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Es una forma de ataque localizado que resulta en agujeros en el metal expuesto. Sitios
susceptibles donde ocurre:
Raspadura en la Superficie
Dislocacin emergente o protuberancia (esfuerzo residual)
Heterogeneidad en la composicin del metal (oclusiones, precipitados,
inclusiones, etc.).
MECANISMO ELECTROQUIMICO DE
PICADURA EN ALUMINIO
Cl-
CuCl2 y FeCl3
CuCl2 y NaCl
Br-
ClO-
MnS
Es catdico a los aceros, en pH cidos se disuelve para dar S2y HS-, que despolarizan el ctodo.
Material
Acero inoxidable 304
Resistenci
a
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
01.07.25.01
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
Carbon steel.
Cooling system (ammonia).
PART
PIIENOMENON
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
External pitting.
10 years.
Internal: ammonia gas,-10oC; external: pipe coated with a bitumen product
and provided with polyurethane insulation (PUR).
The insulation was not vapour-tight, so that condensation water and ice were
regularly formed when the cooling system was switched off and started up
again. The bitumen product had hardened and was tending to flake off, so it
provided inadequate protection. The steel was subjected to pitting corrosion
owing to the presence of oxygen.
Before fitting the insulation provide the pipes with a coating and then make
the insulation vapour-tight by means of tape and/or compound, including the
insulation shellsseams.
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
04.ll.12.07
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
PART
Feed line.
PHENOMENON
Bromide attack.
APPEARANCIE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
1 year.
Slurry consisting of a mixture of terephthalic acid and acetic acid, and a
bromide-containing catalyst as contaminant. Temperature 100oC.
At the high temperature in this acid environment. the bromide contaminant
causes pitting of stainless steel 316 L, corresponding to pitting by chloride
and other halides.
Use a more resistant alloy, namely stainless steel AISI 904 L ( 25 Cr, 20
Ni, 5 Mo).
Modify the process equipement design in order to limit carry-over of
catalyst.
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
05.11.05.01
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
Hastdloy B.
Plastic plant.
PART
PHENOMENON
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSIN - EROSIN
Ocurre cuando el material es atacado debido al
movimiento relativo entre el electrolito y la superficie
del metal, resultando en la abrasin y el desgaste del
material.
e) Estabilidad
Temperatua
pH
Velocidad del fluido
Concentracin de iones (especialmente los metlicos).
Combinacin de algunas de las anteriores
3) Cambiar el ambiente
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
04.11.34.02
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
PART
PHENOMENON
Impeller.
Erosion corrosion.
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
06.11.34.01
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
Aluminium brass.
Product condenser.
PART
PHENOMENON
Pipe.
Erosion corrosion (impingement attack).
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSION ATLAS
C'ASE HISTORY
04.ll.32.03
MATERIAL
SYSTFM
PART
PHENOMENON
CAVITACIN
Es una forma particular de Corrosin - Erosin, causada por el colapso
de burbujas de vapor sobre la superficie del metal.
Usar revestimientos.
Usar proteccin catdica.
Los aceros inoxidables se consideran entre las mejores
selecciones para minimizar este problema, aunque la aleacin
Co/Cr/W/Fe/C llamada Stellite, tiene una vida til mayor que la de
los aceros inoxidables comunes.
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
01.01.33.02
MATERIAL
Carbon steel.
SYSTEM
PART
PHENOMENON
Cavitation.
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
04.11.33.01
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
PART
PHENOMENON
Pump impeller.
Cavitation.
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
las
MECANISMOS DE LA CORROSIN
POR FROTAMIENTO
Desgaste-Oxidacin
Oxidacin-Desgaste
El desgaste por la friccin
crea una superficie nueva
que se oxida (el proceso se
repite contnuamente)
La superficie se oxida y
en
los
puntos
de
frotamiento, la pelcula
se destruye (el proceso
se repite continuamente
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
04.11.35.01
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
PART
PHENOMENON
Roller bearing.
False brinelling.
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSIONATLAS
CASE HISTORY
12.20.35.01
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
PART
PHENOMENON
Bearing ring.
Fretting.
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
Temperatura
Composicin de la solucin
Esfuerzo (residual o aplicado)
Composicin y estructura del metal
CLASIFICACIN DE LA SCC
Intergranular
Transgranular
Corrosion dominated
(solution requirements
highly specific)
Intergranular
fracture
2CrO4 +
Cl solns
Transgranular
along
fracture
strain-generated
paths
BRITTLE FRACTURE
adsorption, decohesion
or
fracture
phase
of
brittle
Environment
NaCl-H2O2 solutions
Material
Ordinary steels
Na OH solutions
Na OH-Na2SiO2 solutions
Calcium, ammonium, and
sodium nitrate solutions
Mixed acids
(H2SO4-HNO3)
HCN solutions
Acidic H2S solutions
Seawater
Molten Na-Pb alloys
Stainless steels
NaCl solutions
Seawater
Air, water vapor
Copper alloys
Gold alloys
FeCl3 solutions
Acetic acid-salt solutions
Inconel
Caustic soda solutions
Lead
Lead acetate solutions
Magnesium alloys NaCl-K CrO solutions
2
4
Rural and coastalatm.
Distilled water
Monel
Nickel
Environment
Titanium alloys
NaOH-H2S solutions
Condensing steam from
chloride waters
Red fuming nitric acid,
seawater, N2O4
methanol-HCl
1)
2)
Las aleaciones son mucho ms susceptibles a la SCC que los metales puros.
3)
4)
5)
6)
Hay ciertos rangos de potenciales, dentro de los que es muy improbable que
se presente SCC.
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
01.ll.18.02
MATERIAL
Carbon steel.
SYSTEM
Urea autoclave.
PART
PHENOMENON
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILU RE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
01.ll.18.04
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
Carbon steel.
Caustic soda scrubber for scrubbing benzene.
PART
PHENOMENON
Off-gas line.
Stress corrosion (caustic embrittlement).
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
06.06.18.01
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
PART
PHENOMENON
Outer jacket around unalloyed steel cooling pipe in cooling tower (see also
Case History 01.11.20.01).
Stress corrosion in the aluminium brass jacket.
APPEARANCE
Cracks.
TIME TO FAILURE
A couple of months.
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSION ATLAS
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
CASE HISTORY
04.20.18.01
Stainless steel (AISI 304 witli 0.8% Mo and 1.3-2.0% Mn).
Central oil lubrication system.
PART
PHENOMENO
APPEARANCE
The pipes are locally cracked and broken off. In an area up to 2-10 mm from
the cracks the material exhibits pitting and cracking attack.
Several months.
Internal: hot lubricating oil.
Extemal: atmosphere.
As a result of external markings being made on the pipes with a chloridecontaining marker and tape, in combination with present tensile stresses and
the elevated temperature, stress corrosion and pitting corrosion took place.
Markings should be applied to the pipes in a different way ( see also Case
History 04.11.18.07).
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
04.ll.18.01
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
PART
PHENOMENON
Pipeline section.
Stress corrosion (transgranular).
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
Pipe burst ripen, branch fracturing under salt deposition with green patches.
Unknown.
The pipe had become wet externally due to a leaking tap located above the
pipe, from which mains water was dripping. Temperature of the medium
internally: 50-60oC.
The sharply elevated chloride concentration due to the evaporatinn effect at
the surface of the pipe caused stress corrosion at the present temperature.
The green patches consist of trivalent chromium chloride (green ion) and in
this case are a characteristic feature of chloride attack to stainless steel.
Prevent warm stainless steel transport pipelines becoming wet externally with
chloride-containing water, by providing them with a proper insulation ( see
also Case History 04.11.25.01).
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
06.01.18.01
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
Turbine condenser.
PART
Bolt.
PHENOMENON
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
FATIGUE LIMIT
PURE FATIGUE
105
1010
No. OF CYCLES
La propagacin se hace
mediante grietas tansgranulares
no ramificadas.
Contenido de oxgeno
Temperatura
pH
Composicin de la solucin
Tipo de material
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
01.02.28.01
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
PART
PHENOMENON
APPEARANCE
6 cm long fracture 4 cm away from the weld, with branches at the fracture
tip. On the left external, internal at the centre.
About one year after replacement of the compensators by insert pieces.
Internal: good quality condensate (conductivity <0.5 mS/m). Temperature:
60-l00oC.
External: glass-wool insulation.
Poor steel quality: the uficroscopic exanfination revealed that the steel used
is a pan-cake/rimmer (a fine-grained core, ASTM grain 10, and two sides
with grain 6). During the steel production process, granular coarsening took
place during the rolling cycle. As a result of removal of the expansion pieces,
large tangential forces occur during load fluctuations and/or temperature
changes, so that cracking takes place in the shear direction along the grain
boundaries.
Introducing loops in the condensate line in order to absorb the expansion.
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
01.ll.28.01
MATERIAL
Carbon steel.
SYSTEM
Platformer.
PART
T-piece (3"/4").
PHENOMENON
Fatigue.
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSION ATLAS
CASEHISTORY
4.ll.28.01
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
Furnace.
PART
Pipe bend.
PHENOMENON
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
Cracks.
About 5 years.
Naphtha. Temperature 800-1050oC.
CAUSE
REMEDY
H+
H2
Electrolito
H
e
H
H
H2
vaco
H
H2
Aire
2)
3)
(in polisulfuro).
4)
5)
hidrgeno.
6)
7)
CORROSIONATLAS
CASE HISTORY
01.ll.20.04
MATERIAL
Carbon steel.
SYSTEM
PART
Wall.
PHENOMENON
APPEARANCE
Blistering.
TIME TO FAILURE
10 years.
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
Use of purersteel.
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
01.09.20.01
MATERIAL
Unalloyed steel.
SYSTEM
PART
Wall.
PHENOMENON
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
CORROSION ATLAS
CASEHISTORY
09.11.20.01
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
Titanium.
Ammonium carbamate condenser.
PART
PHENOMENON
APPEARANCE
Cracking and uniform corrosion, thc wall thickness being reduced from 3
mm to 1 mm.
5 years.
Cooling water around the pipes.
Through the pipes, condensation of oxygen-free ammonium carbamate,
temperature 120 -130oC, pressure 6 bar, pH about 12.
TIM E TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
(IAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSION ATLAS
CASE HISTORY
01.11.20.05
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
Reactor.
PART
PHENOMENON
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
CORROSION ATLAS
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
CASE HISTORY
05.ll.06.01
Nickel alloy ASTM HP40 (25Cr 35Ni 0.4C+ Nb), centrifugally cast.
Cracking furnace.
PART
PHENOMENON
Radiant coil.
Carburization.
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
ferrosas
frricas
FORMACIN DE
UNA VESCULA
GELATINOSA
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
CORROSIONATLAS
CASE HISTORY
11.16.17.01
MATERIAL
SYSTEM
Reinforced concrete.
Poultry manure storage pit.
PART
PHENOMENON
Ceiling.
Microbiologically induced corrosion (biogenic sulphuric acid attack).
APPEARANCE
TIME TO FAILURE
ENVIRONMENT
CAUSE
REMEDY
MECANISMOS DE CORROSIN
Me
2+
Oxidante
(Medio)
Reducido
Metal
O2
O= Me++
Metal
e-
ASPECTOS ELECTROQUIMICOS DE LA
CORROSIN
Reaccin nodica:
M2+ + 2e-
Temp.
C
700
900
Material
O2
Tipos de Atmsfera
H2O
CO2
S2
62,20
58,70
35,40
0,47
0,05
0,27
0,16
Ni
0,96
0,03
0,39
92,30
Co
3,70
0,80
2,70
59,80
Cu
12,00
3,30
6,50
0,13
41,20
2,10
13,90
Fe
124,30
57,50
113,30
>500,00
Cr
2,20
1,20
1,30
3,20
Ni
2,80
1,40
3,60
83,70
Co
93,10
25,90
44,30
163,30
Cu
43,90
15,30
12,30
0,20
376,20
179,2
13,90
29,00
Fe
51,10
Cr
4/
OXIDACIN DE
ALEACIONES
Fe - Cr - Ni - EN AIRE
980C (CICLOS T
RMICOS DE 15 MIN. EN
HORNOS, 5
MIN EN AIRE)
CORROSION POR H2 S
DE ACEROS AL CROMO
A ALTA TEMPERATURA
(Cr = - 5%; P = 175 - 500
Psig DE H2)
CORROSION DE ACEROS
AUSTENTICOS Cr - NI en
H2 S A ALTA
TEMPERATURA
(P = 175 - 500 Psig de H2)