. When a party makes a local telephone call to another party, is this a pointto-point or multipoint connection? Explain your answer.

Ans: It is Point-to-Point connection because multipoint connection needs more than two
end points.
Assume six devices are arranged in a mesh topology. How many cables are
needed? How many ports are needed for each device?
Ans: Cables needed (6*5)/2 = 15 and,
Each device needs to be connected to 5 other devices. So, each device needs to have 5
ports. Six devices times five ports equals 30 total ports. Cable links: n (n 1) / 2 = (65) /
2 =15
b.Number of ports: (n 1) =
5
ports needed per device

Five protocol layers. 100 byte message. 10 bytes header added at each layer
(including 1st and 5th). What is the efficiency?
100 bytes + 5(10 bytes) = 150 bytes

100
x 100=66.75
150

A device is sending out data at the rate of 1000 bps. How long does it take to send out
(a)10 bits, (b) a single character (8 bits) and (c)100,000 characters?
how long does it take to send out 100 bits?
100/2000 = 0.05 sec
How long does it takes to send out a single character of 8 bits?
8/2000 = 0.004 sec
How long does it take to send a file of 100000 characters?
As, single character is of 8 bits.So,
{8*100000}/2000 = 400 sec
. A signal travels from point A to point B. At Point A, the signal power is 100W. At point B, the power is 90W.
What is the attenuation in decibels?
(dB) = 10 log (100/90) = 10 (0.04575) = 0.4575 dB

The attenuation of a signal is -10dB. What is the final signal power if it was originally 5W?

10 = 10 log10 (Pfinal / 5)
log10 (Pfinal / 5) = 1 (Pfinal / 5) = 101
Pfinal = 0.5 W

We measure the performance of a telephone line (4KHz of bandwidth). When the signal is 10 V,
the noise is 5 mV. What is the maximum data rate supported by this telephone line?
Bit rate = 4,000 log2 (1 + 10 / 0.005) = 43,866 bps

40- What is the theoretical capacity of a channel in each of the following cases:
a. Bandwidth: 20 KHz SNRdB =40
c= B*((log(1+10^(SNRdb/10)))/log(2))= 20*((log(1+10^(40/10)))/log(2))=
265 kbps
b. Bandwidth: 200 KHz SNRdB =6
c=200 * (log(1 + (10^(6 / 10))) / log(2)) = 463.291236 kbps
c. Bandwidth: 1 MHz SNRdB =20
c=1 * (log(1 + (10^(20 / 10))) / log(2)) = 6.658 Mbps

In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent faster than the
sender clock. How many extra bits per second does the receiver receive if
the data rate is 1 Kbps? How many if the data rate is 1 Mbps?
At 1 Mbps:
1,000,000 bits sent 1,001,000 bits received1000 extra bps

A signal with 200 milliwatts power passes through 10 devices, each

with an average
noise of 2 microwatts. What is the SNR? What is the SNRdB?
Backbone Network connects two LANs. It provides a transmission channel for packets
from being transmitted from one LAN to the other. The individual LANs are connected to
the
Backbone Network by using some types of devices such as Hubs, Repeaters, Switches,
Bridges,
Routers and Gateways. You are required to provide the basic functions of these devices.
Hub
A hub works in the physical layer of the OSI model. It is basically a non-intelligentdevice, and has no decision
making capability. What a Hub basically does is take the input datafrom one of the ports and broadcast the
information to all the ports connected to the network.
Repeater
A repeater is a device similar to the Hub, but has additional features. It also works in thePhysical layer. The repeaters
are used in places where amplification of input signal is necessary
repeater, it regenerates the
input
signal, and amplifies only the desirable signal. Hence, the noisecomponent of the signal is
eliminated

Switch

A switch is an intelligent device that works in the data link layer. The term intelligent
refers to the decision making capacity of the Switch.
is also to be noted that a switch is a secure device, because it sends information only
to the desired destinations, and also certain security features such as firewalls can be
implemented in the Switches.
Bridge

Bridges are used to divide larger networks into smaller sections. They do this by
sitting between two physical network segments and managing the flow of data
between the two. By looking at the MAC address of the devices connected to each
segment, bridges can elect to forward the data (if they believe that the destination
address is on another interface), or block it from crossing
Router
Any computer can be connected to the internet via MODEM, which performs the
MODulation and the DEModulation operations. But, when there are more than one
computer at home or in an organization, and you have a single internet connection,
you need a Router. Router is a device which is used when multiple devices need to
connect to the Internet using the same IP.

Gateway:
A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks
together that may work upon different networking models. They basically
works as the messenger agents that take data from one system, interpret it,
and transfer it to another system. Gateways are also called protocol
converters and can operate at any network layer

Repeaters:
A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal over
the same network before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted so as to
extend the length to which the signal can be transmitted over the same network.
An important point to be noted about repeaters is that they do no amplify the
signal. When the signal becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by bit and
regenerate it at the original strength.
We need to use synchronous TDM and combine 20 digital sources, each of
100 Kbps
with no synchronization bits. Each output slot carries 2 bits from each digital
source,
Answer the following questions:
a. What is the size of an output frame in bits?

b. What is the output frame rate (frames/second)?

c. What is the duration of an output frame?
d. What is the output data rate?

Ten sources, six with a bit rate of 200 kbps and four with a bit rate of 400
kbps are to be
combined using multilevel TDM with no synchronizing bits. Each output slot
carries 1 bit
from each source. Answer the following questions about the final stage of the
multiplexing:
a. What is the size of a frame in bits?
b. What is the frame rate?
c. What is the duration of a frame?
d. What is the data rate?
Show the contents of the five output frames for a synchronous TDM multiplexer that combines
four sources sending the following characters. Note that the characters are sent in the same
order that they are typed. The third source is silent.
a. Source 1 message: HELLO

b. Source 2 message: HI
c. Source 3 message:
d. Source 4 message: BYE