RESOURCE CONSERVING ARCHITECTURE

ASSIGNMENT

BIOFUEL ENERGY

SUBMITTED TO
AR.BALJEET KHURANA

SUBMITTED BY
GOPAL TOMER
VARUN VERMA
M.ARCH-3RD SEM

INTRODUCTION
A Biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary
biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion.
Any hydrocarbon fuel that is produced from organic matter (living
or once living material) in a short period of time (days, weeks, or
even months) is considered a Biofuel.
Biofuels can be derived directly from plants, or indirectly from
agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial wastes.
Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon
fixation, such as those that occur in plants or microalgae through the
process of photosynthesis.

BACKGROUND :
Biofuel gaining worldwide popularity first manufactured in Europe
U.S. promoting industrial biofuel to solve climate crisis
Small scale biofuel projects sprouting in rural communities

WHY BIOFUELS ?
To reduce our dependence on fossil fuels
To reduce reliance on foreign oil
To lower emissions of greenhouse gases
To bring business to rural economics

PRODUCTION OF BIOFUELS :

Sugar crops and starch are grown and through process of

fermentation, ethanol is produced.
Plants are grown naturally to produce oil like algae.
Oils are heated to reduce viscosity, then directly use as fuel for
diesel engines

TYPES OF BIOFUELS :
First generation Biofuel
Made from sugar, starch, and vegetable oil.
Second generation Biofuel
Made from non-edible plant materials.
Third generation Biofuel
Made from algae and microbes.

FIRST GENERATION:
They are also called as conventional biofuel.
The first generation biofuels refer to the fuels that have been
derived from sources like starch, sugar, animal fats and vegetable oil.
The oil is obtained using the conventional techniques of production.
FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS ARE:
1)BIO-DIESEL
2)GREEN-DIESEL
3)BIO-ETHERS
4)BIO-GAS
5)SYN-GAS

BIO-DIESEL :
Biodiesel is a famous biofuel in Europe
Produced from oils or fats using trans-esterification after mixing the
biomass with methanol and sodium hydroxide.
Inputs:
Fat/Vegetable Oil (Feedstock)
Methanol/Ethanol
Catalyst - Lye (Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide)
Outputs:Biodiesel,Dirty Water
Glycerine
Bio-Diesel feed stock:
Palm ,Coconut , Jatropha curcas , Rapeseed/ Mustard seed
Sunflower ,Corn , Soybean Peanuts
Algae ,Used restaurant oil , Animal fats

Palm seeds

Sunflower seeds

Jatropha seeds

Application :
Car diesel engine, Effective solvent

Rapeseeds

Corn

Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel

are products most commonly distributed for use in the retail diesel
fuel marketplace.
Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state
the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix:
100% biodiesel is referred to as B100
20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel is labeled B20
5% biodiesel, 95% petrodiesel is labeled B5
2% biodiesel, 98% petrodiesel is labeled B2

DIFFERENT PROCESSES :

Engine driven oil expeller

Biodiesel plant to power shear butter An hour of pedaling activity converts

processing equipment, Ghana, initiated vegetable oil to biodiesel in an Indian
village.
by womens group and UNIFEM

WHY BIO-DIESEL ?
Biodiesel reduces carbon dioxide exhaust emissions by up to 80%.
Biodiesel produces 100% less SOx than petroleum.
Biodiesel reduces exhaust smoke (particulates) emissions by up to
75% so the usual black cloud associated with a diesel engine can be
eliminated.
The smell of the biodiesel exhaust is far more pleasant.
Biodiesel is much easier to handle and does not cause cracking or
redness.
Biodiesel is much less dangerous to put in vehicle fuel tank as its
flash point is 150C (300F) as opposed to petroleum diesel 70C
(150F).
Biodiesel provides significant lubricity improvement over
petroleum diesel fuel so engines last longer, with the right additives
engine performance can also be enhanced

JATROPHA ?
Jatropha can be cultivated anywhere along canals,roads,railway
tracks, on border of farm and even an alkaline soils.
Grown in high as well as low rainfall.
In high rainfall yield is more.
Occurs mainly at lower altitude(0-500Cm) with average annual
temperature above 200C, and rainfall of 300-1000mm.
JATROPHA PROVIDES:
Prevention of soil erosion and soil improvement.
Renewable energy.
Poverty reduction and promotion to labour
Jatropha incentives in India is a part of India's goal to achieve
energy independence by the year 2012. Jatropha oil is produced
from the seeds of the Jatropha curcas, a plant that can grow
inwastelands across India, and the oil is considered to be an
excellent source of bio-diesel.
India is keen on reducing its dependence on coal and petroleum to
meet its increasing energy demand and encouraging Jatropha
cultivation is a crucial component of its energy policy.

Jatropha curcas plantations at Rashtrapati Bhawan (2004)

BIODIESEL : FIRST TRIAL RUN ON TRAIN

First successful trial run of a superfast passenger train was
conducted on Dec 31, 2009
Delhi - Amritsar Shatabdi Express used 5% of biodiesel fuel.
Railway annual fuel bill = Rs 3400 crores (for Diesel)
10% mixture with Diesel = reduced
(Rs.300-400 crores / annum)
5% substitution is accepted.

ADVANTAGES :
Biodiesel can be termed clean fuel as it does not contain
carcinogens and its sulphur content is also lesser than the mineral
diesel.
It possesses high biodegradability and lubricating property
Improves engine efficiency and operating life cycle.
Readily mixes with petroleum diesel fuel in any ratio
Higher flash point makes it safer in transport and storage;
Greatly reduces particulate s and carbon monoxide emissions.

DISADVANTAGES :
Higher production cost.
Biodiesel is more likely than petroleum diesel to attract moisture.
Poor low temperature properties.

BIO-ALCOHOL:

Biologically produced alcohols, most commonly ethanol, and less

commonly propanol and butanol.
Bioalcohols are produced by the action of microorganisms and
enzymes through the fermentation of sugars or starches (easiest), or
cellulose (which is more difficult).

BIOGAS:

Biogas mainly produced after the anerobic digestion of the organic

material and Biogas produces is very rich in methane.

SECOND GENERATION:
Second generation biofuels are defined as the biofuels produced
from sustainable feedstock.
Sustainability of a feedstock is defined among others by availability
of the feedstock, impact on GHG emissions and impact on
biodiversity and land use.
EXAMPLES :Many second generation biofuels are under development such as
Cellulose,ethanol,algaefuel,biohydrogen,bioethanol,bioethanol,DMF,
Bio DMF,Fisher tropesh disel, biohydrogen diesel, mixed alcohols and
wood diesel.

BIOETHANOL CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION :

Bioethanol is the most common biofuel, accounting for more than
90% of total biofuel usage.
Ethanol can be produced from many feedstocks, including cereal
crops, corn (maize), sugar cane, sugar beets, potatoes, sorghum,
cassava. Coproducts (e.g animal feed) help reduce production cost.
If sugar cane is used, conversion into sugar is easier. Crushed stalk
(bagasse) can be used to provide heat and power for the process and
for other energy applications.
The worlds largest producers of bio-ethanol are Brazil (sugar-cane
ethanol) and the United States (corn ethanol). Ethanol is used in low
5%-10% blends with gasoline (E5, E10) but also as E-85 in flex-fuel
vehicles.

GASIFICATION:
Gasification is a process that converts organic or fossil fuel based
carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon
dioxide. This is achieved by reacting the material at high
temperatures (>700 C), without combustion, with a controlled
amount of oxygen and/or steam.
The resulting gas mixture is called syngas (from synthesis gas or
synthetic gas) or producer gas and is itself a fuel. The power derived
from gasification and combustion of the resultant gas is considered
to be a source of renewable energy if the gasified compounds were
obtained from biomass.
The advantage of gasification is that using the syngas is potentially
more efficient than direct combustion of the original fuel because it
can be combusted at higher temperatures or even in fuel cells, so
that the thermodynamic upper limit to the efficiency defined
by Carnot's rule is higher or (in case of fuel cells) not applicable.

SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS :
Biofuels, in the form of liquid fuels derived from plant materials, are
entering the market, driven by factors such as oil price spikes and the
need for increasedenergy security.
Many of the biofuels that are currently being supplied have been
criticised for their adverse impacts on the natural environment,food
security, and land use.

BIO-FUEL PRODUCTION IN INDIA:

Biofuel development in India centers mainly around the cultivation
and processing of Jatropha plant seeds which are very rich in oil
(40%).
The drivers for this are historic, functional, economic,
environmental,moral and political.
Jatropha oil has been used in India for several decades as biodiesel
for the diesel fuel requirements of remote rural and forest
communities; jatropha oil can be used directly after extraction (i.e.
without refining) in diesel generators and engines.
Jatropha has the potential to provide economic benefits at the
local level since under suitable management it has the potential to
grow in dry marginal non-agricultural lands,
PRODUCTION IN INDIA:
Presently Seven states in India are producing biofuel :
They are Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Orissa and Jharkhand
Chhattisgarh has decided to plant 160 million saplings of jatropha
in all its 16 districts during 2006 with the aim of becoming a bio-fuel
self-reliant state by2015Chhattisgarh plans to earn Rs.40 billion
annually by selling seeds after 2010. The central government has
provided Rs.135 million to Chhattisgarh this year for developing
jatropha nursery facilities.

Andhra Pradesh has entered into a formal agreement with Reliance

Industries for Jatropha planting.
The company has selected 200 acres (0.81 km2) of land at
Kakinada to grow jatropha for high quality bio-diesel fuel.Kerala is
planning a massive Jatropha planting campaign.
Farmers in semi-arid regions of Karnataka are planting Jatropha as
it is well suited to those conditions.
Labland Biodiesel is a Mysore based Private Limited Company.
Since the year 2002, the Company is active in Biodiesel and Jatropha
curcas-based Research and Development activities.
In September 2007, the Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
(HPCL) joined hands with the Maharashtra State Farming Corporation
Ltd (MSFCL) for a jatropha seed-based bio-diesel venture. As part of
the project, jatropha plants would be grown on 500 acres (2 km) in
Nashik and Aurangabad.
In November 2005, the Maharashtra Government aimed to
cultivate jatropha on 600 km in the state, with half the land going to
the public sector and the other half to the private sector.
On 1 July 2006, Pune Municipal Corporation took the lead among
Indian cities in using bio-diesel from jatropha in over 100 public
buses

ADVANTAGES OF BIOFUEL ENERGY:

Biodiesel is Becoming More Energy Efficient
Reduce Greenhouse Gases
Sustainability
Positive Economic Impact
High-Quality Engine Performance
Economic Development
Reduce Foreign Oil Dependence
Fuel Economy
Biofuel Refineries Are Cleaner
Health Benefits

DISADVANTAGES OF BIOFUEL ENERGY:

Technical Challenges
Genetic Engineering of Biofuel
Crops
Regional Suitability
Water Use
Food Security
Deforestation
Fertilizer Use
Fuel Use
Variation in Biofuel Quality
Monoculture

BIOFUEL-PRODUCING ARCHITECTURE
This algae-producing tower designed by Sir Peter Cook and Gavin
Robotham of London studio
A proposal for a skyscraper that grows biodiesel-emitting algae
took 2nd place in a competition to design the 300m tall Taiwan Tower
in Taichung.
The entire tower is inspired by the creation of energy. Living energy
which must be Visible living energy SYMBOLISING THE VISIBLE
ENERGY, ENTERPRISE AND INVENTIVE OPTIMISM OF THE
TAIWANESE PEOPLE.
The droplets are the primary elements of this process. Their
activity, presence and form resonate throughout the scheme.
Much of the tower is open to the public to view the processes at
close quarters.
Even from the lifts, the daily state of vegetable husbandry will be
visible. A variety of different arrangements of plantation and
localized environment are distributed over its length. The principal
purpose of the tower is to CREATE ALGAE.
When watered and filtered the algae create BIOMASS used as food
for fish and plants and for making paper and BIOFUEL for powering
engines."

In the basic tower we provide 10.888 M2 surface of algae which

produces 3,266,400 liters of oil and produces several thousand tons
of biomass in a year.
The same structure could be further developed with
accumulated Income and more bags to a maximum of double the
surface and thus creating 6,532,800 liters of oil.
The structure is a series of steel lattices that wind around the steel
elevator cores.
The droplets are steel cages with membrane skinning. There are 3
observation levels:
TOP OBSERVATION LEVEL : overlooks the mountains
MID OBSERVATION LEVEL : contains areas of hydroponic
vegetation growth : enabling PUBLIC VIEWING of plants and
processes
LOWER OBSERVATION LEVELS : contain aviaries and aquaria

ALGAE-POWERED BUILDING OPENS IN GERMANY

Splitterwerk Architects and engineering firm ARUP have unveiled
the worlds first algae powered building at the International Building
Exhibition hosted in Hamburg.
Building has a "bio-adaptive" facade that is claimed to be a first for
using algae within its glass-paneled facades in order to generate
energy, and provide shade, to a working building.
The BIQ Building has double skin facade that features on the southeast and south-west sides of...
The algae creates bio-gas that is utilized to create hot water, whilst
the facade also provides...
The bio-fuel process takes place within the BIQ's energy
management center.
The algae's thick pulp is fermented to provide bio-gas.
This year's exhibition showcases the BIQ's double layer facade on
the sun-facing southeast and southwest sides of the building. Within
the glass panels, tiny "micro-algae" plants, most no larger than
bacteria, are continuously supplied with liquid nutrients and carbon
dioxide via a water circuit. With the aid of sunlight, the algae
photosynthesize and grow until they can be harvested. They are then
separated from the remaining algae and transferred to the BIQ's
energy management center as a thick pulp where they are fermented
to provide bio-gas which can be used to heat water.
The project team at Arup confirms how well-suited algae are for
this type of bio-fuel production. Algae produces up to five times as
much biomass as terrestrial plants per unit area, and contain many
oils that can be used for other energy uses.
The algae bioskin, which covers 200 sq m (2,150 sq ft) of the
facade, also provides shade.
Note : that while the building is widely-reported as being algaepowered, the algae appears only to be used in the generation of hot
water.
The benefits of algae have been shown to extend beyond biomass
fuel, and into pollution-detection and carbon dioxide-absorption
combined with oxygen release.