UNIT I-INTRODUCTION

System load variation: System load characteristics, load curves - daily, weekly and annual, load-duration
curve, load factor, diversity factor. Reserve requirements: Installed reserves, spinning reserves, cold reserves,
hot reserves. Overview of system operation: Load forecasting, unit commitment, load dispatching. Overview of
system control: Governor Control, LFC, EDC, AVR, system voltage control, security control.
PART A
1. What is the objective of power system control?
2. What is the objective of power system operation and control?
3. What is load curve?
4. What is daily, Weekly, Annual load curve?
5. What is load duration curve?
6. Define load factor.
7. Define diversity factor.
8. Define spinning reserve.
9. Define Cold reserve.
10. Define hot reserve.
11. Define Maximum Demand.
12. Define demand factor.
13. What is plant use factor?
PART B
1. A generating station has the following daily load cycle:
Time
0-6
6-10
10-12
12-16
(hours)
Load(MW)
20
25
30
25
Draw the Load curve (1)and load duration curve(1) and find
i.
Maximum demand(2)
ii.

Units generated per day(2)

iii.

Average Load(2)

iv.

Load Factor.(2)

16-20

20-24

35

20

2. Consider an inductive Load of type Z=R+jX

i.

By how many percent will the real load drop if the voltage is reduced by 5
percent?(8)

ii.

How would a 2 percent drop in frequency affects the real load, if the load is assumed
to have a power factor of 0.8.(8)

3. A Power station has to meet the following demand.

Group A: 200kW between 8 A.M and 6 P.M
Group B: 100kW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M
Group C: 50kW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M

Group D: 100kW between 10 A.M and 6 P.M and 6 P.M and 6 A.M
Plot the daily load cure and load duration curve and determine
(i) Diversity factor
(ii) Units generated per day
(iii) Load factor.

UNIT II-REAL POWER - FREQUENCY CONTROL

Fundamentals of speed governing mechanism and modeling: Speed-load characteristics
Load sharing between two synchronous machines in parallel; concept of control area, LFC control of a singlearea system: Static and dynamic analysis of uncontrolled and controlled cases, Economic Dispatch Control.
Multi-area systems: Two-area system modeling; static analysis, uncontrolled case; tie line with frequency bias
control of two-area system derivation, state variable model.
PART A
1. What is the necessity for frequency constancy in a power system? (M/J 2006)
2. What is the need for frequency regulation? (M/J 2006)
3. What is the need for voltage regulation in power system? (M/J 2006)
4. What happens to frequency if the load on the generator increases? (M/J 2006)
5. What is meant by AFRC? (M/J 2006)
6. State the difference between P-f and Q-lVl.(N/D 2006)
7. Define area control error.(M/J 2006)
8. Give the two control loops of large generators. (A/M 2005)
9. What is the basic role of ALFC?(N/D 2004)(N/D 2006)
10. What is meant by control area? (N/D 2004)(N/D 2005)
11. Specify the disadvantage of ALFC loop.(A/M 2005)
12. Write the tie line power deviation equation in terms of frequency?(N/D 2005)
13. List the advantage of multi area operation. (M/J 2007)

PART B
1. Using a simplified functional diagram explain the operating features of a speed governing
system.(8) (M/J 2006)
2. Develop a linear mathematical model of a speed governing system.(8) (M/J 2006)
3. Explain the static and dynamic response of ALFC control loop.(8)(N/D 2004)
4. Explain the technique involved in load frequency control (LFC)of a single area
system.(8) (M/J 2006)
5. Explain the principle, involved in tie line frequency control in case of two area system.
(M/J 2006)
6. Develop a linear mathematical model of two area system.(8)(N/D 2004)
7. Explain the tie line bias control of two area system .(8)(N/D 2004)
8. Briefly discuss the LFC control of single area systems.(16)(N/D 2005)
9. Explain the dynamic response of two area system.(8) (N/D 2005)
10. Develop a linear mathematical model of two area system.(6)
11. Explain the tie line bias control of two area system.(6)

12. Describe the expression for Critical gain (4)

13. A single area controlled system has the following data(8)
Area capacity =2000MW
Operating Load=1000MW
R=2.4Hz/p.u.MW
Find KI and find the nature of roots for KI=1.
14. Determine the primary ALFC loop parameter for a control area having the following
data :
Total rated area capacity, Pr =2000MW
Normal Operating Load, Pd=1000MW
Inertia constant, H= 5 sec
R=2.4Hz/p.u. MW (all area generators)
We shall assume that the load frequency dependency as linear meaning that the old load
would increase 1% for 1% frequency increases.
15. A single area controlled system has the following data(8)
Area capacity =3000MW
Operating Load=1500MW
R=3%
H=5 sec and frequency=50 Hz
Compute steady state drop in frequency in Hz for a step load changing of 25MW
16. Two 50 Hz power station are connected by means of an interconnected cable of negligible
impedance so that the station are in parallel. Station A has a full load capacity of 15 MW and
uniform speed regulation of 3%, Station B has a capacity of 4MW and a uniform speed regulation
of 4%. The load on the bus bar of station A is 10MW and B is 4MW. Calculate the generated
output of each station. The power transmitted by the interconnected and the operating frequency
.Assume frequency governor action and the speed changer of generator were set to have a
frequency of 50 Hz