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Dierential Equation Activities

Engr Celso Bation Co, Ph.D, PECE

1 Discussion 1
Reference: http://www.idea.wsu.edu/Logistic/ National Science
Foundation, Idea: Dierential Equation activitiesIntroduction
In calculus you were introduced to the most basic population
growth model, the exponential growth model, described by the
dierential equation
0

d
dt x(t)

= ax(t),

In this model x is the population of a given species (often a


bacteria or similar microorganism), and thus x' represents the
change in population per unit time. If time is measured in days
then the parameter a, known as the growth rate, is positive and has
units of 1/days.

2 Problem 1

Compute the general solution to the exponential growth model


described above. For each x0 >= 0 describe the asymptotic
behavior of the initial value problem x' = ax, x(0) = x0. Why do
you think that this model is often used to describe the growth of a
bacteria colony but is rarely used to describe the population growth
of elephants?

3 Solution 1
1

d
x(t)
dt

x(t)

= a,

2 log (x(t)) = at,


3 log (x(t)) = log (C1 ) + log (e at ),
4 x(t) = C1 e at ,
At t = 0, x(0) = x0 .
5 x(0) = C1 = x0 ,
Eliminating C 1 in 4,
6 x(t) = x0 e at ,

4 Discussion 2
In more sophisticated models the growth rate is assumed to be a
function of the population x. If the growth rate is denoted by r(x)
then the dierential equation describing population growth take the
form
7

d
dt x(t)

= ar (x),

Here r (x) = a has units of 1/days. In the exponential growth


model we assumed that r (x) = a. The next logical step in
developing our model is to assume that r (x) is a linear function of
the form r (x) = a bx where a and b are nonnegative constants.
Note that r (x) is a decreasing function. If the population is small
then the growth rate is large and if the population is large then the
growth rate is small, or even negative.

5 Discussion 2
The x -intercept of r (x) is at
8 x=

a
b

= K,

K is known as the carrying capacity because at x = K the growth


rate is zero and hence the population remains unchanged at a
population of K .

When r (x) = a bx the dierential equation becomes


9

d
dt x(t)

= (a bx(t)) x(t),

and is known as the logistic growth model.

6 Problem 2

It is often desirable to nondimensionalize a dierential equation in


order to reduce the number of parameters. Because the carrying
capacity limits the population size we want to introduce a new
variable y so that the carrying capacity at y is at 1. If we let
y = x/K then when x = K (the carrying capacity in
x-coordinates), y = 1. In other words y represents the fraction of
the population relative to the carrying capacity. Use this change of
coordinates to show that the new dierential equation in
y-coordinates is y 0 = ay (1 y ).

7 Solution 2
Let,
10 y (t) = K1 x(t),
Substituting 10 in 9,
11 K dtd y (t) = K (Kby (t) + a) y (t),
At x(t) = K , y (t) = 1 and substituting 8 in 11
12

a d
b dt y (t)

a
b

(ay (t) + a) y (t),

Simplifying,
13

d
dt y (t)

= a (y (t) + 1) y (t),

8 Problem 3

Problem 3. Verify analytically that y (t) = 0 and y (t) = 1 are


solutions to this dierential equation. Because these solutions are
independent of time they are known as equilibria. Describe the
stability of each of these points. Describe the asymptotic behavior
of all solutions with initial conditions between 0 and 1. Interpret
the behavior of the solutions in ecological terms. Is this model
better than the exponential growth model described above? Why or
why not?

9 Solution 3
From 13, separating the variables,
14

d
y (t)
dt

(y (t)+1)y (t)

= a,

Expanding left hand side of 14,


15

y (t)

y (t)+1

d
dt y (t)

= a,

16 log (y (t) + 1) + log (y (t)) = at + log (C1 ),


17 (y (t) + 1) y (t) = C1 e at ,

10 Solution 3

Equating 13 to 17,
18 (y (t) + 1) y (t) = C1 e at =
From 18,
19

d
dt y (t)

= C1 ae at ,

20 y (t) = C1 e at ,

1 d

a dt y (t),

11 Solution 3

Substituting 20 in 18 in two ways,


21 (y (t) + 1) y (t) = y (t),
Cancelling y (t) on both sides of 21,
22 y (t) = 1,
Expanding 21,
23 y 2 (t) + y (t) = y (t),

Deducting y (t) from both sides of 23,


24 y 2 (t) = 0,
25 y (t) = 0,

12 Problem 4

Problem 4. Suppose that r (x) is a dierentiable function such that


r (x) > 0 for 0 <= x < 1, r (1) = 0, and r 0 (1) < 0. Show that the

qualitative behavior exhibited by the dierential equation


x 0 = xr (x) in the region 0 <= x <= 1 is identical to that described
in problem 3. What does this say about our assumption of linearity?

13 Solution 4
26

d
dt x(t)

27

d
x(t)
dt
r (x(t))x(t)

= r (x(t))x(t),
= 1,

The term on the right hand side of 27 may be xpanded as follows.


28

r (x(t))x(t)

A
x(t)

B
r (x(t)) ,

Multiplying both side of 28 by x(t).


29

r (x(t))

=A+

Bx(t)
r (x(t)) ,

Let x(t) = 0,
30

r (0)

= A, Note that r (0) > 0 for x(t) = 0

14 Solution 4

Multiplying both side of 29 by r (x(t)).


31

x(t)

Ar (x(t))
x(t)

+ B,

Let x(t) = 1,then r (1) = 0


32 1.0 = B,
Substituting 30 amd 31 in 28,
33

r (x(t))x(t)

r (x(t))

r (0)x(t) ,

Substituting 33 in 27,
34

35

d
x(t)
dt
r (x(t))

r (x(t))

r (0)x(t)

d
x(t)
dt
r (0)x(t)

d
dt x(t)

= 1,

= 1,

15 Solution 4
Rearranging 26,
36

d
x(t)
dt

r (x(t))

= x(t),

Substituting 36 in 35,
d

x(t)

37 x(t) + r (dt0)x(t) = 1,
Multipying both sides of 37 by x(t),
38 x 2 (t) +

d
x(t)
dt

r (0)

= x(t),

16 Solution 4

Rearranging 38,
39

d
x(t)
dt

40

d
dt x(t)

r (0)

= x 2 (t) + x(t),
= (x(t) + 1) r (0)x(t),

Let r (0) = a
41

d
dt x(t)

= a (x(t) + 1) x(t),

The solution to 41 has the same result as 13. The dierentian


equationis some sort a generalization by elimination of arbitrary
constant as in problem 2. Here in problem 4, generalization rextend
to furnction r (x)
The result can be set to be the generalization of linearity of
Problem 3 and the function r (x) that may not be lienear but satisfy
the given conditions.

17 Solution 4
Using the result in 18, let the x(t) be determined.
42 (x(t) + 1) x(t) = C1 e at ,

43 x(t) = 12 4C1 e at + 1 + 12 ,
44 x(t) =

1
2

4C1 e at + 1 + 12 ,

Let C 1 = 1/4 and a = 1.

.45 x(t) = 21 1 1.0e t + 12 ,


46 x(t) =

1
2

1 1.0e t + 12 ,

18 Plot (x(t) + 1) x(t) = C e at


1

Figure: 1 Plot of

(x(t) + 1) x(t) = C1 e at

19 Discussion 5

Of course, most populations do not live a life unmolested by


outside inuences. Next we will examine the dynamics of a
population that is aected by harvesting. Let's consider a plant
population that grows according to the logistic growth model and is
harvested by cattle. We add a harvesting term to the logistic
dierential equation to give the new dierential equation.
47

d
dt x(t)

= x (a bx) h(x),

20 Disccusion 5
where h(x) represents the harvest rate of plants.
The harvest rate is traditionally modeled by a function of the form.
.48 h(x(t)) =

qsx(t)

0.05d+x(t) ,

where q is the maximum amount of vegetation eaten per head of


cattle per day, d is the plant population at which the animal is 95%
full, and s is the number of head of cattle stocked. Thus h(x) has
units of vegetation/day. Because the parameters q and d are innate
properties of the cattle, the only parameter that cattle managers
can control is s , the number of cattle allowed to graze.

21 Problem 5
Graph h(x) and provide an interpretation of its properties in terms
of the model. In particular, what happens as the value of s is
changed? Note that in the graph below the horizontal axis is x , the
number of plants, and the vertical axis is h(x), the amount of
vegetation harvested per day.
Putting everything together gives us the dierential equation.
49

d
dt x(t)

qsx(t)
= 0.05
d+x(t) + (a bx(t)) x(t),

For plotting purposes, let q = s = d = 1 for 49. Hence,


50 h(x(t)) =

x(t)
x(t)+0.05 ,

22 Plot h(x(t)) =

Figure: 1 Plot of

x(t)
x(t)+0.05

h(x(t)) =

The plot is asymptotic to

s.

x(t)
x(t)+0.05

for s=1,2,3

23 Problme 6
Using the change of coordinates given in problem 2 (y = x/K ) and
by introducing a nondimensional time T = at show that the
nondimensional version of this dierential equation is
51

d
dT y (T )

1 y (T )
= b1 ys(T
)+0.05 + (y (T ) + 1) y (T ),

where s1 = qs/ad and b1 = K /d . (Hint:


dy /dT = dy /dxdx/dtdt/dT . Use the equations y = x/K and
T = at to compute dy /dx and dt/dT .)
The parameter s1 is known as the dimensionless stocking variable
(why?) and it is our goal to understand what happens to the plant
population y as the stocking variable changes.

24 Solution 6
Let,
52 s1 =

qs
ad ,

53 b1 = dk ,
Substituting 52 and 53 in 49,
54

d
dt x(t)

1 x(t)
2
= 0.05Kas
K +b1 x(t) + ax(t) bx (t),

Substituting x(t) = y (t) K in 54,


55

as1 y (t)
2 2
(Ky (t)) = Kb1Ky (t)+
0.05K K by (t) + Kay (t),

25 Solution 6

Cancelling K on both sides of 55,


56

d
dt y (t)

= Kby 2 (t)

as1 y (t)
b1 y (t)+0.05

+ ay (t),

Substituting K = a/b in 56,


57

d
dt y (t)

58

d
dt y

1 y (t)
2
= b1 yas(t)+
0.05 ay (t) + ay (t),

= b1 yas+10y.05 ay 2 + ay ,

26 Solution 6

Since t/T = 1/a, let the left hand side of 57 be multiplied by


t/T and the right hand side of 57 be multiplied by 1/a.
59

d
d
dT t dt y

60

d
d
dT t dt y (T )

61

d
dT y (T )

= b1 ys+1 y0.05 y 2 + y ,
1 y (T )
2
= b1 ys(T
)+0.05 y (T ) + y (T ),

1 y (T )
2
= b1 ys(T
)+0.05 y (T ) + y (T ),

27 Problem 7

Recall that the rst term of this dierential equation


g (y ) = y (1 y ) is the nondimensional growth rate and the second
term c(y ) = s 1y /(b1y + .05) is the nondimensional consumption
rate. Graph g (y ) and c(y ) on the same set of axes for various
values of s 1. Explain why an intersection of these two curves
corresponds to an equilibrium of the dierential equation. Show
how you can use the graphs of g (y ) and c(y ) to determine the
stability of the critical points. Interpret this in terms of the model.

28 Plot graph in 7

Figure: 1 Plot of Problem 7

29 Problme 8

The applet below plots solutions to the dierential equation derived


in problem 6 with b1 = 4/3. You can change the parameter s 1
using the second set of up/down buttons. For s 1 = .1, .2, .3, .4, .5
describe the asymptotic behavior of all solutions (be sure to take
multiple initial conditions to get a complete picture!). Describe how
increasing the stocking rate s1 aects the plant population. Does
this make sense?

30 Solution 8
Substituting b1 = 4/3 in 51,
62

d
dT y (T )

(T )
= 1.3333s1yy(T
)+0.05 + (y (T ) + 1) y (T ),

Let
63 Y = Te T ,
be the solution to 62.
64

d
dT



T
Te T = 1.3333TsTe1 eT +0.05 + T Te T + 1 e T ,

31 Solution 8
65 Te T + e T = 1.3333TsTe1 eT +0.05 + T Te T + 1 e T ,
T

66 eT
T


Te T + e T =

 
T
1.3333TsTe1 eT +0.05 + T Te T + 1 e T ,

67 1 + T1 = Te T 1.3333Tes1T +0.05 + 1,
68

s1
= Te T 1.3333Te
T +0.05 ,


69 1 = T Te T 1.3333Tes1T +0.05 ,
T

Ts1
70 1 = T 2 e T 1.3333Te
T +0.05 ,

71

Ts1

1.3333Te T +0.05

= T 2 e T 1,

32, Solution 8
72 Ts1 = 1.3333Te T + 0.05 T 2 e T 1 ,


73 Ts1 = 1.3333T 3 e 2T 0.05T 2 e T 1.3333Te T 0.05,


74 0 = 1.3333T 3 e 2T 0.05T 2 e T Ts1 1.3333Te T 0.05,
75 0 = Ts1 1.3333Ty 2 0.05Ty 1.3333y 0.05,
Intead of solving for y, T is solved since y varies from 0 to 1 and T
follows. This is good enough for plotting.
.0y
500.0
76 T = 10000.0s1 +13333
13333.0y 2 +500.0y 10000.0s1 +13333.0y 2 +500.0y ,

33 Plot 8

Figure: 33 Plot of Problem 8

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