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1.Whatisthebestsummaryforthefollowingrangeofsubnets?172.20.32.0/24to
172.20.47.0/24
2.Whyissummarizaonsoimportanttoanecientroutedsystem?

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A.Itaddsdetailtotheroutetablesofrouters.
B.Summarizaonsendsallsubnetsasclassfulnetworks,eliminangthe
overheadoftransmingthemaskinroungupdates.
C.Summarizaonreducesthesizeofroutetables,preventsroutetable
instabilityduetoappingroutes,andreducesthesizeofroung
updates.
D.Summarizaonenforcesrouterauthencaon,prevenngspurious
updatesfromexcessivelyloadingtherouter.
Answers
1.172.20.32.0/20or172.20.32.0255.255.240.0
2.AnswerCiscorrect.Aisincorrect;thatistheoppositeeectofsummarizaon.
AnswerBisincorrect;thisdescribesclassfulroungprotocols(inpart).AnswerDis
completelyuntrue.

Ifsubnengistheprocessoflengtheningthemasktocreatemulplesmallersubnetsfromasingle
largernetwork,routesummarizaoncanbedescribedasshorteningthemasktoincludeseveral
smallernetworksintoonelargernetworkaddress.Asthenetworkgrowslarge,thenumberof
individualnetworkslistedintheIProutetablebecomestoobigforrouterstohandleeecvely.They
getslower,droppackets,andevencrash.This,ofcourse,isanundesirablestateofaairs.Withmore
than450,000routes(atthemeofthiswring,anyway)knowntomajorInternetrouters,somewayto

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reducethenumberofentriesisnotonlydesirable,butalsocrical.
InthepreviousVLSMexample,allthesubnetsforthebranchesandtheWANlinkswerecreatedfrom
the192.168.0.0/24ClassCnetwork.Ifwetakethatdiagramandputitintocontext,wecanseehow
routesummarizaoncanreducethenumberofentriesintheroutetable,asshowninFigure3.13.

FIGURE3.13Simpleroutesummariza onexample.
TheCentralOceroutercaneithersendaroungupdatewithallthesubnetsitknowsaboutlisted
individually,oritcansendasinglelineintheupdatethatessenallysays,Sendanythingthatstarts
with192.168.0tome.Bothmethodswork;theissueisoneofscalability.Norouterwillevercollapse
undertheloadofadversingsixsubnets,butmakeit6,000subnetsanditmakesahugedierencein
performanceifyousummarizeasmuchaspossible.
Routesummarizaontakesasetofconguousnetworksorsubnetsandgroupsthemtogetherusinga
shortersubnetmask.Theadvantagesofsummarizaonarethatitreducesthenumberofentriesinthe
routetable,whichreducesloadontherouterandnetworkoverhead,andhidesinstabilityinthe
systembehindthesummary,whichremainsvalidevenifsummarizednetworksareunavailable.

NOTE
Thewordconguoussomemesconfusespeople.Itisnotatypoofconnuous;thewordmeans
adjacentoradjoining.Forexample,whenwemakesubnetsusinga16increment,therstfour
networkIDsare.0,.16,.32,and.48.Thosefoursubnetsareconguousbecausetheyareadjacent
toeachother.Ifwetakethelastfoursubnetsfromthatsameincrement(.192,.208,.224,and
.240),theyareconguouswitheachother,butnotwiththerstfourthereareabunchof
subnetsbetweenthetwosets.

ExamAlert
Knowthedenionandadvantagesofroutesummarizaon.

Summariza onGuidelines
Itisimportanttofollowafewrulesandguidelineswhensummarizing.Seriousroungproblemswill
happenotherwisesuchasroutersadversingnetworksinaccuratelyandpossiblyduplicangother
routersadversements,subopmaloreventotallyincorrectroung,andseveredataloss.
Therstruleistodesignyournetworkswithsummarizaoninmind,evenifyoudontneedityet.This
meansthatyouwillgroupconguoussubnetstogetherbehindtherouterthatwillsummarizethem
youdonotwanttohavesomesubnetsfromasummarizedgroupbehindsomeotherrouter.The
summaryisessenallysaying,Icanreachthenetworksrepresentedbythissummary;sendanytrac
forthemthroughme.Ifone(ormore)ofthenetworksbehindthesummarizingrouterisunavailable,
tracwillbedroppedbutnotbythesummarizingrouter,becausetheindividualroutestothe
networksthatweresummarizedaresllvalid,andhavealongermatchentrythanthesummary.The
packetwillgetroutedtotherouterthatconnectstothedeadnetwork,anddroppedthere.Advance
planning,includingmakingplentyofroomforfuturegrowth,willgiveyouasolid,scalablenetwork
designthatreadilylendsitselftosummarizing.Figure3.14showsabadlydesignednetworkthatwillbe
almostimpossibletosummarizebecausethesubnetsaredisconguous,withindividualsubnets
scaeredalloverthesystem.

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FIGURE3.14Poorplanningpreventsproperperformance.
Thesecondruleistosummarizeintothecoreofyournetwork.Thecoreiswherethebigger,faster,
busierroutersareliketheCentralOcerouterinthepreviousexample.Theseroutershavethejobof
dealingwithhighvolumesoftracheadedforalldierentareasofthenetwork,sowedonotwantto
burdenthemwithbig,highlydetailedroutetables.Thefurtheryougetfromthecore,themoredetail
theroutersneedtogettractothecorrectdesnaonnetwork.Itsmuchlikeusingamaptodriveto
afriendshouse;youdontneedagreatdealofdetailwhenyouareonthehighway,butwhenyouget
intotheresidenalareas,youneedtoknowverypreciseinformaonifyouhaveahopeofndingthe
place.
Figure3.15illustratesthesamenetworkaeryourfriendlyneighborhoodCiscoCeredInternetwork
Experthasspenttheaernoonreaddressingthenetworkandconguringsummarizaon.This
networkwillscalebeaufullyandhaveminimalperformanceissues(atleastbecauseofroutetable
androungupdateoverhead).

FIGURE3.15Properplanningpreventspoorperformance.
Followingtheseruleswillgiveyouoneoftheaddionalbenetsofsummarizaonaswell:hiding
instabilityinthesummarizednetworks.Letssaythatoneofthebranchesishavingseriousspanning
treeproblemsbecauseSparkytheJuniorWoodchuckwasallowedtocongureaCiscoswitch.(Thisis
actuallyafelonyinsomestates.)Thatroutecouldbeappingup,down,up,downasspanning
treewreakshavocwithyournetwork.Therouterwillbedoingitsjob,sendingoutupdateseveryme
therouteaps.Ifwewerenotsummarizing,thoseappingmessageswouldpropagatethroughthe
enrecorporatesystem,pungatotallyunnecessaryandperformancerobbingloadontherouters.
Onceyousummarize,thesummaryisstable:Itcantapbecauseitisnotarealnetwork.Itsjustlikea
spokespersonatapressconference:TherumorsofareattheSpringeldplanthavehadnoimpact
onproduconwhatsoever.Meanwhile,theSpringeldplantcouldbeacharredhulk.Thesummaryis
sllvalid,andtracwillsllbesenttotherouterconnectedtotheappingnetwork.Thiskeeps
peoplefromaskinganymorequesonsabouttheSpringeldre.However,ifsomeoneweretosenda
shipmenttoSpringeld,itwouldbehaslyredirectedtoanothersite(ordropped).Allwehavedoneis
hidetheproblemfromtherestoftheworldsothatwedontoodtheInternetwithrapidreroung

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updates.

DeterminingSummaryAddresses
Whenusingroungprotocolsinclasslessconguraons,creangsummaryaddressesisatotally
manualprocess.Classfulroungprotocolsperformautomacsummarizaon,butthatisnotasfancy
asitsounds.Theysimplytreatanysubnetastheclassfuladdressfromwhichitwascreated,which
worksifyournetworksarebuiltwiththisinmind;however,inrealitythatistoosimpliscandreal
networksneedmorecustomizedsummarizaon.Theupshotofallthisisthatyouneedtounderstand
howtodeterminethesummaryaddressgivenasetofnetworkstobesummarized,andyoualsoneed
tobeabletogureoutifaparcularnetworkisincludedinagivensummary.
Rememberthatsummarizaonisexactlytheoppositeofsubneng;infact,anothertermfor
summarizaonissuperneng.(Youmightalsoseeitcalledaggregaon.)Whenwesubnet,we
lengthenthemask,doublingthenumberofnetworkseachmeweaddanextrabittothemask.
Supernengdoestheopposite:Foreachbitweretractorshortenthemask,wecombinenetworks
intogroupsthatfollowthebinaryincrementnumbers.
Toillustratethis,letslookattheprivateClassBaddressspace.Thesenetworksarelistedasfollows:
172.16.0.0/16
172.17.0.0/16
172.18.0.0/16
172.19.0.0/16
172.20.0.0/16
172.21.0.0/16
172.22.0.0/16
172.23.0.0/16
172.24.0.0/16
172.25.0.0/16
172.26.0.0/16
172.27.0.0/16
172.28.0.0/16
172.29.0.0/16
172.30.0.0/16
172.31.0.0/16
Ifyoulookcarefully,youwillnocethattherangeofnetworksisidenedinthesecondoctet.The
octetwheretherangeishappeningisreferredtoastheinteresngoctet.Thisisyourrstcluewhere
tobeginyoursummarizaon.
Thenextstepistogureoutwhatthebinaryvaluesofthenetworksrangeare.Thebinaryvaluesfor
theinteresngoctetareshowninFigure3.16.

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FIGURE3.16BinaryvaluesforClassBprivaterangesecondoctet.
Youshouldseeapaerninthebinaryvalues:Therst4bitsareallthesame.Therangeisactually
happeninginthelast4bitsinthesecondoctet;those4bitsrangefrom0000through1111;therst4
bitsarecommonforall16networksintherange.
Thenextstepistoidenfythosecommonbits.Whileyouarelearninghowtodothis,itsagoodidea
towriteoutthebinaryfortherangeanddrawalinethatrepresentstheboundarybetweenthe
commonbitsandthevariablebitsintherange.Remember,beabsolutelysurethatyourboundaryline
isintherightplace:Forallthenetworksintherange,everythingtotheleofthelinemustbe
idencal,andeverythingtotherightwillbetherangingvalues.
Thenextstepiseasy.Weareabouttosummarize:Allweneedtodoistobuildasubnetmaskthatputs
a1underallofthecommonbitsintherange,anda0undereverythingelse1stotheleofthe
boundary,and0stotheright,asshowninFigure3.17.

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FIGURE3.17Iden fyingandmaskingthecommonbitsinasummary.
Thelaststepistoactuallycreatethesummarystatement.AsummaryisalwaysanIPaddressplusa
mask;theIPisusuallyanetworkID,anditshouldbetherstnetworkintherange.Inourexample,the
rstnetworkIDis172.16.0.0sothatistheIPwewilluse.Forthemask,therstoctetisthesamein
thewholerange,andwehaveguredoutthattherstfourbitsinthesecondoctetarealwaysthe
same.Rememberingthatamaskisalwaysastringof1sfollowedbyastringof0s,thismeansthatwe
shouldmaskall8bitsintherstoctetandtherst4inthesecondoctet,soourmasklookslikethis:
11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000
Thatcanalsobeexpressedas
255.240.0.0or/12
So,oursummarystatementbecomes
172.16.0.0255.240.0.0
or
172.16.0.0/12
Reverseengineeringthisisthesameprocess.Youaregivenasummarystatementandaskedwhat
networksitincludes.Theoctetinwhichthemaskchangesfrom1sto0sistheinteresngone,where
therangewillbedened.Jotdowntheaddressandmaskinthatoctetinbinaryandseewhatpossible
valuesareintherange.Thencheckthenetworkstoseeifthoseareintherange.Figure3.18givesan
example.

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FIGURE3.18Summaryaddressanalysis.

CramQuiz
1.Youaregiventhefollowingrangesofsubnets:
192.168.1.0/29

192.168.1.128/29

192.168.1.8/29

192.168.1.136/29

192.168.1.16/29

192.168.1.144/29

192.168.1.24/29

192.168.1.152/29

192.168.1.32/29

192.168.1.160/29

192.168.1.40/29

192.168.1.168/29

192.168.1.48/29

192.168.1.176/29

192.168.1.56/29

192.168.1.184/29

Yourtaskistosummarizethesetworangesofsubnets.Donotincludeanysubnets
notnamedintherangesinyoursummary.(Hint:Youmayusemorethanone
summaryaddress).
2.Yourbosscomplainsthatmanualroutesummarizaonisdicultandcomplex,and
wondersifmaybeyoushouldnotbotherwithit.Whatarethemostcompelling
argumentsinfavorofroutesummarizaon?Chooseallthatapply.
A.UlizesthefullRAMandCPUperformancecapacityoftherouters
B.Cansuppresstheeectsofanunstableorappinginterface
C.Adversescompleteanddetailedroutetables
D.Increasessecuritybyadversingfakenetworks
E.Reducesthesizeoftheroutetables
F.ReducestheloadonRAM,CPU,andbandwidthofrouters
CramQuizAnswers
1.Twosummarystatementsarerequired.Becausethesetwonetworkrangesare
disconguous,wecannotuseasinglestatementwithoutincludingtheranges
betweenandaer,whichisbothnotallowedinthequesonandnotgenerallya

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goodideainpracce.Thetwosummarystatementsare192.168.1.0/26and
192.168.1.128/26.The/26ineachstatementcanalsobeexpressedas
255.255.255.192.
2.AnswersB,E,andFarecorrect.AnswerAisincorrectbecausesummarizaonactually
reducestheloadonrouters,andmaxingoutyourrouterisnotagoodideatobegin
with.AnswerCisincorrect;summarizaonsendsoutsummaryroutesthatrepresent
thedetailedroutes.AnswerDisincorrect,buttricky:Summarizaondoesinfact
sendoutfakeroutes,butthisdoesnothingtoincreasesecurity.

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