Power Electronics

Lecture 2:

Uncontrolled AC to DC Converters
(Diode Rectifiers)

Lecturer: Dr. Mahdi Dargahi K.

Semester 2, 2015
Curtin University, Perth, Australia

Slides by Dr. Pooya Davari, and Dr. Mahdi Dargahi k.

Power Electronics Lecture 2

DIODE RECTIFIERS
Introduction
1- Single phase half-wave diode rectifier

2- Battery charger

3- Single phase full wave diode rectifier

4-Multiphase half-wave rectifier

5-Three-phase full wave bridge rectifier

Power Electronics Lecture 2

DIODE RECTIFIERS
Block Diagram

AC

DC

Uncontrolled utility interface (ac to dc)

Power Electronics Lecture 2

DIODE RECTIFIERS
Main issues in diode rectifiers

AC

DC
Single-phase

Resistive
Inductive
Resistive-inductive

Three-phase

Power Electronics Lecture 2

DIODE RECTIFIERS
Single phase half-wave diode rectifier (R load)

Power Electronics Lecture 2

DIODE RECTIFIERS
Single phase half-wave diode rectifier (R load)
Example: Find average and rms values
of the output voltage and FF, RF and PF
for the following circuit:

Power Electronics Lecture 2

DIODE RECTIFIERS
Single phase half-wave diode rectifier (R load)
The average output voltage Vdc is defined as:

The frequency of the source is f = 1/T and w = 2f. Thus

Power Electronics Lecture 2

DIODE RECTIFIERS
Single phase half-wave diode rectifier (R load)
The rms (root mean square) value of a periodic waveform is defined as:

Power Electronics Lecture 2

DIODE RECTIFIERS
Single phase half-wave diode rectifier (R load)
The form factor (FF) is defined as the ratio of the root-mean- square value (heating
component) of a voltage or current to its average value:

The ripple factor (RF), which is a measure of the ripple content, is defined as:
where Vac is the effective (rms) value of the ac component of load voltage vo.

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DIODE RECTIFIERS
Single phase half-wave diode rectifier (R load)
Rectification efficiency:

(0.318V )
P
R
(0.5V )
P
R
(0.318V )

40.5%
(0.5V )
2

dc

ac

Power factor:

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How can we calculate the Power Factor (PF)?

vs(t)
is(t)

is(t)

a
vs(t)
b

Linear
System

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How can we calculate the Power Factor (PF)?

vs(t)
is(t)

is(t)

a
vs(t)
b

Nonlinear
System

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DIODE RECTIFIERS
Single phase half-wave diode rectifier (R load)
Diode voltage drop

The conduction angle c is that part of the

cycle during which the diode is
conducting

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Single phase half-wave diode rectifier (R-L load)

Current continues to flows for a

while even after the input voltage
has gone negative

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DIODE RECTIFIERS
Single phase half-wave diode rectifier (R-L load)

Example: Find the average output

voltage of the following circuit assuming
the conduction angle of degree:

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DIODE RECTIFIERS
Single phase half-wave diode rectifier (R-L load)

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DIODE RECTIFIERS
Single phase half-wave diode rectifier (R-L load)

Compare
the
load
current
waveform with the one in the
previous circuit. (without freewheeling diode)
Average output voltage depends on
the load parameters.

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DIODE RECTIFIERS
Battery charger with a resistive current limiter
R

D1

Diode D1 is turned off when vs < E at

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Battery charger with an inductive current limiter
Current begins to flow when the
input voltage exceeds Ed.
Current continues to flows for a
while even after the input voltage has
gone below Ed.

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Single phase full-wave diode rectifier with center-tapped transformer,
(R load)

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DIODE RECTIFIERS
Single phase full-wave diode rectifier with center-tapped transformer,
(R load)
The average output is:

The rms value of the output voltage is:

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DIODE RECTIFIERS
Single phase full-wave diode rectifier with center-tapped transformer,
(R load)
Rectification efficiency:

Full-wave

half-wave

(0.318V )
P
R
(0.5V )
P
R
(0.318V )

40.5%
(0.5V )
2

dc

ac

Power factor:

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DIODE RECTIFIERS
Single phase full-wave diode bridge rectifier

Two simple (idealized) cases (pure resistive and inductive loads)

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DIODE RECTIFIERS
Single phase full-wave diode bridge rectifier

Output voltage and current waveforms with a purely resistive load

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Single phase full-wave diode bridge rectifier
Output voltage and current waveforms with a purely inductive load

In both cases, the dc-side voltage waveform is the same

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Single phase full-wave diode bridge rectifier

Input current in the idealized case

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Design of filter to limit the ripple in a single phase bridge rectifier
Draw vo here
D1

Full Rectified

D3

+
vs

Vo

D2

D4

vs(t)
Draw iS here

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Design of filter to limit the ripple in a single phase bridge rectifier
Full Rectified

Vo

Vr(pp)

vs(t)
In practice, if the peak-to-peak ripple voltage is small, it can be approximated as:

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Design of filter to limit the ripple in a single phase bridge rectifier

D1

Full Rectified

D3

Vo

+
vs

Vo

D2

D4

vs(t)

Typical harmonic content for a

full-bridge rectifier

is(t)

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Example of applying passive PFC (power factor correction) filter
64

is(t)

D1

D3

+
vs

Vo

D2

Amplitude (A)

Rectifier with AC-side inductor

D4

15

-64

is(t)
D1

D3

+
vs

Vo

Amplitude (A)

La

D2

D4
-15

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Voltage Doubler Rectifier

In 115-V position, one capacitor at-a-time is charged from the input.

When the switch is in the 115 V position and the line voltage of 115V, each capacitor gets charged
to approximately the peak of the AC input voltage. The output voltage is the sum of voltages across
C1 and C2.
The capacitor C1 is charged through the diode D1 during the positive half-cycle of the input AC
voltage and C2 is charged through D2 during the negative half-cycle.

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Voltage Doubler rectifier

The positive half-cycle of the input AC voltage

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Voltage Doubler rectifier

The negative half-cycle of the input AC voltage

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A three-phase, four-wire system

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Multiphase Star Rectifier

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Multiphase Star Rectifier

V1 has the highest magnitude

compared to the other phases.
Thus during this period D1
conducts and the rest of diodes
are reverse biased.
DC value of the output voltage for the
case of 6-phase star rectifier:

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Multiphase Star Rectifier
V2 >V1 and other phases, thus
during this period, D1 is turned
off and D2 is turned on.
RMS value of the output voltage for the
case of 6-phase star rectifier:

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A three-phase half-wave rectifier with pure inductive load

When D1 is off, VD=V1-V2 or V1-V3

which is a line voltage

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A three-phase, full-bridge rectifier with resistive load

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A three-phase, full-bridge rectifier with resistive load

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Power Electronics Lecture 2

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A three-phase, full-bridge rectifier with resistive load

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Power Electronics Lecture 2

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A three-phase, full-bridge rectifier with resistive load

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Power Electronics Lecture 2

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A three-phase, full-bridge rectifier with resistive load

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Power Electronics Lecture 2

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A three-phase, full-bridge rectifier with resistive load

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Power Electronics Lecture 2

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A three-phase, full-bridge rectifier with resistive load

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Power Electronics Lecture 2

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A three-phase, full-bridge rectifier with resistive load

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A three-phase, full-bridge rectifier: Redrawn

Two groups with three diodes each

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Power Electronics Lecture 2

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A three-phase, full-bridge rectifier: Redrawn

Two groups with three diodes each

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A three-phase, full-bridge rectifier: Redrawn

Two groups with three diodes each

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Understanding Current Commutation

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Understanding Current Commutation

There is a short circuit for a short time and the current commutates
from one leg to another one.

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Understanding Current Commutation

Shows the volt-seconds needed to commutate current