Certificate

This is to certify that this bonafide project work in the subject of Biology has
been done by S.VARUNEESWAR of class XII science in the academic year
2016-2017 and submitted to AISSCE practical examination conducted by
CBSE in KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.2

INTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Acknowledgment

I hereby acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to the

following personalities whose immense help, genius guidance,
encouragement, necessary suggestions, initiations, enthusiasm and
inspiration made this work a master art and a joint enterprise.

Mr. UDHAYA SOORIYAN (Principal)

Mrs. JANET LAWRENCE (PGT Biology)

AND MY FAMILY, FRIENDS AND CLASSMATES

CONTENTS
Introduction
Description of various traits
Aim
Requirement
Procedure
Observation
Inference
Conclusion
Bibliography

STUDIES ON GENE FREQUENCY OF SELECTED

TRAITS OF HUMAN BEINGS
INTRODUCTION:
Population genetics in the study of distribution of genes in population and
of how the frequency of genes & genotypes are maintained or changed. Under
certain ideal circumstances, genotypes are distributed in proportion to the gene
frequencies in the population and remain constant from generation to generation.
If gene frequencies and the corresponding genotype frequencies remained fired,
evolution could not proceed; hence population genetics in compasses factors
concerned in human evolution.
The population diversity provides an opportunity to study the
morphogenetic variation. Basically all people are similar in their fundamental
characters. But they differ from each other in many characters, such as traits like
tongue rolling, Hitchhikers finger, widows etc. genet6ic mechanism of these
traits are not clear. Some of the traits selected in the study are described below.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS TRAITS

(i) TONGUE ROLLING:
Tongue rolling is a dominant trait over the tongue which is not rolled. The
dominant trait is controlled by homozygous genes (RR) whereas recessive traits
are controlled by homozygous (rr) genes.
(ii)WIDOWS PEAK
Widows peak is controlled by WW which is dominant character & ww is
controlled by straight hair line which is a recessive character.
(iii) EAR LOBES
The lobe of the ear is free from the cheeks which are controlled by FF
whereas attached ear lobe is a recessive character controlled by ff gene.
(iv) EAR POINTS
There is a small swollen portion on the anterior top of the ear known as ear
known as ear point. This trait is controlled by EE which is dominant over the no
ear points which is a recesseive character is controlled be ee.
(v) SHAPE OF THUMB
The people who cannot bend their thumb backward with a large angle are
said to posses straight thumb which is dominant over Hitchchikers thumb

dominant character is controlled by HH and recessive character is controlled by

hh.
(vi)CLEFT CHIN
People have two types of chin. One is cleft chin which is dominant over
normal chin. The cleft is controlled cc and normal chin is controlled cc.
(vii)CLASPING OF HANDS
When hands are clasped, some people have their right thumb top which is a
dominant character over the left thumb on top. The dominant character is
controlled by RR & recessive character by rr.
(viii) DIMPLES
Presence of dimples on the cheeks is dominant character over the absence
of dimples. Dominant character is controlled by DD and recessive character is
controlled by old.
(ix)FRECKLES
Some people develop small brownish spots on the face presence of freckles
is dominant over the absence of freckles. Dominant is controlled by FF and
recessive is controlled by ff. These above characters may vary in their frequency
fron population to population. Sometimes, the frequency of these traits may seem
to be interesting.
With this background the presence study is planned to estimate the frequency
of their traits among the 39 students of Kendriya Vidyalaya 2, Puducherry-14.

AIM:
To estimate the frequency of select human
traits of class XI.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Questionnaire
Pencil
Scale
Calculator

PROCEDURE:
A questionnaire is prepared for collecting the traits from the students of kv2
of class XI of 39 students.
Each student was given a questionnaire and asked to mark their traits in it.
The total no. of each trait was calculated and recorded.
Frequency for each trait was calculated.
The frequency of each allele was calculated using hardy-Weinberg
expression.

CONCLUSION AND RESULTS

The traits show various frequencies according to recent studies, all these characters
are controlled by multiple alleles. But earlier, they ware assumed to be mendalian
traits. The present study proves that these traits do not obey Mendalian roles as
most of them do not have 3:1 ratio.

OBSERVATION:

S. CHARACTERS
no

3
4
5

6
7

8
9

Tongue
roller/Cant
roll tongue
Widows
peak/
Straight line
hair
Ear lobes /
no ear lobes
Ear points /
no ear points
Straight
thumb/
hitchhikers
thumb
Cleft chin /
normal chin
Right thumb
on top/left
thumb on
top
Dimples / no
dimples
Freckles/ no
freckles

FREQUENCY

GENOTYPIC
FREQUENCY
DOMINANT FREQUENCY RECESSIVE FREQUENCY P2
2pq Q2
OF
OF
DOMINANT
RECESSIVE
27
.69
12
0.31
0.20 0.49 0.31

19

0.49

20

0.51

0.08 0.41 0.51

31

0.79

0.21

0.30 0.50 0.21

21

0.54

18

0.46

0.10 0.44 0.46

22

0.56

17

0.44

0.12 0.45 0.44

0.18

32

0.82

0.01 0.17 0.82

21

0.54

18

0.46

0.10 0.44 0.46

12

0.31

27

0.69

0.03 0.28 0.69

11

0.28

28

0.72

0.02 0.26 0.72

OBSERVATION:

The allelic frequency for various human traits and their genotypic frequency are
given the table.

Except 1st and 3rd characters show less in comparison with that of the Mendelian
ratio.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

http://kenpitts.net/bio/genetics/face_lab/26

wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-causes-freckles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics

www.genetics.org/

kidshealth.org/en/parents/about-genetics.html