Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg
1/11
20f
Checkthestrengthofeachtypeofmemberintheonestorysteelframebuildingbelow.
A
B
4@8ft
1
3@25ft
SideElevation
4
Plan View
32ft
20ft
Fy =50ksi allmembers
Fu=65ksi
Shape
Purlins
W12x40
Girders
W21x44
Columns
W16x36
FrontElevation
Loads:
3.5thicklightweightconcreteslab(unit
weight=120pcf)
LL=40psf
WL=30psf
LoadCombinations:
1.2D+1.6L
1.2D+1.6W
CE331,Spring2011
AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg
2/11
Identifypurlins(orjoists)andgirders.TheroofdeckshownbelowissupportedbytheZ
shapedpurlins,whichruntransversetothedeckcorrugations(seeexplodedbuildinginfigure
below).FortheexampleonPage1,theownerwantstoaddanotherstoryatalaterdate,so
theroofisa3.5inchthickconcretefloorslab.Floorsaresupportedbyjoists(inthiscase
W12x40steelwideflangebeams).Thejoistsareinturnsupportedbythegirders,whichrun
transversetothejoists.Thegirdersaresupportedattheirendsbythecolumns.
4@8ft
wtrib
Firstofall,theHshapedsymbolsrepresentthe
columns.
InthePlanViewatleft,weseethatsomeofthe
verticalmembersinthesketchareattached
directlytocolumns,
3@25ft
butthatsomeoftheverticalmembersareattached
attheirendstootherbeams.
Theendsofthehorizontalmembers,ontheother
hand,allattachtocolumns.
Therefore,thehorizontalmembersinthesketchare
girders,andtheverticalmembersarejoists.
4
PlanView
CE331,Spring2011
AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg
3/11
JoistmaxMu
Thejoistsarethreespancontinuousbeams.Loadingallofthespansofacontinuousbeammay
notcausethemaximumbendingmoment.Althoughthepositionofthedeadloadisgiven,the
positionofliveloadisvariableandthestructuralengineermustdeterminetheloadingcausing
themaximumbendingmoment.
Onewayofdeterminingtheloadingcausingthemaximumbendingmomentistoapplyall
possibleloadconfigurations,oneatatime,andselecttheloadingcausingthemaximumeffect.
Inthisclasswewilltakeashortcutthatprovidesthesameanswermostofthetime:wewill
assumethatthelocationofthemaximumbendingmomentduetodeadplusliveloadsisthe
locationwiththemaximumbendingmomentduetodeadloads.
LocationofmaxMD+L=LocationofmaxMD
Thestatementaboveistrueforcontinuousbeamswithequalspanlengths.
Ourprocedureforcalculatingthemaximummomentduetofactoredloadswillbe:
1. Applythedeadloadtoallspansandcalculatethemoment(MD)usingchartsfromthe
AISCmanual
2a.AssumethatthelocationofthemaxMD+L=thelocationofthemaxMD.Drawthe
influencediagramformomentforthislocation.
2b.Applytheliveloadtothespansindicatedbytheinfluencediagramandcalculatethe
moment(ML)usingtheAISCcharts.
3. CalculateMufrom1.2MD+1.6ML.
1.DeadLoads:
3@25ft
weightofslab=3.5/12/x120pcf=35psf
selfweightofW12x40joist=40plf
wtinplf
wD
Trib.
Width* LoadonJoist
slab 35psf 8ft
=(35psf)(8ft)=0.280klf
Joists 40plf
=0.040klf
0.080wL2
D
0.025wL2
w ==0.320klf
MD,k
*seesketchonbottomofPg.2
0.100wL2=20.0kft
MaxMD=0.100wL2fromAISCcharts
MD=0.100(0.320klf)(25ft)2
MD=20.0kft
CE331,Spring2011
AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg
4/11
2.LiveLoads:
AssumeAT=areasupportedbyonespanofthejoist(conservative)
15
, 0.4 LLreduction 1.0(pg143FEReference)
LLreduc _ factor = 0.25 +
k
A
LL T
k LL = 2 (beams)
15
LLreduc _ factor = 0.25 +
(2) (200 sf
= 1.00
Therefore
wL=(LLreduc_factor)(LL)(tributarywidth)=(1.0)(40.0psf)(8ft)/(1000lb/k)=0.320klf
2a.AssumemaxMD+LoccursatlocationofmaxMD
InfluenceDiagramforMatSupport2:
wLL
2b.Spanloadingtocausemax.MatSupport
maxML=0.1167(0.320klf)(25ft)2=23.3kft
MLL
0.1167wL2 =23.3kft
ML=23.3kft
3.Mu=momentduetofactoredloads
UseLoadCombinationforgravityloads(deadandliveloads)frompage1:1.2D+1.6L
Mu=1.2(20.0kft)+1.6(23.3kft)
Mu=61.3kft
CE331,Spring2011
AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg
5/11
Joistunitycheck
Theunitycheckistheratioofthedemand(Muinthiscase)overcapacity(Mn)
isthestrengthreductionfactorforflexure,andMnisthenominalflexurestrength.Mnis
calledtheavailableflexurestrength.
Wewillconsidertwofailuremodesforsteelbeams:
materialfailure(yielding)and
buckling(lateraltorsionalbucklingorLTB)inwhichthecompressionflangebuckles
laterallyandcausesthebeamtotwist.
Thecontrollingfailuremodedependsonthelateralunbracedlengthofthebeams
compressionflange,Lb.Largeunbracedlengthsleadtostabilityfailure(LTB).Iftheunbraced
lengthisshortenoughtopreventLTB,thenthebeamscrosssectionwillyieldcompletely
formingaplastichingeinthebeam.TheavailableplasticmomentstrengthisdenotedMp.
TheequationsfromtheFEReference
forcalculatingMnareshownat
right(pg150):
Sincethejoistcompressionflangeisbracedlaterallycontinuouslybytheroofdiaphragm,Lb=0.
So:Lb=0<LpandMn=Mp
Mp=214kft,[AISCTable32,pg154FERef.]
Mu
61.3k ft
U .C. =
=
= 0.29 < 1.0, OK
M n 214k ft
CE331,Spring2011
AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg
6/11
GirdermaxMu
Sinceallofthegirdersarethesamesize,thegirderwiththelargestunitycheckwillbethe
girderwiththelargestloads.Therefore,analyzeagirderfroman
interiorframe.Theloadsonthisgirderareindicatedinthesketch
below,where
Pext=theloadsonthegirderfromexteriorjoistsand
Pint=theloadsonthegirderfrominteriorjoists
4@8ft
Pext
Pint
Pint
Pint
Pext
Atribforloadon
girderfrom
exteriorjoist
Atribforloadon
girderfrom
interiorjoist
25
Thetributaryareasusedtocalculatetheseloadsareshowninthesketchatright.Sinceonly
theinteriorloadswillcausebendingofthegirderforthisexample,weonlyneedtocalculate
Pint.
DeadLoads:
weightofslab=35psf
selfweightofjoist=40plf
selfweightofW21x44girder=44plf
wtinplf
Trib.Areaor
Trib.Length
LoadonJoist
slab
35psf
=(8ft)(25ft)=200sf
=(35psf)(200sf)=7.00k
Joists 40plf
25ft
=(40plf)(25ft)=1.00k
Girder 44plf
8ft
=(44plf)(8ft)=0.352k
PD==8.35k
CE331,Spring2011
AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg
7/11
LiveLoads:
Sincethegirderisasinglespan,thereisnoneedtoconsiderspanloadpatternsforliveload.
Forliveloadreduction,tributaryarea(At)equalstributarywidth(25)timesthespanlength
(32).
At=25ftx32ft=800sf
18k
18k
18k
15
LLreduction = 0.25 +
= 0.625 (between
sf
(2) (800 )
0.4and1.0,OK)
27k
27k
PL=(40psf)(0.625)(25ft)(8ft)=5.0k
27k
9k
Mu:
V
8
k
k
k
Pu=1.2(8.35 )+1.6(5.0 )=18.0
288kft
Afterdrawingtheshearandmomentdiagrams(at
right),
M
Mu=288kft
Girderunitycheck
Usethesameequationsonpg150oftheFEreferenceaswereusedforthejoist.
Thetopflangeofthesimplyconnectedgirderisincompression.Thejoistsareconnectedto
thetopflangeofthegirderandprovidelateralrestraint.Thereforetheunbracedlengthofthe
compressionflange,Lb,equals8ft.
Lp=4.45ft,Lr=13.0ft[AISCTable32,pg154FERef.]
Lp<(Lb=8ft)<Lr
Mn=Cb[MpBF(LbLp)]<Mp
Cb=1.0(alwaysforthisclass)
Mp=358kft[AISCTable32,pg154FERef.]
BF=16.8k[AISCTable32,pg154FERef.]
Mn=(1)[358kft16.8k(8ft4.45ft]
Mn=298kft(<358kft=Mp)
Mu
288k ft
=
UC =
=0.97<1,OK
M n 298k ft
[pg150,FERef.]
CE331,Spring2011
AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg
ColumnmaxPu(criticalcolumn=interiorcolumn)
DeadLoads:
weightofslab=35psf
wtjoists=40plf
wtgirder=44plf
8/11
16
25
slab
35psf
Trib.Areaor
Trib.Length
=(16ft)(25ft)=400sf
Joists
40plf
25ft
Girder 44plf
16ft
LiveLoads:
At=(32'/2)(25)=400sf
15
LL reduction = 0.25 +
( 4) ( 400 sf
PL=(40psf)(0.625)(400sf)=10.0k
Pu=1.2(17.2k)+1.6(10.0k)
2.5
LoadonJoist
=(35psf)(400sf)=14.00k
=(40plf)(25ft)(2.5joists)=2.50k
=(44plf)(16ft)=0.704k
PD==17.20k
= 0.625
Pu=36.6k
CE331,Spring2011
AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg
9/11
Columnunitycheck
UnbracedLengths:
Theaxialstrengthofthecolumndependsonitsunbracedlengths.Thecolumnisbracedonat
itsendsforbucklingaboutitsX(strong)axis(seefiguresbelow).Thegirtbracesthecolumnat
midheightforbucklingaboutitsY(weak)axis.Therefore,Lu_x=20ft,andLu_y=10ft.
Y(weakaxis)
X(strongaxis)
Lu_y
Lu_x
X
BucklingaboutX
(strong)axis
BucklingaboutY
(weak)axis
CE331,Spring2011
AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg
10/11
TherelevantsectionpropertiesforthecolumncanbelookedupinatableintheFEReference.
Thecolumnbucklingstrengthisafunctionoftheslendernessratio(KL/r);thehigherthe
slendernessratio,thelowerthebucklingstrength.Theslendernessratiomustbecalculated
forbucklingabouteachaxis,withthelargestslendernessratiocontrolling.
k x Lu _ x
rx
k y Lu _ y
ry
(1.0)(20
=
12 in
1 ft
)
= 36.9
6.51in
(1.0)(10
ft
in
ft 12
1 ft
1.52 in
)
= 78.9
controls
KL/r=79(roundup)
Fcr=28.5ksi[AISCTable422,pg157FERef.]
Pn=FcrA=(28.5ksi)(10.6in2)=302k
UC =
Pu
36.6 k
=
= 0.12 <1.0,OK(butoverdesigned)
Pn 302k
EndWallCrossBracingmaxTuduetoWindLoads
Letsfollowthewindloadsappliedtoalongwallofthebuilding(seesketchbelow).Assume
thatthewallactslikeasimplysupportedbeamspanningbetweenthefoundationsonthe
bottomandtheroofdiaphragmonthetop,thenhalfofthewindloadgoestothefoundations
alongthebottomofthewall,andtheotherhalfisdistributedtotheroofdiaphragm.
RoofDiaphragm
WindLoad
WindLoad
Foundation
EndWall
Theroofdiaphragmactslikeabeaminthehorizontalplane:itsupportsthedistributedload
fromthetopofthewall,andisinturnsupportedatitsendsbytheendwalls.Assumethatonly
CE331,Spring2011
AnalysisofSteelBracedFrameBldg
11/11
theendwallsarebracedagainstsidesway(xbracingontheinternalframeswouldrestrictthe
useofthebuilding).Thenhalfofthewindloadtotheroofdiaphragmisappliedtothetopof
eachendwall.
Theendwallactslikeaverticalcantileverbeam:thehorizontalforceappliedtoitsfreeend
resultsinahorizontalreactionatitsbaseandacouple(calledtheoverturningmomentdue
towindload).Ratherthanspecifyonediagonalbracethatcancarrytensionorcompression
(dependingonthewinddirection),structuralengineersusuallyspecifyxbracingandassume
thatthediagonalbraceincompressionbuckleselastically.Thereforethehorizontalwindload
atthetopoftheendwallisresistedbythehorizontalcomponentofthetensiondiagonal
brace.
Theportionofthelongwallareathatcollectsthewindloaddistributedtothetopofanend
wallisindicatedinthesketchbelow.
wallareacollectingwindload
appliedtoleftendwall
h/2
Lbldg/2
IsometricView
Forthecurrentexample,theforceatthetopoftheendwallduetofactoredwindload(see
loadcombinationonPage1)is:
h
Length of Bldg
20' 75'
PUWend wall = (1.6)(WL)( col )(
) = (1.6)(30 psf )( )( ) = 18.0 k
2
2
2 2
18kC
ft
21.2 T
EndWallElevation
37.7ft
20
32ft
Thetensionforceinthediagonalbraceduetofactoredwindloadsistherefore:
TUendwallbrace=21.2k
TUendwallbrace=(18k)(37.7ft/32ft)