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1 Discussion 1
Reference: http://www.idea.wsu.edu/Logistic/ National Science
Foundation, Idea: Dierential Equation activitiesIntroduction
In calculus you were introduced to the most basic population
growth model, the exponential growth model, described by the
dierential equation
0
d
dt x(t)
= ax(t),
2 Problem 1
3 Solution 1
1
d
x(t)
dt
x(t)
= a,
4 Discussion 2
In more sophisticated models the growth rate is assumed to be a
function of the population x. If the growth rate is denoted by r(x)
then the dierential equation describing population growth take the
form
7
d
dt x(t)
= ar (x),
5 Discussion 2
The x -intercept of r (x) is at
8 x=
a
b
= K,
d
dt x(t)
= (a bx(t)) x(t),
6 Problem 2
7 Solution 2
Let,
10 y (t) = K1 x(t),
Substituting 10 in 9,
11 K dtd y (t) = K (Kby (t) + a) y (t),
At x(t) = K , y (t) = 1 and substituting 8 in 11
12
a d
b dt y (t)
a
b
Simplifying,
13
d
dt y (t)
= a (y (t) + 1) y (t),
8 Problem 3
9 Solution 3
From 13, separating the variables,
14
d
y (t)
dt
(y (t)+1)y (t)
= a,
y (t)
y (t)+1
d
dt y (t)
= a,
10 Solution 3
Equating 13 to 17,
18 (y (t) + 1) y (t) = C1 e at =
From 18,
19
d
dt y (t)
= C1 ae at ,
20 y (t) = C1 e at ,
1 d
a dt y (t),
11 Solution 3
12 Problem 4
13 Solution 4
26
d
dt x(t)
27
d
x(t)
dt
r (x(t))x(t)
= r (x(t))x(t),
= 1,
r (x(t))x(t)
A
x(t)
B
r (x(t)) ,
r (x(t))
=A+
Bx(t)
r (x(t)) ,
Let x(t) = 0,
30
r (0)
14 Solution 4
x(t)
Ar (x(t))
x(t)
+ B,
r (x(t))x(t)
r (x(t))
r (0)x(t) ,
Substituting 33 in 27,
34
35
d
x(t)
dt
r (x(t))
r (x(t))
r (0)x(t)
d
x(t)
dt
r (0)x(t)
d
dt x(t)
= 1,
= 1,
15 Solution 4
Rearranging 26,
36
d
x(t)
dt
r (x(t))
= x(t),
Substituting 36 in 35,
d
x(t)
37 x(t) + r (dt0)x(t) = 1,
Multipying both sides of 37 by x(t),
38 x 2 (t) +
d
x(t)
dt
r (0)
= x(t),
16 Solution 4
Rearranging 38,
39
d
x(t)
dt
40
d
dt x(t)
r (0)
= x 2 (t) + x(t),
= (x(t) + 1) r (0)x(t),
Let r (0) = a
41
d
dt x(t)
= a (x(t) + 1) x(t),
17 Solution 4
Using the result in 18, let the x(t) be determined.
42 (x(t) + 1) x(t) = C1 e at ,
43 x(t) = 12 4C1 e at + 1 + 12 ,
44 x(t) =
1
2
4C1 e at + 1 + 12 ,
1
2
1 1.0e t + 12 ,
Figure: 1 Plot of
(x(t) + 1) x(t) = C1 e at
19 Discussion 5
d
dt x(t)
= x (a bx) h(x),
20 Disccusion 5
where h(x) represents the harvest rate of plants.
The harvest rate is traditionally modeled by a function of the form.
.48 h(x(t)) =
qsx(t)
0.05d+x(t) ,
21 Problem 5
Graph h(x) and provide an interpretation of its properties in terms
of the model. In particular, what happens as the value of s is
changed? Note that in the graph below the horizontal axis is x , the
number of plants, and the vertical axis is h(x), the amount of
vegetation harvested per day.
Putting everything together gives us the dierential equation.
49
d
dt x(t)
qsx(t)
= 0.05
d+x(t) + (a bx(t)) x(t),
x(t)
x(t)+0.05 ,
22 Plot h(x(t)) =
Figure: 1 Plot of
x(t)
x(t)+0.05
h(x(t)) =
s.
x(t)
x(t)+0.05
for s=1,2,3
23 Problme 6
Using the change of coordinates given in problem 2 (y = x/K ) and
by introducing a nondimensional time T = at show that the
nondimensional version of this dierential equation is
51
d
dT y (T )
1 y (T )
= b1 ys(T
)+0.05 + (y (T ) + 1) y (T ),
24 Solution 6
Let,
52 s1 =
qs
ad ,
53 b1 = dk ,
Substituting 52 and 53 in 49,
54
d
dt x(t)
1 x(t)
2
= 0.05Kas
K +b1 x(t) + ax(t) bx (t),
as1 y (t)
2 2
(Ky (t)) = Kb1Ky (t)+
0.05K K by (t) + Kay (t),
25 Solution 6
d
dt y (t)
= Kby 2 (t)
as1 y (t)
b1 y (t)+0.05
+ ay (t),
d
dt y (t)
58
d
dt y
1 y (t)
2
= b1 yas(t)+
0.05 ay (t) + ay (t),
= b1 yas+10y.05 ay 2 + ay ,
26 Solution 6
d
d
dT t dt y
60
d
d
dT t dt y (T )
61
d
dT y (T )
= b1 ys+1 y0.05 y 2 + y ,
1 y (T )
2
= b1 ys(T
)+0.05 y (T ) + y (T ),
1 y (T )
2
= b1 ys(T
)+0.05 y (T ) + y (T ),
27 Problem 7
28 Plot graph in 7
29 Problme 8
30 Solution 8
Substituting b1 = 4/3 in 51,
62
d
dT y (T )
(T )
= 1.3333s1yy(T
)+0.05 + (y (T ) + 1) y (T ),
Let
63 Y = Te T ,
be the solution to 62.
64
d
dT
T
Te T = 1.3333TsTe1 eT +0.05 + T Te T + 1 e T ,
31 Solution 8
65 Te T + e T = 1.3333TsTe1 eT +0.05 + T Te T + 1 e T ,
T
66 eT
T
Te T + e T =
T
1.3333TsTe1 eT +0.05 + T Te T + 1 e T ,
67 1 + T1 = Te T 1.3333Tes1T +0.05 + 1,
68
s1
= Te T 1.3333Te
T +0.05 ,
69 1 = T Te T 1.3333Tes1T +0.05 ,
T
Ts1
70 1 = T 2 e T 1.3333Te
T +0.05 ,
71
Ts1
1.3333Te T +0.05
= T 2 e T 1,
32, Solution 8
72 Ts1 = 1.3333Te T + 0.05 T 2 e T 1 ,
33 Plot 8