TEA07-2

SICE02-0731

Identification of Hammerstein-Wiener System with Application to

Compensation for Nonlinear Distortion
Akira Sanot and Lianming Sun$
tKeio University, 314-1 Hiycshi. Yokohama 2238522, Japan: sano@sd.keio.ac.jp
tThe Unimsity of Kitalo/ushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitdcyushu 808-0135, Japan

Abstract: The paper is concaned with identiication algorithms of Wiener-Hammerstein nonlinear model
in the frequency domain. By approximately modeling the nonlinearity in the model by polynomial or spline
functions, an iterative identification algorithm is proposed t o obtain two linear dynamical elements as well
BS the nonlinear static element. A new efficient predistortion scheme for compensating nonlinear distortion
of a high pawer amplifier is given hased on the propaped nonlinear identification method.

Keywords: System identification, nonlinear system identification, Wiener-Hammerstein model, predistortion, nonlinear amplifier.

1. Introduction
The pursuit of high power efficiency in digital " m u nication systems generally results in that a high power
amplifier (HPA) for the signal transmitter often operates
near saturation regions. It means that its inputoutput
relation of HPA iovolves the nonlinearity, and the nonlinear distortion c a w not only the performance deterioration in own communication channel but also the adjacent channel interferences due to the out-of-hand spectral
leakage. A most obvious way is to use a linear clsss A of
HPA or to operate a nonlinear HPA sufficiently far from
saturation t o obtain near linear performance. However,
the approach tends to require larger, more expensive, and
less efficient WASthan necessary.
Therefore, in order to give bandwidth efficient modulation schemes to be used with nonlinear HPAs with
small degradation in bit ermr (BER) performance relative to a purely linear transmitter system, a simple but
effective model is essentially needed for distortion analysis and compensation of PAS. The model of amplitude
AM-AM and phase AM-PM distortion of an amplifier is
widely used in many works for its simplicity to calculate.
For example, many predistortion methods used look-up
table (LUT) schemes t o compensate the nonlinear distortion [l]121 [3]. However, these schemes are limited by the
ma4sive amount of storage required for a sufficient accurate mapping to be storaged, and by Boor noise caused
by discontinuity of the table-based mapping.
The Volterra Series model is also used to analyze the
distortion of nonlinear amplifiers. However, it has difficulty in its ordinary applications to broadband signals [4]
[5] [6]. Inverse modeling appraaeh based on the Volterra
series analysis have also been p r o w to give a predistortion scheme for the static nonlinearity compensation [7] [SI.Though the harmonic balance (HB) method
is able to deal with high frequency-dependent nonlinear amplifiers [lo],it amts much computational memory and time. To handle the frequencydependent am-

SICE ZIJGZ Aug. 5-7.2002, Osaka

plifiers with broadband signals, the frequency-dependent

complex power series (FDCPS) model usps a frequencyindependent nonlinear ampli6er represented by an oddorder complex power series to desaibe single-carrier nonlinear characteristics, and USB frequency-dependent input and output filters t o represent the in-band frequency
characteristies of the linear region 1111.
Furthermore, the development of mathematical optimization and data-based learning techniques provides
their efficient applicability of neural networks [13],the
support vector machine 1141 and genetic algorithms to
solve the nonlinear predistortion in the time domain.
On the other hand, the -called Hammerstein, Wiener,
Hammerstein-Wiener and Wiener-Hammerstein models
am widely adopted in nonlinear modeling based on the
block-oriented approaches. Especially various identification d p r i t h m s have beeu proposed for Hammerstein and
Wiener models [15] [16][l'T]1181, in which the parameters of the nonlinear element and linear dynemies are o b
tained simultaneously,or iteratively in a bootstrap way,
or separately in a blind manner.

In this paper the identification issue for the WienerHammerstein model is considered to characterize and
compensate the nonlinear distortion of a HPA in communication systems. Though the model structural a.+
sumptions on separation of nonlinearity and dynamic linearity in the Wiener-Hammerstein model are restrictive,
it can describe the major features of the HPA's nonlinearity: The nonlinear element describes the freqwncyindependent nonlinear characteristies of HPA, while the
linear dynamics can represent the frequency-dependent
chanrctersties of the broadband signals. Furthermore,
it is easy to compensate the nonlinear distortion by
a precompensator that implements the nonlinearity inverse. The algorithms are developed for the polynomials as well as the spline functions in the approximation of the nonlinear element. By using the identified
Wiener-Hammerstein model and its inverse model. the

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PRWOlIMXXXX)-OWIww 0

zm SICE WO1

identification-based predistortion scheme can be

mented. Compared with the FDCPS method 111
model parametera are obtained from the pilot sy
and measured output data of the communicatio
tems. The effectivenew is examined in numerica
dation in which the predistortion for a HPA used
OFDM systems is treated.

2. Predistortion Problem for HPA

Without loss of the generality,we consider the H
the transmitter of orthogonal frequency division
plexing (OFDM) communication system. The d
modulated signal without nonlinear distortion i
transmitter is given by
Figure 2 Predistortion for HPA based on WienerHammerstein modeling

(N-W

s(t) =

qs2-

k=-(N-I)/Z

as shown in Fig2 . We m m e that the model strnc-

where N is the nnmher of carrier, cc is the inforn

symbol and fk is the carrier frequency given by
fk

= fc f k.f

where f. is the central frequency, and f is the freq

interval in the carrier band. Nonlinear dislortii
curs in the transmitted signals after passing throui
power amplifier. The spectra of the ideal OFDM
and the transmitted signal with distortion are plot
Fig.1. The high order e m m o d u l a t e d products due t o
the amplitude, phase nonlinearities and the frequencydependent distortion, yield the severe interferences to
detection of the original symbol ck and cause p w r bit
error rate (BER) performance. Furthermore the out-ofband leakage is also the undesired interfere t o other communication channels. Then the predistortion is essential
to the HPA [1]-[3].
Ordinarily the distortion is an Uknown, sometimes mmplicated, nonlinear function
ciated with the original symbol ck and carrier frequency
f k , then the nodinear distortion can be performed by
appropriately designed predistortion compensators, as illustrated in Fig.2.
Now we mnsider the Wiener-Hammerstein model to
express an uncertain input-output dynamics of the HPA

ture for HPA consists of a static nonlinear element G(.)

to represent the frequency-independent characteristics,
and two linear dynamics F ( s ) and R(a) to represent the
frequency-dependent characteristics. Meanwhile, the assumption can also reduce the complexity of the identification and predistortion. Let x be the output of the
predistortor and the input to the HPA. zI and y denote
the unobservable intermediate signals, and y is the HPA
output. The task is the estimation of the parameters of
two linear dynamics F ,R and the nonlinear element G
or its inverse H , where G(H(x))= 2. Then, the purpose
of this paper is to give an identification-based method of
a predistortor placed in the front of the HPA to compensate its nonlinear distortion.
The assumptions in the proposed identification-based
compensation are given as follows.
(AI) The separation between the linear dynamics and
nonlinear element holds in the nnknown nonlinenr
system model, which characterizes the Hammerstein
and Wiener models.
(A2) The system is stable, and the signals are all bounded.
(A3) The nonlinear element G is a smooth continuous
function, and can be described by

g**m
y = G(zI)

+& +...

(3)

and its inverse exists and described as a similar polynomial function. An alternative static approximrtion using spline functions will also be adopted d e
mibed later.
(A4) The linear dynamics F and R are described by the
rational transfer function models as

H-

go+gizi

(4)

w
m

-*.M

L I l n

Figure 1: Spectra of OFDM signals

where the orders are known. The inverse gystems

are a h assumed t o be stable for the predistortion.
(A5) In order to avoid the ambiguity of the parametenwrtion, some extra constrained conditions are necec
sary, so, it is assumed that one non-zero parameter
is one, i.e., g1 = 1.

1522

Then,
C('+')(z) can be estimated from (8).
Tbough the parameters in the right side of (8) is nonlinear because the parameter products of N n and G(.)
appear, it is posaible to estimate rip:')
and g!'+')
I
alternately. 8::') are used as the initial estimate in the
above iteration. Hence the parameter identification problem can be executed hy the iterative least squares method
using the data set of the pilot symbols and the outputs
of HPA.
On the other hand, when the linear distortion dynamics can be modeled by an AR model, the above iteration
can he avoided. Since (8) reduces to

The identification algorithms are considered in two situations where the static nonlinearity is approximated hy
polynomial functions and spliw functions respectively.
Without loss of the generality, it is assumed that the
transfer function model of the linear dynamics is given
in the continuous time form following Assumption (A4).
Since the signals in the static nonlinear element G can
be handled in the frequency-independent manner, we just
mnsider the baseband signal
(N--L)/2

s'(t) =

(5)

CkBzMt
k=-(N-l)/Z

in the identification problem. Moreover, the frequency

properties of A(s) and B(s)are rewritten in
A&)

lylSz.jk

Bow)Iy=~n~k

= A ( j Z 7 r f c +jZ?rkf) =: A'(jk)

+,,,+&+"p
1
(i"))

= B(jZ?rf, + j Z z k f ) =: B'(jk)

(9)

Then the frequency property of linear dynamics can a h

be treated with their corresponding baseband A'(jk) and
B'(jk).Without contradiction, we still use the notations
of A(ju) and B(ju) instead of A ' ( j k ) and B'(jk).

then the mmputation reduces to simple linear parameterization problem.

3. Identification Algorithm Based on

Polynomial Approximation

Let &(ju) be the Fourier transform of h ( t ) ,which is

given by

3.2 Estimation of P ( i + ' ) ( j w )

Assume that the nonlinear element G and its inverse

H are approximated by polynomials. Their polynomial

degrees are Lg and Lh respectively. Denote the estimates
in the i-th iteration as F(')(s),R(')(s),G(')and I?(') respectively. For the sake of simplicity, the affection of observation noise and other disturbances are not discussed
in this paper. The identifieation algorithm chwser 81 = 1
to ensure the uniqueness of the estimation, and is implemented iteratively. The initial estimate of F is given by
F@) = 1. The (i+l)-th iteratioe is performed as follows.

3.1 Estimation of @'+')(ju) and @'+')(.)

Let the Fourier transform F ( z ( t ) )he denoted by
X ( j u ) . Then

i,(jw) = P ( ' ) ( j w ) X ( j u )

(6)

where Z~(ju)
is the Fourier transform of zl(t). Then the
frequency characteristics of the output signal v(t) c
m be
approximated by

Y ( j W )=

. b4
.

(,+I1

+&+I) 2 1

+. . . + p Z p ( j u ) )

+$+l)if)(ju)

(7)

where Z,'L)(jw) = F ( d ( t ) ) .Furthermore (7) leads to

3.3 Estimation of Inverse k('+')(.)

The frequency characteristics estimation Z I ( ~ Uand

)
&(ju) of z l ( t ) and a ( t ) can be updated using the estimates of P('+l)(ju)and R('+I)(ju),then in the nonlinearity inverse model,

.)

=,;+I)

( 1 + j ~ ~ ~ ) w7,2- ~ + ~ ) w ~ ~ j ~ ~. f y(jw)
sc')w3+.

= ( ~ ~ ~ l ) + j ~ ~ ~ l ) u - ~ ( ' + l )-i#+l)d
~
+.,,
7.2

(l+pf+l)$')(jw)
.('+I)

"'+9L,

r.3

>.

+&+l)2f)ciw)t

2, bu,)

(8)

0. 4

+$+I)
-0)

+f$+l)p(ju)

22

+, ,+ h f + l ) ^ ( L h 1

Z,

U4

(13)

thus the estimate of @+I)(.),

which can he utilized to
compensate the nonlinear distortion directly, is obtained.
L&i = i+
1, then return to 3.1 for the next iteration.

1523

4. Identification Algorithm

Based on

then ho.1 can be calculated using the least squares

method.

Spline Approximation
In the polynomial approximation, h& polynomial degree is sometimes necesary to ensure high approximation accuracy,which increases the number of parameters
and then computation complexity. It can he oyemme
hy using low order piecewise polynomials, i.e., the spline
functions. As illustrated in Fig.3, let the nonlinearity inverseH(.)withintherangeof#,,~j+l),whichisdenoted
as H i ( . ) , be approximated by a piecewise polynomial.

4.2 Expression of Coel%cients of H, Using Hi-1

Substituting the estimated parameters of Hi_,(.) into

(15) yields that

where 6,is the h o t , m is the degree of the spline function.

The similar structure can also be utilized to approximate
the nonlinearity C(.).

1=m-1
m

Then

hi,o,...,k.m-~
can be

expressed by hi-,,o,

...,

h-I.,and hi,m.
4.3 Estimation of H,

Substituting the expressions of hi,,,, ...,h.,-l in (17)

into E ( . )yields that there only h j , mremains unkooam in
the expression of If.(.), so it can be easily estimated from
the observation data in the range of [&.{;+I). Moreover,
h ~ o , . . . , h i , , - l can be calculated from tbe estimates of
4-1.0,...,h,-1,, and h,,.,, using (17).
Let i = i 1. Return 4.2 t o estimate the parameters
ofHi+~(.),..., H I ( . ) .
The polynomial degree m and the spline h o t s may
be Merent, however, the estimation procedures of the
nonlinearity C(.)are almost the same as that of If(.).

Figure 3 Spline functions and its knots for H(.).

The number of h o t s is I, then the parameter number
of the spline function is (m + 1)(1+ 1). Assume that Hj
and its derivation are continuous in
huthermore, at knot
the following constrained condition

e,

is often imposed on the smooth piecewise polynomial Hi,

where 1 = 0,. ..,m - 1. It means that the values of m t h
degree spline function and its 1,. . ., (m - 1)-th derivation are continuow at every knot E.. Then there are m l
constrained conditions for (14), and the number of the
independent parameters of the spline function reduces to
( m 1)(r 1) - m1 = m r 1.
The parameters estimation of the linear dynamics is
performed similarly as the estimation in the polynomial
approximation ease. Now consider the estimetion of the
nonlinearity C ( . )and its inverse H(.).The estimation
algorithm of inverse H(.)is discussed next, and it can be
applied for the estimation of G(.)similarly.

+ +

4.1 Estimation of Ha(.)

Following (14), the piwewise polynomial function satislies the follopring relation

5. Compensation of Nonlinear Distortion

Now the compensator of the nonlinear distortion can

be designed hy using the estimated Wiener-Hammerstein
model. In order to make the output signal y ( t ) clase to
the desired signal s ( t ) , the predistortion is a typical a p
proach to the distortion compensation in the feedforward
manner as already given in Fig.2.
First calculate the signals i l ( t ) and fi(t) using the
&mates of the Wiener-Hammerstein model as follows.
Sh)=

W))

2,(jw) = &'tx)(jw)

SbJ)

i l ( t ) = r-i{Z,(jw))
% ( t )= h,
-(,+I) + @ + l ) Zi(t)

+ .. .+

ny+

(18)

+g+l)%(t)

(t)

then the input signal z(t) to the HPA given by the

Wiener-Hammerstein model is expressed by

1524

When Assumption (A4) holds, the inverse of the WienerHammerstein model exist and stable, the bounded signal
z(t) is the input signal to the HPA such that y ( t ) zi s ( t )
holds.

6. Numerical Simulation

In the simulation, the 8

o
m symbols ck = Ok j b k are
the 64 QAM signals, where 01..b* E {*I, H , i 5 , i 7 ) .
The modulated signal is amplified by the radio frequency
high power amplifier. The simulation conditions or the
modulation are given as follows: The carrier number is
N = 1405, the central frequency is fc = 6M)h&, the
carrier frequency interval is f = 4 kHz, and FFT size is

*i

-%

2048.

Since the modulated signal s ( t ) is complexsignal in the

OFDM system, usually the power amplifier has both the
amplitude (AM-AM) and phase (AM-PM) nonlinearities,
as shown in Fg.4. A typical nonlinear model can he
by
G(z) = g ( ~ ) & ~ ~ + ~ ( ~ ~ l

CnirNW"h

F i e 5: The spectrum with distortion

(20)

where

and Q I . U Z ,71 and m are real numhers. Then the coefficients in the polynomial or spline function approximation
are handled as complex numhers.

--

-4

-;

A '
'

'

"

'

'

Figure 6 The distortion of 64QAM signal obtained from

the amplifier. "*": True source signal, "0": Recovered
symbols severely distorted by HPA
Since the source input signal s ( t ) consists of a series
of harmonics frequency elements, the identifcation-based
predistortion is simple to execute in the frequency demain. The nonlinearity G(z) is approximated by the
polynomial or spline functions. In the polynomial a p
proximation cas?, G(.) and H(.)
are appmdmated by

G(zi(t)) = go21(t) +gllzl(t)l*~~(t)+...

(a) Amplitude distortion g(z).

(b) Phase distortion S(z)

+9L.

(t)I2'*Zl (4

I21

H ( S , ( t ) )= hos(t)+hllil(t)l~il(t)+'..

Figure 4: The amplitude and phase nonlinearitis

+hL.,12i(t)lzL'Zi(t)

respectively following the nonlinear model in (m),where

the me5cients 91, hi and the signals z i ( t ) , s ( t ) take
complex values. In the simulation, L, = 4 and Lh = 5 are
3.7318 0.00423'
FUw) =
chosen. The predistortion result is given in Fig.7. With 8
1 j10-'0(0.015810 +2.6525j)w
,-.~
iterations, the distortion decrease more than 5OdB. And
WJ
0.9754 0.0017i
the recovered symbols from signal y(t) is very close t o
Rbw) =
the true ones as shown in Fig.8.
1 j10-10(0.02.3776 2.6524j)w
In the spline function case,the function degree both
In the simulation, 011 = 02 = 1.0, 71 =
= 1.0,
the nonlinearity G(.)and inverse H ( . ) are chosen both
and p = 1. The normalized spectrum of signal y(t) with
as m = 1, i.e.,
distortion is illustrated in Fig.5. Due to the nonlinear
distortion, the detection quality for the source symbols
G h ( t ) ) =g.,ozi(t) +gt,iIz~(~)l%(t)
is very poor, as shown in Fig.6.
H,(%(t)) = h,,ofi(t)(t) hx,il%(t)12~i(t)
Assume that the distortion c a d by linear dynamics
F ( s )and R(s) are modeled by two low-pass AR models:

+
+

1525

Figure

7: Prediiortion result

The 4 knots are chosen as& = 0.25,0.49,0.64,0.81. The

obtained predistortion performance is almost the same a~
that in Fig.7 and Fig.8, hut the computation is less than
213 of that of t h e polynomial case.

7. Conclusion
The identscation-based compensation has been prw
posed to linearize the nonlinear HPA by modeling it by
tje Wiener-Hanmeratein model. By approximating the
nonlinearity by using polynomial or spline functions, the
nonlinearity can be estimated iteratively, and the predistortion oft h e nonlinearity is also performed using the
inverse model. The numerical simulation illustratesthat
the proposed algorithms haw good performance for the
nonlinearity predistortion of the high p o w amplifier in
OFDM communication systems.

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