Vitamin

Source
Liver, Squash,
Leafy vegetables

Function
Cause of Deficiency
Antioxidant,
Malnutrition, Iron
Vision, Differentiation of deficiency, Alcoholism
epithelial cells (retinoic
acid), Normal
development, Immunity

Plants (D2),
Increase intestinal
Lack of sun exposure,
Milk (D3),
absorption of Ca and PO, Malnutrition, Liver
UV exposure (D3) Bone Mineralization
Cirrhosis, Falconi
Syndrome,
Malabsorption of fat,
Pancreatitis, Kidney
failure

Children -> Type I Rickets (vit D

Hypercalcemia,
deficiency), Type II Rickets
Loss of appetite,
(defective receptors), Skeletal
Stupor
abnormalities, Racketing Rosary
Adults -> osteomalacia, bone pain,
muscle weakness

Sunflower oil,
Almond,
Nuts, Avocados,
Potato

Antioxidant and protects Fat malabsorption,

cell membranes
Cystic Fibrosis, Crohn's
Disease, Gastrectomy,
Abetalipoproteinemia

Hemolytic Aenmia, Lysis of cells,

Vitamin K deficiency
Acanthyosis, Retinitis Pigmentosa, causing hemorrhagic
Brown Bowel Syndrome, Posterior effects
column degeneration

Gut bacteria
(menoquinone) or
dark green leafy
vegetables
(phytoquinone)

Gamma-carboxylation
of factors 2,7,9,10 and
protein C and S to bind
with Ca

Prolonged antibiotic
therapy, Breast fed
infants, Diet, Fat
malabsorption

Bleeding hemorrhagic diseases,

Increased PT, increased PTT,
Warfarin toxicity

B1/
Thiamine

Leafy vegetables, Coenzyme of pyruvate

Nuts, Pork, Whole dehydrogenase
grain
(converts pyruvate to
acetyl CoA), alphaketoglutarate
dehydrogenase,
transketolase

Alcoholism

Wet/ Cardiac Beriberi -> defective

Na-K-ATPase pump, dilated
cardiomyopathy, cardiac failure
Dry/ Nervous Beriberi ->
Wernicke's Encephalopathy (GOA:
global confusion, opthalmoplegia,
ataxia) and Korsakoff's Psychosis
(irreversible)

B2/
Riboflavin

Milk, Cheese,
Component of FAD and
Leafy vegetables, FMS used in redox
Yeast, Kidneys
reactions

Malnutrition, Alcohol,
HIV, Daibetes

B3/
Niacin

Grains, Legumes,
Seed oils,
Tryptophan (TRP)

Cheilosis (inflammation of lips and Water soluble

anlge of mouth), Corneal
vascularization/ vision defects,
Glossitis
Pellagra -> dementia, diarrhea,
Water soluble
dermatitis, death
Glossitis

B5/
Pantothenic
Acid

Most food,
Coenzyme of fatty acid
Avocado,
synthetase, fatty acyl
Eggs, Meat, Yogurt CoA synthetase,
Pyruvate
dehydrogenase, Alphaketoglutarate
dehydrogenase

Malnutrition (very rare) Dermatitis, Enteritis, Adrenal

Insufficiency

Water soluble

B6/
Pyridoxine

Meats, Whole
Cofactor of ALL
grain, Vegetables, synthase, converted to
Nut, Bananas
pyridoxal phosphate,
synthesis of heme,
niacin, and
neurotransmitters

Alcoholism or
Isoniazid/ INH (anti-TB
drug)

Sideroblastic Anemia, Peripheral

Neuropathy, Convulsions

Water soluble

B7/
Biotin

Egg yolk,
Peanuts, Liver,
Leafy vegetables

Cofactor of pyruvate
dehydrogenase, acetylCoA carboxylase,
Propionyl CoA
carboxylase

Avidin in egg whites

binds to biotin
decreasing absorption

Hair loss, Muscle pain,

Dermatitis, GI inflammation

Water soluble

B9/
Folic Acid

Leafy green
vegetables

Converted to THF
Alcohol and pregnancy;
(coenzyme of 1-carbon Depleted by alcohol
transfer and methylation before B12
reactions) and needed
for DNA synthesis

Megaloblastic Anemia,
Pancytopenia, Homocysteinemia,
Macular Degeneration, FIGLU,
Neural tube defects

Water soluble

B12/
Cobalmin

Animal Products,
Gut bacteria,
Meat, Liver, Eggs

Cofactor of
homocysteine
methyltransferase and
methylmalonyl-CoA
mutase needed for DNA
synthesis

Megaloblastic Anemia,
Water Soluble;
Pancytopenia, Homocysteinemia, Review Shilling's Test
Subacute Combined Degeneration,
Neurological symptoms, Increased
urinary methylmalonylate

Fruits, Vegetables Antioxidant, Facilitates Malnutrition or

iron absorption,
excessive heating of
Hydroxylation of proline food
and lysine, Dopamine
Hydroxylase

Component of NAD
Corn, Hartnup Disease
and NADP used in redox (decreased TRP
reactions
absorption), Carcinoid
Syndrome (less
serotonin = more TRP
metabolism)

Vegetarians,
Pernicious Anemia
(antibodies attack
parietal cells and
intrinsic factor),
Decreased intrinsic
factor, Malbsorption,
Diphyllobotrium Latum,
Alcoholism

Deficiency
Night Blindness,
Xerosis Cutis (dry skin),
Keratomalacia (corneal
degeneration), Xeropthalmia,
Immune supression, Bitot Spots
(corneal opacity)

Scurvy, Swollen gums, Bruising,

Poor healing, Subperiosteal
Hemorrhages, Parafollicular
Hemorrhages
Normal BT, PT, PTT

Excess
Headache,
Hepatomegaly,
Yellowing, Proptosis

Water soluble