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Dissertation report
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Filter is one of the modules that help to pass certain frequencies and stop other
frequencies as per the design. There are two types of categories called analog and digital
filters. Analog filter operates on analog frequencies while digital filter operates on digital
data input. Each filter has its own characteristics that can be used as per our
requirements. Analog filter has its own types. They are known as Low Pass Filter
(LPF), High Pass Filter
The names
are
(BSF).
the frequencies in the lower bandand stops the frequencies in the higher band. These poin
ts are considered with reference to certain cutoff frequency during design.
Microstrip BPF is widely used in recent years because its characteristics that
small in size, that easy to integrate and that can use different substrate to change
frequency. Parallel coupled microstrip lines can realize narrow-band filters while stub
lines can realize broad-band filters[1]. Now these days new methods are developed ,one
of the method called prototype filter design is usually adopted, it is start with lowpass
filter prototyping and their stage is confirmed by specifying required attenuation then
after we can choose the type like Butterworth, Chebyshev, Ellipse etc , then we can will
get the lumped element resistances in a experiential table and therefore we can find
the length, width, gap of the coupled microstrip in different stage by calculation
on a set of equations. There require to do the round of the parameters when we
calculate and the approximation of conventional formulas as the performance of the filter
is usually not comes as per requirement .
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1.1 Motivation:
Various RF filter are used in communication system for various requirement such
as BP, LP, HP, BS. Very often it is require obtaining the desire performance with
minimum components. Conventional design requires more no. of sections to obtain good
out of band rejection .so to achieve this parameter with minimum section give me the
motivation to design the BPF with DGS structure.
1.2 Objective :
To design band pass filter this can provide high rejection in bandstop region. And
try to enhance that parameter through which filter performance reaches to our desire
outcome.
1.3 Filter :
Filters are the most important passive components used in the microwave
subsystems and instruments. Most of the microwave systems that consist of
and passive components which
active
microwave passive
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Bandpass filter(BPF): This filter only pass signals with frequencies coming
in the range between 1 to 2 and remove frequencies which are outside
range .
Bandstop filter(BSF): It is complement to bandpass filter
Fig: 1.1 Response of filter based on frequency (a) LPF (b)HPF (c) BPF
(d) BSF[li1]
a) Butterworth
b) Chebyshev
c) Bessel
d) Elliptical
a) Butterworth:
The Butterworth filter has essentially flat amplitude versus frequency response up
to the cutoff frequency. The response of the various filters can be seen through
Figure 1.2, where it is compared with the Chebyshev and the Bessel filter.
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Although Butterworth filters achieve the sharpest attenuation with having no
ripple, their phase shift as a function of frequency is nonlinear.
The low pass filter prototype insertion loss can be define through loss factor that
can be given by as follow ,
b) Chebyshev
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As the name suggests, chebyshev filter will allow ripples in the passband
amplitude response. It is also known as equal ripple response filter. The amount of
ripple is provided as one of the design parameter for this type of chebyshev filter. So
when sharp transition from passband to stop band is require and if we can tolerate
ripples then chebyshev filter prototyping is the most appropriate choice.
c) Bessel
This filter provides the minimum in-band phase response and also provides
the best step response. It is widely used where signals works with square waves,
etc. as the shape has to be maintained all the time . This way it will introduce linear
phase shift that acts as a delay line which helps to get output waveform having no
ringing and no overshoot.
d) Elliptical
It has the sharpest cutoff than compared to butter worth, chebyshev, and Bessel
filter response. But it has rippling effect in both of the band called passband and
stopband also. Thus it has very non linear phase response.
This allow steepest transition from passband to stopband at expenses of
ripples in both the ends.
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amplifying component like transistors, operational amplifiers, etc. In this way this is
the simplest filter in terms of the number of necessary components for
implementation of a require transfer function. Passive filters have other advantages
as well. Because they have no active components, passive filters require no power
supplies.
Since they are not restricted by the bandwidth limitations of op amps, they
can work well at very high frequencies. They can be used in applications involving
larger current or voltage levels than can be handled by active devices. Passive filters
also generate little noise when compared with circuits using active gain elements.
The noise that they produce is simply the thermal noise from the resistive
components, and, with careful design, the amplitude of this noise can be very low.
2. Active filter:
Active filters use amplifying elements, especially op amps, with resistors and
capacitors in their feedback loops, to synthesize the desired filter characteristics.
Active filters can have high input impedance, low output impedance, and virtually
any arbitrary gain. They are also usually easier to de-sign than passive filters.
Possibly their most important attribute is that they lack inductors, thereby reducing
the problems associated with those components. Still, the problems of accuracy and
value spacing also affect capacitors, al-though to a lesser degree. Performance at
high frequencies is limited by the gain-bandwidth product of the amplifying
elements, but within the amplifier's operating frequency range, the op amp-based
active filter can achieve very good accuracy, provided that low-tolerance resistors
and capaci-tors are used. Active filters will generate noise due to the amplifying
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circuitry, but this can be minimized by the use of low-noise amplifiers and careful
circuit design.
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As per diagram first we define low pass filter prototyping as per our desire filter
characteristics. They are first normalized in terms of impedance and frequency . this
lowpass prototype is the scaled to desire impedance and frequency ,and the lumped
component replaced with distributed circuit element for microwave frequency
implementation .
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CHAPTER 2
FILTER PARAMETER
Filter parameter based on frequency:[bo2]
2.1.
a) Cutoff frequency :
It is the point where the frequency response fallen below 3 dB. It often
describe with fc. This is the main parameter that helps to know how much
frequency that filters can pass.
b) Stop band:
It
is the range of band where the filter has to reject the unwanted
frequencies
d) Ripple :
The signal flatness in the pass band can be identifying by defining the
ripple or it is the difference between maximum and minimum amplitude response
define in dB .For chebyshev filter designing designer must take care of ripples
as per its specification.
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e) Bandwidth :
It is defines as the difference between upper and lower frequencies
which is coming at the 3dB attenuation point in the pass band region.
f) Shape factor :
This factor provide sharpness of the filter response that is describe by
ratio of 60 dB to 30 dB bandwidth.
g) Rejection:
For ideal filter it is require to obtain infinite attenuation level at
undesirable frequencies .this will define by rejection that measure around 60 dB
level .
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h) Quality factor:
Another parameter through which selectivity can be define for filter is the
quality factor Q. it is the ratio of average stored energy to energy loss per unit
cycle at resonantal frequency .
Where the input is power from the source and Lis the power delivered
to the load. is the reflection coefficient to the filter. This input coefficient is
obtained by looking from the source into the transmission line of length d = l.
j) Return Loss :
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2.2
At high RF and Microwave frequencies direct measurement of Y- , Z-, or Hparameters is difficult due to[li5]:
With help of the S-parameters, RF devices can be measured without causing any
undesired inductance or capacitance effects to the device or circuit. This is
especially important in higher frequency where small magnitude of disturbance
gets substantially larger.
For a given two-port device there are total four S-parameters named as S11, S21,
S12, and S22. S11, and S22 are simply called the forward and reverse reflection
coefficients, which is terminated by Z0 that usually 50 ohms of impedance . S21
and S12 are simply the forward and reverse gains taking a Z0 source and load
usually value of 50 ohms.
Table 2.1 scattering parameter interpretation
Parameter
Meaning or interpretation
S11
S12
S21
S22
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CHAPTER 3
WIRELESS LAN
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The
IEEE
released
the 802.11
standard
for
wireless
local-area
initial
standard
specifies a 2.4 GHz operating frequency with data rates of 1 and 2 Mbps.
With this standard, one could choose to use either frequency hopping or
direct sequence.
Because of relatively low data rates as, products based on the initial standard did
not flourish as many had hoped .In late 1999, the IEEE published two
supplements to the initial 802.11 standard: 802.11a and 802.11b (Wi-Fi).
802.11a which is Highly
Scalable
Wireless
LAN Standard
The
Speed Physical Layer in the 5 GHz Band specifies operation in the 5 GHz band
with data rates up to 54 Mb/s .
The 802.11 WLAN standard allows for transmission over
different
Compliant
types
media
include infrared
light
and
two
media.
of
radio
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CHAPTER 4
DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE
4.1
Introduction to DGS
Modern applications require high filtering structures that performing as
per our desire . Many filtering structures were proposed in the literature . In
todays days, a new type of filters basically on Defected Ground Structures has
been Presented . This DGS elements are realized in Microstrip technology by
etching slots in the ground plane. This slots disturb the distribution of current in
the ground to the Microstrip line that will gives rise to stopband characteristics
[4e]
.As its name it is the a new technique which means that a defect has been
ground
plane at
DGS characteristics
The main element of DGS is nothing but a gap of resonant or slot in the
ground metal is placing under a transmission line that is couple to the line.
Each one differs in occupied area, equivalent L-C ratio, coupling coefficient,
higher-order responses, and other electrical parameters. A user will select the
structure that works best for the particular application.
The equivalent circuit for a DGS is a parallel-tuned circuit in series with the
transmission line to which it is coupled as per Figure 4.1. The input and output
impedances are that of the line section, while the equivalent values of L, C and R
are determined by the dimensions.
Common micro-strip considerations, such as variations in dielectric constant or
etched line dimensional tolerance, tend to have greater effect with narrow
bandwidth circuits such as DGS.
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Disadvantage of DGS
The main disadvantage of the defected ground technique is that it radiates.
Although much of the incident energy at the resonant frequency is reflected back
down the transmission line, there will be significant radiation. Radiation within
enclosed microwave circuits can be difficult to include in simulation. Boundary
conditions are usually set to be absorbing (no reflections), which simplifies
calculations, but excludes the structures around the circuit being examined. In
some cases, the size of the enclosure will make the problem too large to achieve a
solution in a reasonable time, and the details of the physical structure may take a
very long to determine and enter into the software.
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EM simulation is certainly accurate for the circuit itself, but with uncertainty of
radiation effects, the construction and careful evaluation of a prototype is strongly
recommended. An experienced designer may be able to create a simplified model
of the enclosure for more accurate simulation, but measurement remains essential
for verification.
A lesser disadvantage is that DGS structures increase the area of the circuit.
However, the additional area will usually be less than that of alter-native
solutions for achieving similarly improved performance.
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CHAPTER 5
LITERATURE REVIEW
Narrow Bandwidth using DGS/DMS for WLAN. They used 50ohm quarter wave
microstrip line is use for bandpass filter. Two series gap slot is created for
achieving bandpass characteristics in strip line. A dumbbell shaped DGS
structure is created on the ground plane which is use to provide bandstop
characteristics in filter. This filter is having band width of 500MHz, consist
insertion loss which is less than 0.5dB. It has cutoff frequency is 5.4GHz.
Their proposed design was simulated in HFSS and fabricated. All parameter were
measured and concluded that DGS offer a size reduction >60% with reduced
harmonics in pass band. Conventional parallel coupled BPF has size of 1200 mm2
while this design has size of 390 mm2.
5.2 Adel B. Abdel-Rahman , et. Al., 2004[6] examined the effect of the different
shapes of a defected ground-plane structure (DGS) slot on performance of the
HiLo microstrip low-pass filter (LPF). In this three-pole low pass filter having n
an arrowhead DGS slot has 67% less length as compared to a conventional threepole low pass filter . this provide insertion loss of 0.5 dB and provide rejection
of 15-dB in the stopband region which up to three times of the cutoff frequency.
In this paper comparison between various slots like rectangular, dumbbell
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shaped, arrow head, square head is presented .shape selection of various shapes
and slots are based on frequency ranges of 28-GHz range and in the 312-GHz
which is varied accordingly . The dimensions of slots are varied by five times
from their its original l. DGS slot helps to improves the performance of a
conventional microstrip lowpass filter significantly. The sharpness of transition
and stopband rejection is based on what DGS shape has been chosen .The
arrowhead slot provides a better response in the stopband region .
frequency is taken of 12GHz that design with CAD tool. DGS shape is proposed
to optimize the stopband and to restrain the spurious passband. Thus, the
stopband of the filter is wider than that of conventional coupled-line filter. In
order to get wide stopband performance, a DGS is employed to a microstrip
bandpass filter. The proposed DGS provides an attenuation pole in the upper
stopband. Due to the attenuation pole, the stopband is wider than that of
conversional bandpass filter. A novel microstrip bandpass filter with a DGS
section is fabricated. This filter has bandwidth 800MHz, stopband rejection given
by S21is less than -22dB at frequency range between 13GHz to 25GHz. Also the
transition from of passband to stopband is so abrupt that stopband provide
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rejection of 30 dB at 13GHz. The insertion loss increases to up to 3 dB. This
much high value is due to high relative permittivity of substrate Taconic RF60.
5.4 Han-Jan Chen,et. Al., 2006[8] designed ultra wide stopped Low pass filter using
cross shaped DGS. They used low pass filter with cutoff of 3.75 GHz with shape
of DGS is performed with I and H. Then at last they Make combination of this
two shapes and created CSDGS (cross shaped defected ground structure). By
using this structure, the filter not only supports conventional DGS performances
with a sharp rejection, but also exhibits an ultra-wide stopband. For the deigned
low-pass filter, an insertion loss of less than 2 dB from dc to 3.5 GHz and the
rejection is better than 20 dB from 4.3 to 15.8 GHz. The simulated performances
of the proposed LPF are with a cutoff frequency 3.75 GHz, a 20-dB rejection
band within 4.25 15.9 GHz and a sharp attenuation of 27.5 dB at 4.38 GHz.
Moreover, the attenuation rate of CSDGS is 0.17 which is lower than a unit cell
and is almost equal to a nine-order Chebyshev low-pass prototype, corresponding
to size reduction.
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5.5 Neelamegam ,et. Al., 2013[9] developed compact bandpass filter for UWB
system using defected ground structure. A compact Bandpass Filter (BPF)
using Defected
Ground Structure
(DGS)
for
Ultra
Wideband (UWB)
Systems. The UWB bandpass filter has one transmission band ranges from 3.4
GHz to 12.4 GHz and has insertion loss of -0.46 dB and return loss of -25 dB.
The rectangular defective ground structure at the bottom of the substrate. The
simulation too that they use is IE3D and fabricated on FR4 substrate with
dielectric constant of 4.4, loss tangent of 0.0004and thickness of 1.6 mm using
dual side Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technology. By, using defected ground
structure is functional parameters, particularly, insertion loss and return loss of
the filter obtained very good. The developed filter demonstrates a fractional
bandwidth of 113%.
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CHAPTER 6
ADVANCED DESIGN SYSTEM
For
WiMAX, LTE, multi-gigabit per second data links, radar, & satellite
applications, ADS provides full, standards-based design and verification with
Wireless Libraries and circuit-system-EM co-simulation in an integrated
platform.
ADS are used as the simulation software. Advanced Design System (ADS) is
software which is basically use for designing automation of electronic design.
This software gives freedom of to designer that integrate design of various
electronic products such as phones,
communications, high speed data links and radar systems. Agilent ADS supports
designer to create their design in schematic view and easily converted in layout
also we can performed in various
time for
simulation.
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It provide complete and integrated set for fast with accurate and easy-touse system circuit and EM simulators that enable first to pass design
success in a complete design flow
Optimization Cockpit for real time feedback and control is available that
helps when using any of 12 powerful optimizers
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In ADS layout it easy to create air bridges and the substrate editor for
Momentum and finite element method 3-D EM simulation.
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CHAPTER 7
BASIC DESIGN AND CALCULATION
Centre frequency
2.4 GHz
Bandwidth
80MHz
Impedance
50 ohm
Ripple
0.1 dB
Stopband attenuation
-20 dB
Attenuating frequency
3.4 GHz
Insertion loss
0.2 dB
The center operating frequency for the filter is 2.4GHz with a bandwidth of
80 MHz. The maximum ripple allowed in the pass band is 0.1dB. According to
the filter design specifications, Chebyshev response with a passband ripple of
0.1dB can satisfy these requirements.
7.2 Calculation of Fractional Bandwidth and Normalized frequency :
0 1* 2 2.44 * 2.36
= 2.4GHz
(7.1)
2 1 2.44 - 2.36
0.033
0
2.4
(7.2)
1 0
where 0=2.4, =3.4,
0 0
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(7.3)
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1 3.4 2.4
2.15
0 0.033 2.4 3.4
(7.4)
The order of butter worth filter can define by attenuation loss and it given by
following equation.
(7.5)
Where, PLR is attenuation =-20dB and putting the value k=1 , w=3.4 GHz,
wc=2.4GHz we get the number of section =7.
7.4 Calculation for Chebyshev type filters order:
The filter order is the number of inductive and capacitive elements that should be
included in the filter design. This can be done by following formulation[12a];
cosh1 ( )
0
cosh1 (1020/10 1)/(0.1 1)
N
3.4
cosh1 ( )
2.4
(7.6)
(7.7)
N=5
This way by comparing both methods we get less number of orders in Chebyshev
filter for same specification. Thus, we choose Chebyshev filter to create our
design.
7.5 Calculation of Equal-Ripple Low-pass Filter Prototypes[bo3]:
The following equations are used to calculate the Element values for equal-ripple
low-pass filter prototypes (0.1dB ripple).
(2k 1)
ak sin
; k 1,2,.... N
2 N
k
bk 2 sin 2 ; k 1,2,..., N
N
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(7.8)
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Lar
)
17.34
(7.9)
)
2n
(7.10)
ln(coth
sinh(
g 0 1 ; g1
2a1
; gk
4a k -1ak
; k 2,3,..., n
bk 1 g k 1
(7.11)
1
for N odd
g n 1
2
coth
( ) for N even
(7.12)
From above table and through equation we get the same results and for n=5 the
coefficient are as below.
g1=1.1467=L1
g2=1.3712=C2
g3=1.9750=L3
g4=1.3712=C3
g5=1.1467=L4
g6=1
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After finding this coefficient its require to convert Lumped Values of the
Bandpass
Filter
calculate
as
following
Lk
Lk' Z 0
0
Ck
0 C k' Z 0
(7.13)
(7.14)
Z 0
Lk
0 Lk '
Ck
Ck '
0 Z 0
(7.15)
(7.16)
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From these equations we get lumped element as below with consecutive
connection of series and shunt element.
Table 7.3 lumped elements values
L1=115.270 nH
C1=0.03818 pF
L2=0.07983 nH
C2=55.1304 pF
L3=198.540 nH
C3=0.02488 pF
L4=0.07983 nH
C4=55.1301 pF
L5=115.270 nH
C5=0.03818 pF
This way we get the value of serial and shunt element that can be place to
simulation platform in ADS. And necessary filter parameter can be simulated.
7.7 Simulation of bandpass filter with lumped component
The designing of circuit and filter realization of is carried out in by doing
simulation
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CHAPTER 8
PARALLEL COUPLE MICROSTRIPLINE FILTER
The coupling gaps are related to the admittance inverters in the low-pass
prototype
circuit
Even
and
Odd
mode characteristic
impedances
for
the load on the right, but the filter can be reversed without affecting the
response. Since each coupled line section has an equivalent circuit of the form,
the equivalent circuit of the cascaded as per fig 8.1.
These even and odd mode impedances are basically used to compute physical
dimension of the filter . In this way, the required parallel coupled microstrip filter
parameters
can
be
easily
derived
for
Chebyshev
prototypes.
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J 01
FBW
Y0
2 g 0 g1
(8.1)
J n,n1
Y0
FBW
g i g i 1
(8.2)
FBW
2 g n g n1
(8.3)
for j=1 to n
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2
J
j , j 1 J j , j 1
1
Y0
Y
z 0e j , j 1
Y0
z 0O j , j 1
2
1 J j , j 1 J j , j 1
Y0
Y0
Y
0
(8.4)
(8.5)
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Now we put our cofficent value from g0 to g6 in equation (8.1),(8.2) and( 8.3) we
can easily find values for even and odd characteristic impedance for equation
(8.4) and (8.5). after putting this value we get the result as table 8.1.
Table 8.1 : calculated results of even and odd mode characteristic impedance
Couple line number(i)
Jiz0
Zoe
Zoo
Line 1 & 6
0.2026
62.1823
41.9223
Line 2 & 5
0.0375
51.9453
48.1953
Line 3 & 4
0.0286
51.4708
48.6108
The second step of the filter design is to search the dimensions of coupled strip
lines which is use to find the desired even and odd mode impedances. For that
we determine equivalent one single edge-strip shape ratios which can be relate
coupled line ratios to single line ratios. For a single edge-strip line[16a],
z0se
( z 0e ) j , j 1
2
z 0 s 0
( z 0o ) j , j 1
2
(8.6)
(8.7)
For a single microstrip line, The approximate expressions for W/h in terms
of Zc and r , derived by Wheeler and Hammerstad , are available. [14]
For W/h 2
W
8 exp A
H exp2 A 2
(8.8)
Where
A
ZC
60
r 1
2
r 1
0.11
0.23
r 1
r
For W/h>2
1
W 2
0.61
B 1 ln2 B 1 r
lnB 1 0.39
H
2 r
r
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Where
B
60 2
zc r
In our design W/h < 2 so we use equation (5.8) and calculating for all line
number (W/h)se and (W/h)so by applying Z0se and Z0so (as Zc) to the
above
calculate
the w/h and s/h for the desired coupled microstrip line using
W
W
cosh 2 H cosh 2 H 2
S 2
se
so
cosh1
H
W
W
cosh 2 H cosh 2 H
se
so
(8.9)
W 1 1 1 S S W S (8.10)
cosh
cosh
1 cosh
1 cosh
2 2 H 2 H 2 H se 2 H
H
(8.11)
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(8.12)
This way we put all the values in above equations to calculate the physical
dimension like width , space and length of couple line we get result as below the
table 8.2
W (mm)
S (mm)
L (mm)
50 ohm line
3.0454
17.0118
2.5640
1.7712
17.4863
3.3932
4.7002
16.8157
3.4526
5.2293
16.7369
8.3 Determine the dimension of w,s and l using Line Calc tool in ADS[bo3]:
Using LineCalc tool in ADS, the dimension of the microstrip line viz. length (L),
width(W) and gap(S) between each other are calculated for the given odd
and even resistances at the design as shown in Figure 8.2.
Design specification:
The filter was modeled in ADS as shown in Figure 8.2. The Parameters of
the substrate set in MSUB controller are:
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1) H: substrate thickness (1.6 mm)
2) Er: substrate relative dielectric constant (4.4)
3) Cond: metal conductivity (5.8e7)
4) Hu: upper ground substrate spacing (1.0E+33)
5) T: Metal layer thickness (0.0127 mm)
6) TanD: Dielectric loss tangent (0.01)
7) Rough: RMS surface roughness (0 mm).
Width, Space and Length, from LineCalc in ADS is shown in above figure
8.2, and calculate values is shown in following table 8.3.
Table 8.3 : calculated dimension of transmission line using Line Calc tool
Line description
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W (mm)
S (mm)
L (mm)
50 ohm line
3.0454
17.0118
2.7158
0.8439
17.3016
3.02519
4.3706
17.06480
3.0319
5.3993
17.0683
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ADS
the
parameters such as length, width and coupling gap of microstrip filter using
LineCalc tool
for the
filter where S(2,1) indicates the insertion loss and S(1,1) shows the reflection
ratio.
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Reduced
dimension by
2.5%
Length
Width
16.8690
16.6381
16.6415
2.6479
2.9495
2.9561
Able to
simulate complex
EM effects
including skin
effect,
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CHAPTER 9
PARALLEL COUPLE LINE FILTER WITH DGS
9.1
unwanted frequency region and compact size . DGS is has periodic or nonperiodic cascaded defect that is etched in the ground plane of structures such as
microstrip and coplanar lines. Important part of DGS is that it disturbs the shield
current distribution to the ground plane. DGS can be used effectively in many
ways , it use for enhancing the performance of microwave circuits as it has
advantages like slow-wave propagation that provides arbitrary stop bands with
low loss in passband [18a]
DGS cells have by default properties of resonant so that many filtering circuits
mainly used in to improve the stop and pass band characteristics. The DGS have
been proposed for improving the spurious response of coupled line microstrip
bandpass filters[19a]
9.2
an
are
developed
according
to designer s
need
of
bandwidth (Q) and center frequency and practical problems, such as size, shape,
or a structure of the other portions of the circuit which should not overlap that
can be easily trimmed to a our desired center frequency of different
requirements [20a].
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DGSs having ability of wide stopband and use for compacting size that are
mainly used to many circuits such as power dividers, directional couplers, filters
and power amplifiers . DGS is etched with narrow and wide shape at the
backside metallic ground plane, which changes the effective relative permittivity
of substrate and increases the effective capacitance and inductance of given
transmission line. It provides the rejection of some frequency bands, that can be
called as bandgap or stopband effect which designers wants .[21a]
9.3
9.4
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Table 9.1 Simulation of various DGS shape
Shape
name
Simulated S parameter
Dumbbell
pipe
structure
Dumbbell
Middle
slot with
S shape
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Triangle
Slots
Result analysis :
From this above table it shows that dumbbell pipe structure will give us response
with two picks but its insertion loss and return loss are very poor. With dumbbell
structure other harmonic pick is reduce but insertion loss and return loss are not
coming to our desire. Using middle slot with S shape results becoming more
worst than ahead. By choosing triangle shape the bandwidth of response become
narrower which do not satisfy as per our design .
Last one with two vertical slots the results coming as per our specification . This
provide good insertion loss with return loss more than -15 dB . not only that it
provide notching effect at frequency of 2 GHz , 2.2 GHz and 2.48 GHz . This
way it provide out of band rejection which satisfy our aim .
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9.5
Dissertation report
3D preview of slot DGS design
ADS provide user to see their design in 3 dimension view . by choosing the 3D
preview tool we can see our design in 3D format. In 3D preview we can choose
different layer and see the each layer outcomes in 3D design .
As per our design we can see top layer , cond layer , substrate layer and cond2
layer . By click right to box it can be visible to that layer design. In fig 9.1 it
shows the front view of my design and as per fig 9.2 it shows back side of my
design .
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CHAPTER 10
RESULTS ANALYSIS OF FABRICATED FILTER
10.1
Filter fabrication
As per our design of parallel couple line filter with slot DGS can be fabricated
and we get module . It is fabricated on PCB layers where upper and bottom layer
is of copper layer and middle layer is of substrate layer having dielectric const 4.4
and thickness of 1.6 mm as per our design . The bottom layer is having two slits
which is defected by resi layer . The input is given from port 1 and output is taken
from 2 . At this port side we must connect SMA connectors so that we can easily
work with input and output signal provided from signal generator .
The fabricated design is look as fig 10.1 that shows the front side of filter while
fig 10.2 shows the back side of filter design .
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CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
11.1
Conclusion
Designing of bandpass filter for WLAN application is present . from
various prototype of filter designing we can design it through chebyshev
prototype and convert it in parallel couple band pass filter .The new technique
called defected ground structure is implemented .Comparing the results of with
and without DGS it shows that using DGS we get sharp transition from the
passband to the stopband with high rejection in stop band region .The sharp
notching effect can be possible with DGS . The filter can be fabricated with
FR_4 substrate and proposed design parameter for WLAN application at 2.4
GHz with more than -15dB return loss which is desirable .
11.2
Future Work
we can choose different dielectric material and changing different shape of DGS
we can improve our circuit performance . With precisely fabrication of design
accurate results we can get at our desire frequency .For better accuracy to give
shape dimension we can choose different simulation platform like CST, HFSS so
that better performance that we can achieve .
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