the radio t

rangeofalltheindividualnodes.Theadvantageincludestheabilitytokeeptheremotenodespowerconsu

minimumandsimplyundercontrol.Thesizeofthenetworkdependsonthenumberofconnectionsmadeto

TreeTopologies

Treetopologyisalsocalledascascadedstartopology.Intreetopologies,eachnodeconnectstoanodeth
higherinthetree,andthentothegateway.Themainadvantageofthetreetopologyisthattheexpansion
can be easily possible, and also error detection becomes easy. The disadvantage with this network is
heavilyonthebuscableifitbreaks,allthenetworkwillcollapse.

MeshTopologies

TheMeshtopologiesallowtransmissionofdatafromonenodetoanother,whichiswithinitsradiotransmiss
anodewantstosendamessagetoanothernode,whichisoutofradiocommunicationrange,itneedsan

nodetoforwardthemessagetothedesirednode.Theadvantagewiththismeshtopologyincludeseasyi

detectionoffaultsinthenetwork.Thedisadvantageisthatthenetworkislargeandrequireshugeinvestmen

TypesofWSNs(WirelessSensorNetworks)

Depending on the environment, the types of networks are decided so that those can be deployed
underground,onland,andsoon.DifferenttypesofWSNsinclude:
1.TerrestrialWSNs
2.UndergroundWSNs
3.UnderwaterWSNs
4.MultimediaWSNs
5.MobileWSNs

1.TerrestrialWSNs

Terrestrial WSNs are capable of communicating base stations efficiently, and consist of hundreds to th

wirelesssensornodesdeployedeitherinunstructured(adhoc)orstructured(Preplanned)manner.Inanu

mode, the sensor nodes are randomly distributed within the target area that is dropped from a fixed

preplannedorstructuredmodeconsidersoptimalplacement,gridplacement,and2D,3Dplacementmodels

InthisWSN,thebatterypowerislimitedhowever,thebatteryisequippedwithsolarcellsasasecondarypo

TheEnergyconservationoftheseWSNsisachievedbyusinglowdutycycleoperations,minimizingdelays,
routing,andsoon.

2.UndergroundWSNs

The underground wireless sensor networks are more expensive than the terrestrial WSNs in terms of

maintenance, and equipment cost considerations and careful planning. The WSNs networks consist of a

sensor nodes that are hidden in the ground to monitor underground conditions. To relay information from
nodestothebasestation,additionalsinknodesarelocatedabovetheground.

UndergroundWSNs

Theundergroundwirelesssensornetworksdeployedintothegroundaredifficulttorecharge.Thesensorb

equippedwithalimitedbatterypoweraredifficulttorecharge.Inadditiontothis,theundergroundenvironm
wirelesscommunicationachallengeduetohighlevelofattenuationandsignalloss.

3.UnderWaterWSNs

Morethan70%oftheearthisoccupiedwithwater.Thesenetworksconsistofanumberofsensornodesa

deployed under water. Autonomous underwater vehicles are used for gathering data from these senso
challengeofunderwatercommunicationisalongpropagationdelay,andbandwidthandsensorfailures.

UnderWaterWSNs

Under water WSNs are equipped with a limited battery that cannot be recharged or replaced. The issu

conservation for under water WSNs involves the development of underwater communication and

techniques.

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4.MultimediaWSNs

Muttimedia wireless sensor networks have been proposed to enable tracking and monitoring of events in

multimedia, such as imaging, video, and audio. These networks consist of lowcost sensor nodes eq

micrpphones and cameras.These nodes are interconnected with each other over a wireless connecti
compression,dataretrievalandcorrelation.

MultimediaWSNs

The challenges with the multimedia WSN include high energy consumption, high bandwidth requirem

processingandcompressingtechniques.Inadditiontothis,multimediacontentsrequirehighbandwidthfor
tobedeliveredproperlyandeasily.

5.MobileWSNs

Thesenetworksconsistofacollectionofsensornodesthatcanbemovedontheirownandcanbeinterac
physicalenvironment.Themobilenodeshavetheabilitytocomputesenseandcommunicate.

The mobile wireless sensor networks are much more versatile than the static sensor networks. The ad

MWSNoverthestaticwirelesssensornetworksincludebetterandimprovedcoverage,betterenergyefficien
channelcapacity,andsoon.

LimitationsofWirelessSensorNetworks
1.Possessverylittlestoragecapacityafewhundredkilobytes

2.Possessmodestprocessingpower8MHz
3.Worksinshortcommunicationrangeconsumesalotofpower
4.Requiresminimalenergyconstrainsprotocols
5.Havebatterieswithafinitelifetime
6.Passivedevicesprovidelittleenergy

WirelessSensorNetworksApplications

WirelessSensorNetworksApplications

These networks are used in environmental tracking, such as forest detection, animal tracking, floo
forecasting and weather prediction, and also in commercial applications like seismic activities pre
monitoring.
Militaryapplications,suchastrackingandenvironmentmonitoringsurveillanceapplicationsusethesene
sensornodesfromsensornetworksaredroppedtothefieldofinterestandareremotelycontrolledbyau
tracking,securitydetectionsarealsoperformedbyusingthesenetworks.
Healthapplications,suchasTrackingandmonitoringofpatientsanddoctorsusethesenetworks.
ThemostfrequentlyusedwirelesssensornetworksapplicationsinthefieldofTransportsystemssucha
oftraffic,dynamicroutingmanagementandmonitoringofparkinglots,etc.,usethesenetworks.
Rapidemergencyresponse,industrialprocessmonitoring,automatedbuildingclimatecontrol,ecosystem
monitoring,civilstructuralhealthmonitoring,etc.,usethesenetworks.

This is all about the wireless sensors networks and their applications. We believe that the information a

different types of networks will help you to know them better for your practical requirements. Apart fr

additional information about wireless SCADA, queries, and doubts regarding this topic or electrical an
projects,andforanysuggestions,pleasecommentorwritetousinthecommentsectionbelow.
PhotoCredits
WirelessSensorNetworksbydolcera

WirelessSensorNetworkTopologiesbyni
UndergroundWSNsbyamrita
UnderWaterWSNsbyjurdak
MultimediaWSNsbyohiostate
WirelessSensorNetworksApplicationsbyimmateriel

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