Tugas B.

Inggris

CLIMATE CHANGE IN INDONESIA

Disusun Oleh:
1.

Aklias

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

2.

Jean

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

3.

Darin

ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING

4.

Vincent

CIVIL ENGINEERING

5.

Ridwan

ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING

6.

Alfredo

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

F A K U L T A S

T E K N I K

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

M E D AN

CLIMATE CHANGE IN INDONESIA

The devastating impact of global warming is already evident in Indonesia
and will likely worsen due to further human-induced climate change
The review from the global conservation organization, Climate Change in
Indonesia Implications for Humans and Nature, highlights that annual rainfall in
the worlds fourth most populous nation is already down by 2 to 3 percent, and the
seasons are changing.
The combination of high population density and high levels of
biodiversity, together with a staggering 80,000 kilometers of coastline and 17,500
islands, makes Indonesia one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of
Climate change.

Cleaning forest fire for palm oil

plantation (Slash & Burn) Central
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Indonesia
is a significant emitter of
greenhouse
gases
due
to
deforestation and land-use change.

How can we know that

the devastating impact of global
warming is already evident in Indonesia?
Shifting weather patterns have made it increasingly difficult for
Indonesian farmers to decide when to plant their crops, and erratic droughts and
rainfall has led to crop failures. A recent study by a local research institute said
that Indonesia had lost 300,000 tones of crop production every year between
1992-2000, three times the annual loss in the previous decade.
Climate change in Indonesia means millions of fishermen are also facing
harsher weather conditions, while dwindling fish stocks affect their income.
Indonesias 40 million poor, including farmers and fishermen, will be the worst
affected due to threats including rising sea levels, prolonged droughts and tropical
cyclones
As rainfall decreases during critical times of the year this translates into
higher drought risk, consequently a decrease in crop yields, economic instability
and drastically more undernourished people. This will undo Indonesias progress
against poverty and food insecurity.

WWF(World Wildlife Fund)s review shows that increased rainfall may

lead to high flood risk, such as the Jakarta flood of February this year that killed
more than 65 people and displaced nearly half a million people, with economic
losses of US$450 million.
Climate change impacts are noticeable throughout the Asia-Pacific region.
More frequent and severe heat waves, floods, extreme weather events and
prolonged droughts will continue to lead to increased injury, illness and death.
Continued warming temperatures will also increase the number of malaria and
dengue fever cases and lead to an increase in other infectious diseases as a result
of poor nutrition due to food production disruption.
The Indonesian government must take its role seriously and lead the way
in the fight against global climate change. Indonesia has to take up the challenge
of climate change, putting climate adaption into the development agenda,
promoting sustainable land use, as well as demanding support from industrialized
nations.
Indonesia is already a significant emitter of greenhouse gases due to
deforestation and land-use change, estimated at 2 million hectares per year and
accounts for 85 per cent of the countrys annual greenhouse gas emissions. It is
also a serious coal producer and user in the region.
The government of Indonesia knows how important action against climate
change is for their own country and people, and it has put a lot of work into
steering the Bali negotiations.
No one can escape from climate change in Indonesia. But the effects will
be felt more acutely by the poorest people, who are living in the most marginal
areas that are vulnerable to drought, for example, or to floods and landslide.
Developed countries are responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions
which cause global warming. The poor walk the earth with very light carbon
footprint, but they are set to suffer the most from the actions of a few.

Climate change in Indonesia Implications for humans and nature

Annexes:
Climate Change Impacts on the Management of Citarum Watershed

 Mainstreaming Climate Program into Small Island Development

Climate Change Impacts on Orangutan Habitat Observed climate change
Temperature increased by 0.3C
Annual precipitation decreased by 2-3%
Changes in precipitation patterns (decline in the south, increase in the north)
Seasonality precipitation changes (wet season rainfall increased in the south; dry
season rainfall in the north decreased)

Projected that we can do due climate change

Warming 0.2 to 0.3C per decade
Increase in annual precipitation across islands, except in the south (projected to
decline by 15%)
Change in the seasonality of precipitation; parts of Sumatra and Borneo may
become 10-30% wetter by 2080s (Dec-Feb); Jakarta projected to be 5- 15% drier
(Jun-Aug)
30-day delay in the annual monsoon, 10% increase in rainfall later in the crop
year (April-June), and up to 75% decrease in rainfall later in the dry season (July
September)

Impacts : water & food availability

Decreased rainfall during critical times
high drought risk,
uncertain water availability,
uncertain ability to produce agricultural goods,
economic instability,
more undernourished people,
hindering progress against poverty and food insecurity

Increased rainfall in wet times

high flood risk,
e.g. the Jakarta flood on 2 February 2007 inundated 70,000 houses, displaced
420,440 people, killed 69 people, losses of Rp 4.1 trillion (US$ 450 million)
Stronger, more frequent more drying & flooding

Impacts: sea level rise

Increase: 1-3 mm/year in coastal areas of Asia and projected to 5 mm/ year over
the next century)
Increase from 13 million to 94 million people flooded annually in South Asia
(under very conservative sea-level rise scenarios - 40cm by 2100)

Impacts: biodiversity & ecosystem services

50% of Asias total biodiversity is at risk (Cruz et al., 2007)
Defragmentation of forests, forest and land fires, reduction of food impacting
wildlife habitat
Changes in species distribution, reproduction timings, and phenology of plants

Climate Change Impact on Orangutan Habitat

Warming temperatures and changes in precipitation and seasonality negative
impacts on orangutans by affecting the phenology of fruit trees. Climate modeling
done for the Central Kalimantan region projects that precipitation will increase by
70% by year 2025.
During 1997, 12% of the core forest cover in the Sebangau-Katingan (Central
Kalimantan) catchment area was burned and in the last ten years periods (19972006), based on the hot spot data, Central Kalimantan province is top on the list as
the areas with the highest fire intensity and largest fire size in all of Indonesia

Impacts: human health

 More frequent and severe heat waves, floods, extreme weather events, and
prolonged droughts leading to increased injury, illness, and death
Increased vector-borne infections (e.g., malaria and dengue (PEACE, 2007)), an
expansion of water-borne diseases, such as diarrhea, an increase in infectious
diseases, poor nutrition due to food production disruption, ill-health due to social
dislocation and migration, and increased respiratory effects from worsening air
pollution and burning
More phytoplankton blooms, providing habitats for survival and spread of
infectious bacterial diseases, such as, cholera